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The problem of defining auxiliary historical disciplines. History as a science

History as a science, subject and methods of study.

What is history? It can be viewed both as a process of development of nature, society, man, and as a complex of social sciences that study the past of mankind in all its concreteness and diversity (diagram

History is primarily a field of human activity.

The value of history lies in the fact that thanks to it we learn what a person has done and, therefore, what he is.

Historical sources are everything that reflects the historical process, gives us the opportunity to study the past of mankind. Several decades ago, historical science developed a system for classifying historical sources based on principle of information carrier. In our opinion, this traditional system gives the most complete picture of the whole variety of historical sources that are in service with historical science (Scheme 2). Most authors distinguish six types of sources.

1. Written sources. It is generally accepted that ancient species writing was pictography, i.e. writing-drawings, which were used by primitive people. It is from such drawings that hieroglyphic writing originates. Writing, which denotes not objects of thought, phrases or words, but the sounds of the language, also arose in ancient times. The inventors of the first alphabet are the Phoenicians, a people who lived on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the second half of the 1st millennium BC. The Slavic alphabet was created in the 9th century. based on the Greek alphabet by Christian missionaries Cyril and Methodius. The first written monuments in the Old Russian language that have come down to us date back to the 11th century. Written sources include ancient chronicles, memoirs, articles from newspapers and magazines, business documents, statistical materials, etc. Even an important source can be fiction, because the works of writers and poets perfectly reflect the life, customs, social moods of a particular era.

Scheme 2

2. Material sources. Such sources can be called a tool of labor of a primitive man found by an archaeologist, and a family service passed down from generation to generation, and an old clock stored in a museum, and any other item that helps us study the history of mankind.

3. Ethnographic sources. These include cultural, religious, everyday traditions of different peoples. The customs, norms of behavior, rituals, holidays that we inherited from our ancestors are an integral part of the historical memory of mankind.

4. Oral sources. Any of us who have ever listened to the memories of the experiences of our parents and grandparents have come across this type of source. Much has happened in the memory of living people: the Great Patriotic War, short-term thaw of 1950-1960, perestroika, collapse of the USSR. Someone remained a passive observer of the events taking place, and someone, by the will of fate, found himself in their very thick. Eyewitness accounts can be a very valuable source and provide a basis for serious historical research.

5. Linguistic sources. The memory of the past is kept not only by people, but also by the languages they speak, therefore it is customary to single out linguistic sources as a separate type. For example, the origin in the Slavic languages of words denoting the names of animals and plants allows scientists to draw conclusions about the location of the ancient ancestral home of the Slavs. We can say for sure that ancient ancestors Slavic peoples lived in places where spruce and birch trees grew, but beeches did not grow, since their name in our language has an "alien" origin.

6. Audiovisual documents (photo, film and video documents, sound recording). They represent a significant period of new and recent history. As you know, photography appeared in the middle, and cinema - at the very end of the 19th century. In the XX century. photography became color, and cinema, besides this, became sound. Relatively recently, videos have appeared. The materials captured on photo, film and videotape make it possible to "stop" the moment, "revive" the irretrievably bygone past.

The first phonograph was invented in 1877 by the American T. Edison. Since then, sound preservation techniques have been continuously improved. In less than a hundred years, gramophone records have been replaced by laser CDs. Audio recordings store the sounds of past eras, the voices of long dead people.

The study of historical sources requires special skills and knowledge. To get them, it is necessary to study special (auxiliary) historical disciplines that allow you to master the basic methods of working with historical sources (see Table 1).

Table 1

Auxiliary historical disciplines

Name	Subject of study
Genealogy (Greek genealogia - genealogy)	The science of the origin, emergence and development of family relations
Heraldry (lat. heraldus - herald)	The science that studies coats of arms
Diplomatics (Greek diploma - document)	The science that studies the origin, form and content, functioning, history of the text of legal documents
Metrology (Greek metron - measure and logos - science)	The science that studies the measures of length, area, volume, weight used in the past in their historical development
Onomastics (Greek onoma - name, name)	The science that studies proper names, the history of their occurrence. It has several sections: toponymy - the science of geographical names; anthroponymy - a science that studies the personal names of people; ethnonymy is a science that studies the names of cities; Theonymy is the study of the names of gods.
Numismatics (lat. numisma - coin)	The science that studies the history of coinage and monetary circulation of coins, banknotes, etc.
Paleography (Greek palos - ancient and grafo - I am writing)	The science that studies the external features of handwritten sources in their historical development (handwriting, writing signs, ink, etc.)
Sphragistics (Greek sphragis - seal)	The science that studies seals
Chronology (Greek chronos - time)	The science that studies the systems of chronology and calendars of various peoples
Etymology (Greek etymon - truth, true meaning of the word)	A branch of linguistics that studies the original word-formation structure of a word and identifies elements of its ancient meaning

It is not always enough to simply read a historical source to obtain the necessary information. And yes, it can be hard to read at times. AT Ancient Russia, for example, the text was written together, without separating words, the spelling of individual letters was very different from the modern one. Even the number of alphabetic characters changed over time. The type of handwriting also became different: charter, semi-tire, cursive. In order to learn how to read the manuscripts of past centuries, historians study paleography - the science of the external features of handwritten sources.

No less important for researchers is the account of time. It is not difficult, for example, to guess that the ancient Greeks never wrote that they lived in the 5th century BC. BC. They began their reckoning from the beginning of the first Olympic Games. In pre-Petrine Russia, years were counted from the biblical "creation of the world." By the way, New Year our ancestors met in the spring (March 1), and from the end of the 15th century. - in September. Over the long history of mankind, many calendars have been created. Lunar calendars come from Mesopotamia, and solar - from ancient egypt. A calendar similar to the one we use was created in Ancient Rome. In the 1st century G. Yu. Caesar introduced a calendar consisting of 365 days and 6 hours, called the Julian. According to this calendar, there is a leap year every four years. Once every 128 years, there was a difference of one day. By the 16th century it was ten days, so in 1582 Pope Gregory reformed the calendar. This is how the Gregorian calendar was born. In our country, it (we also call it "new style") was adopted only in 1918. Divine services of the Russian Orthodox Church still take place in accordance with the ancient Julian calendar. Historians help to understand the systems of chronology and calendars of different times and peoples chronology.

For long history Humanity changed not only the system of counting time, but also the system of measures. The metric system is adopted in most countries of the world. But in the past, each nation had its own system of measures of length, area, volume, weight. The systems of measures in their historical development are dealt with metrology.

As mentioned above, the memory of the past is kept by the languages of the peoples of the world. This is especially evident in the names of proper names. The history of their origin is studied onomastics. This discipline has several sections, the most important of which can be considered toponymy (the science of geographical names) and anthroponymy (the science of the origin of human names and surnames).

Of great importance to the historian are numismatics, examining coins, and sphragistics - the science of seals. One of the most interesting historical disciplines are genealogy - the science of genealogy heraldry - the science of emblems.

Historical sources and the complex of considered disciplines make it possible to approach the knowledge of historical truth.

Similar information.

Special historical disciplines(other name - auxiliary historical disciplines) - specialized, relatively autonomous branches of historical science, which, with their specific methods, study certain types or certain aspects of the form and content of historical sources. Special historical disciplines traditionally include paleography (including codicology), diplomacy, genealogy, heraldry, sphragistics, historical metrology, numismatics, chronology, historical geography, historical computer science, and some others). Sometimes special historical disciplines include special sections of historical science (historiography, methodology of history) or even special historical sciences (archeology or, more rarely, ethnography).

Literature

Special historical disciplines. Proc. allowance / Comp. MM. Krom. St. Petersburg: Dmitry Bulanin, 2003. 634 p.

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See what "Special Historical Disciplines" is in other dictionaries:

1) the same as auxiliary historical disciplines. 2) Sometimes the name of special historical sciences (archeology, ethnography) and branches of historical science (historical geography, historiography) ...

See Auxiliary Historical Disciplines...

The system of scientific disciplines that develop the problems of methods and techniques of historical research. Formed in the XVIII-XX centuries. Since the 18th century the foundations of genealogy, heraldry, numismatics, paleography, sphragistics, etc. were laid. closely ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Disciplines see Auxiliary Historical Disciplines... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (another name for special historical disciplines) are special, relatively independent branches of historical science that, with their specific methods, study certain types or certain aspects of form and content ... ... Wikipedia

- (special historical disciplines) study certain types or certain aspects of the form and content of historical sources (genealogy, heraldry, diplomacy, historical metrology, numismatics, paleography, sphragistics, chronology, etc ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (special historical disciplines), study certain types or certain aspects of the form and content of historical sources (genealogy, heraldry (see HERALDY), diplomacy, historical metrology, numismatics, paleography, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

The methodology of historical science (history) is a special historical discipline that defines the subject and object of historical science, the goal of scientific historical knowledge, studies the scientific and social status of historical science, its ... ... Wikipedia

Medallerics is an auxiliary historical discipline; studies the emergence and history of the medal, the formation and development of medal art, uses individual medals and medal complexes as historical sources for research ... ... Wikipedia

Today there are about 2.5 thousand different sciences in the world. Most of them can be conditionally divided into two categories: natural (exploring the laws of nature) and humanitarian (studying human society). Some sciences originated in ancient times, others appeared relatively recently. History is a humanitarian discipline that is more than 2,000 years old. Her father is considered to be Herodotus, a scientist who lived in Ancient Greece in the 5th century BC. His authorship belongs to the treatise "History", describing the events of the Greco-Persian wars and the customs of the people who lived in those days. The work of Herodotus is the oldest example of literature containing reliable information about the development of society.

The Significance of Auxiliary Historical Disciplines

The subject of historical science is the study of the past of human society and the determination of the laws of its development. Modern scientists consider the past times from different angles: they explore the life, domestic and foreign policies of states, their culture, diplomatic and financial relations, the activities of political and public figures, and so on. Auxiliary historical disciplines facilitate the study of the human past. These include archeology, numismatics, heraldry, sphragistics, paleography, metrology, chronology, etc. A lot of interesting information was obtained thanks to historical geography. Without a thorough study of these sciences, it is difficult to understand the past of mankind.

ancient excavations

Archeology is a science that studies the history of ancient people from preserved monuments (cemeteries, sites, settlements, weapons, household items, jewelry). To search for objects, scientists first conduct field research, then it is the turn of excavations. Found archaeological sites are carefully studied in the laboratory: they are classified, their age and scope are determined. The objects unearthed as a result of excavations are of great scientific importance, as they help shed light on the origin and development of human society.

The concept of paleography

Paleography is a discipline whose object of study is ancient writing and everything connected with it. Ancient texts inscribed on papyri, parchment and paper are the most important sources of information containing descriptions of real events centuries ago. However, not a single ancient handwritten material will be of interest to historical science if it is not deciphered. Palaeographers study the text, determine its author, the date of writing, as well as the age and authenticity of the document itself.

With the development of this auxiliary discipline, scientists were able to explore the history of the Ancient World in much deeper and more detailed ways. For example, about the social upheaval in Egypt that took place in 1750 BC. e., managed to learn from a manuscript found at the end of the 19th century in the necropolis of Saqqara. A detailed study of the document showed that it belongs to the 18th century. BC e. and describes real historical events.

Heraldry and sphragistics, their relationship

The science of coats of arms is called heraldry. In ancient times, all noble persons and clans had their own emblems. Later, they began to appear in cities and states. The shape of the coats of arms, drawings and inscriptions applied to them had their own deep meaning, corresponding to the prevailing foundations in society. It is enough for a specialist to look at the sign offered to him in order to determine what kind or state it belonged to and what it testifies to. appearance. Old manuscripts were often decorated with coats of arms, so their decipherment requires knowledge not only of paleography, but also of heraldry.

The science of coats of arms has a close relationship with sphragistics - a discipline that studies seals and their display on different surfaces. Sometimes it is also called sigillography. Initially, it was an integral part of diplomacy, dealing with the determination of the authenticity of historical documents, but gradually separated from it and became an independent discipline. The close connection between heraldry and sphragistics lies in the fact that the same images were used in the manufacture of coats of arms and seals.

Numismatics and metrology

When studying auxiliary historical disciplines, it is necessary to pay attention to numismatics - the science of coins and their circulation. The study of ancient money can convey to modern man information about destroyed cities that have not survived to this day, important historical events and great people of past eras. When minting old coins, the same symbols were used as on seals and coats of arms, so here, too, there is a connection between individual historical disciplines.

Metrology deals with the study of the measures of weight, area, volume and distance used in the past. It helps to analyze the features economic development states in different eras. Since the names of measures of weight and money count in ancient times often coincided, metrology should be studied together with numismatics.

Historical chronology and geography

Determine the origin ancient civilizations, directions of migration of peoples, borders of countries and cities, changing climatic conditions and their impact on the resettlement of people will help historical geography. Old maps that have managed to survive to this day allow a deeper understanding of the atmosphere and events of ancient eras.

Among the auxiliary historical disciplines, it is also worth mentioning chronology - a science whose subject of study is time systems and ancient calendars of different peoples. It also determines the dates of the events that occurred and the sequence in which they happened.

The above sciences are studied in detail at the historical faculties of universities. In higher educational institutions, a course is taught in auxiliary disciplines, archeology, historical geography and other sciences are taught separately. Published for students today a large number of literature on the topic. Here and textbooks, and teaching aids, and monographs. G. A. Leontieva, “Auxiliary Historical Disciplines” is the most popular book among history students. This textbook consists of several parts, each of which is devoted to a separate science. It contains information about heraldry, chronology, paleography, metrology and other sciences. Thanks to the easy presentation of the material, students can comprehensively study the auxiliary historical disciplines. The textbook is considered the most modern to date, it allows you to gain in-depth knowledge of the subject, which will later help a person to carefully examine all materials and objects.

Auxiliary historical disciplines are subjects that study certain types or individual forms and contents of historical sources.

We can refer the following sciences to auxiliary historical disciplines:

Heraldry- special historical discipline, engaged in the study coats of arms, as well as the tradition and practice of their use. It is part of emblematics - a group of interrelated disciplines that study emblems. The difference between emblems and other emblems is that their structure, use and legal status correspond to special, historically established rules. Heraldry precisely determines what and how can be applied to the state coat of arms, family coat of arms, and so on, explains the meaning of certain figures.

Sphragistics- an auxiliary historical discipline that studies seals (matrices) and their impressions on various materials.

Initially developed as part of diplomacy, dealing with the determination of the authenticity of documents.

Historical metrology- an auxiliary historical discipline that studies the measures used in the past - length, area, volume, weight - in their historical development. Often units of measurement did not form a metric system, they are referred to as traditional systems of measurement. Historical metrology studies the history of the genesis and development of various measurement systems, the names of individual measures, their quantitative ratios, establishes their real values, that is, their correspondence to modern metric systems. Metrology is closely related to numismatics, since many peoples in the past had weights that coincided with monetary units and had the same name.

Numismatics- an auxiliary historical discipline that studies the history of coinage and monetary circulation.

Public functions of numismatics: identification of numismatic cultural monuments; the study of characteristic facts, connections and processes that contribute to a deeper understanding of history and fill in the gaps in historical science.

Chronology- auxiliary historical discipline, establishing dates of historical events and documents; sequence of historical events in time; a list of any events in their time sequence.

Historical geography- an auxiliary historical discipline that studies history through the "prism" of geography; it is also the geography of a territory at a certain historical stage of its development. On the this moment 8 sectors of historical geography are distinguished:

Historical physical geography (historical geography) - the most conservative branch, studies landscape changes;

Historical political geography - studies change political map, political system, routes of conquests;

Historical geography of the population - studies the ethnographic and geographical features of the distribution of the population in the territories;

Historical social geography - studies the relationship of society, the change of social strata;

Historical cultural geography - studies spiritual and material culture;

The historical geography of the interaction between society and nature - direct (human influence on nature) and reverse (nature on human);

historical economic geography - studies the development of production, industrial revolutions;

Historical and geographical regional studies.

Archiving- a scientific discipline that studies and develops theoretical, methodological and organizational issues of archiving and its history.

Archeology- a historical discipline that studies the historical past of mankind from material sources.

Ethnography- a part of historical science that studies ethnic peoples and other ethnic formations, their origin (ethnogenesis), composition, settlement, cultural and everyday features, as well as their material and spiritual culture.

Historiography is an auxiliary historical discipline that studies the history of historical science. Historiography tests how correctly the scientific method is applied in writing a historical work, focusing on the author, his sources, the separation of facts from interpretation, as well as style, author's biases and the audience for which he wrote this work in the field of history.

Historical informatics- an auxiliary historical discipline that studies the methodology of using information technologies in the study of the historical process, the publication of historical research and the teaching of historical disciplines, as well as archival and museum work.

Auxiliary (special) historical disciplines- the name of the historically formed and continuing to develop the totality (system) of special scientific areas. Within the framework of these scientific directions, methods for studying written, material, and pictorial historical sources are being developed.

The system of auxiliary historical disciplines that has developed to date is the result of the development of domestic historical science over three centuries. In response to its requests, the system of auxiliary historical disciplines also changed. The logic of the development of the system is such that the number of auxiliary historical disciplines is constantly increasing. Today, some experts number about 60 of them. To systematize auxiliary disciplines, heterogeneous features are used. One group includes disciplines, each of which studies one kind or type of historical sources. This group includes bonistics, vexillology, heraldry, diplomacy, numismatics, sphragistics, uniformology, phaleristics. Separate aspects of the sources study the disciplines of the second group: historical metrology, historical chronology, neography, (studies the history of Cyrillic writing, in terms of the charter , semi-ustav, cursive writing), toponymy, filigranology (the subject of study is filigree), etc. The third group includes disciplines that, based on several groups of sources, solve individual problems. This is genealogy, historical geography, emblematics. Another group of auxiliary historical disciplines provides a search for historical sources - archival science (studies the history and organization of archiving, the theory and practice of archives), archeography, historical bibliography.

History of the term

The name of the collection comes from the applied purpose of the directions. In the 19th century they were called "auxiliary knowledge", "auxiliary information", "auxiliary sciences of history", "auxiliary sciences for history", "auxiliary historical sciences". It is believed that for the first time the name "auxiliary knowledge" was used in 1809 by A.N. Olenin. The modern name "auxiliary historical disciplines" was introduced into scientific circulation at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. Since the middle of the XX century. they also came to be called "special" historical disciplines. Both terms are currently used interchangeably.

Formation of the system of auxiliary historical disciplines

The formation of a system of auxiliary historical disciplines as scientific directions was due to the development of domestic historical science. In the XVIII century. there were processes associated with the specialization of science and the formation of prerequisites for the formation of a system of scientific knowledge, characterized by special rules, procedures for criticizing historical sources, and this science was called science (of antiquities). The concept of "antiquity" included rarities, remnants of the past. In the XVIII century. an idea was formed about their cognitive function in historical research. Development of problems of national history in the works of V.N. Tatishchev, G.F. Miller, M.V. Lomonosov, M.M. Shcherbatova, A.L. Schlötsera showed the need for special information to write a historical essay. This information was accumulated in studies, publications, and reference materials. Subsequently, the received auxiliary material in the form of tables, diagrams, dictionaries, etc. was to become the property of contemporaries and future generations of research.

In the first third of the XIX century. the development of auxiliary historical disciplines was closely connected with the concept of "historical criticism". Representatives of the skeptical school, headed by Professor of Moscow University M.T. Kachenovsky. They believed that they did not carry absolutely reliable information, therefore historical material should be subjected to strict evaluation, careful criticism and selection. Doubt about the reliability of sources was put forward by Kachenovsky and his students as a prerequisite for historical research. Critical analysis techniques were developed within the framework of auxiliary historical disciplines. N.I. Nadezhdin, I.E. Zabelin, A.S. Uvarov .

The role of scientific and scientific-public associations in the development of auxiliary historical disciplines in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

In the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. the development of auxiliary historical disciplines was facilitated by the activities of various scientific and scientific-public associations. Among them is the Moscow Archaeological Society, which existed since 1864. Attracting significant scientific forces to solve the problems set for the society, its organizer A.S. Uvarov gave his activities an all-Russian scale. The society was engaged in the study of Russian antiquities, the preservation of "the remnants of Russian antiquity", "the destruction among the general mass of the population of indifference to these works." The Moscow Archaeological Society has taken a special place in the history of Russian archeology due to the fact that it was the organizer and coordinating center of regularly held Archaeological Congresses. From 1869 to 1911, fifteen congresses were held in different cities of the European part of Russia and the Caucasus.

In the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. acted as specialized companies. The Russian genealogical society, which existed in St. Petersburg from 1897 to 1922, can be attributed to such societies. According to the charter, it had the goal of “scientific development of the history and genealogy of the Russian nobility ... The scope of the society also includes research on all those auxiliary branches of Russian historical sciences that are in contact with the history of the nobility, such as heraldry, sphragistics, diplomacy, etc. The identification of sources on the history of noble families, the study of their origin, the preparation of genealogical books and genealogical paintings for publication, became one of the leading directions that was developed by members of the Russian Genealogical Society.

The Moscow Numismatic Society (1888-1917) was a specialized society whose activities brought numismatics as an auxiliary historical discipline to a new stage in its development. The Society formed a numismatic collection and a library of specialized literature, which were completed mainly through donations.

The materials of the publications of the society allow us to see how at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. the subject of numismatics was understood as an auxiliary historical discipline, what were the main directions for studying coins of different times and peoples (Russian coins of the most ancient and specific period; Eastern coins; Western European coins; Polish coins ancient world and Byzantine). Members of the society took the first steps in a comprehensive study of Russian coins, drawing on written and visual sources: official records management, miniatures of the Illuminated Chronicle. Society members were interested in such methodological issues as coin classification systems; weight studies of monetary systems; description of coin treasures. The bibliographic direction was sufficiently developed, since the members of the society closely followed the modern trends in the development of numismatics abroad: they reviewed interesting works, critically evaluated methodological materials.

The Society has planned the preparation of a Numismatic Dictionary. The program of this handbook was developed and several articles were written for it. However, this work was suspended for some reason.

Contribution to the development of auxiliary historical disciplines was made by the church-archaeological societies that were created at theological academies in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Kyiv.

Of the other societies that fruitfully developed the problems of auxiliary historical disciplines in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, one can name the Society of Russian History and Antiquities at Moscow University (founded in 1804); Odessa Society of Lovers of History and Antiquities (founded in 1839); Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology, and Ethnography at Moscow University (founded in 1863); Moscow Society of Ancient Russian Art at the Moscow Public Museum (founded in 1864); Historical Society of Nestor the Chronicler at Kiev University (founded in 1873); Society of Lovers of Ancient Literature (founded in St. Petersburg in 1877); Historical and Philological Society at Kharkov University (founded in 1877); Society of Archeology, History and Ethnography at Kazan University (founded in 1878); Russian Bibliographic Society at Moscow University (founded at the end of the 19th century); Historical and Genealogical Society in Moscow (founded in 1904) and others.

Teaching auxiliary historical disciplines in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries.

The teaching of certain auxiliary disciplines began at Moscow University in the 18th century. In the first third of the XIX century. here the course "Auxiliary Historical Sciences" was read, which included genealogy, historical geography, diplomacy, heraldry, chronology and numismatics. The first university study guides in auxiliary historical disciplines prepared by master M.S. Gastev. These were "Materials for the auxiliary sciences of history" on chronology, genealogy, diplomacy (remained unpublished).

In the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. in universities, some courses related to the auxiliary historical disciplines were taught in the form of special courses. For example, at Moscow University V.O. Klyuchevsky taught a special course on source study of written sources; at St. Petersburg University A.I. Sobolevsky - paleography course, at Novorossiysk University V.E. Krusman - “A general outline of the auxiliary sciences of history. Methodological course. Auxiliary historical disciplines were discussed in theoretical and methodological courses. For example, at Kazan University M.M. Khvostov taught the course "Methodology of History and Philosophy of History", where he gave an idea of the composition of auxiliary disciplines, determined their place in historical research.

Specialists in the field of auxiliary historical disciplines were trained in some specialized educational institutions. Thus, paleography was taught at the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute, founded in Moscow in 1779, at the Alexander Lyceum and the School of Law, located in St. Petersburg. However, the training of a small number of specialists in very narrow areas could not satisfy social needs. In the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. the social demand for professionals in the field of archeology was associated with a deepening specialization in the field of science and culture.

The shortage of specialists in archaeology was filled by private universities. In Russia in the last third of the XIX - early XX century. two such universities were created: the St. Petersburg Archaeological Institute (founded in 1877) and the Moscow Archaeological Institute (founded in 1907).

Well-known scientists worked at the St. Petersburg Archaeological Institute, who ensured a high level of teaching. N.P. Likhachev held the chair of diplomacy, he also read sphragistics. Initially, the course of paleography was taught as Slavic-Russian, and was read by A.I. Sobolevsky, but in the 1903/1904 academic year it was divided into two - the course of South Slavic paleography and the course of Russian paleography, the first course was taught by N.A. Lavrovsky, and the second - I.A. Shlyapkin. Several people - E.E. Zamyslovsky, A.S. Lappo-Danilevsky, S. M. Seredonin, A.A. Spitsyn - taught historical geography. The lecture course on Russian numismatics, “not taught anywhere from the department”, was first read in 1897 by a graduate of the institute A.K. Markov. In the course of metrology and chronology, D.I. Prozorovsky summed up his own research in these areas. Institute graduate V.K. Lukomsky prepared and taught a heraldry course, which was included in the curriculum from 1912.

At the Moscow Archaeological Institute, there was a specialization in the archaeological and archaeographic departments. The plans of the institute included the opening of a third department - the history of art. Within the walls of the institute, such specialists in the field of auxiliary historical disciplines as V.K. Trutovsky (read numismatics and sphragistics), L.M. Savelov, Yu.V. Arseniev and V.P. Lapchinsky (read genealogy and heraldry), V.A. Gorodtsov (read archeology), S.K. Kuznetsov and N.N. Firsov (read historical geography), N.N. Ardashev (read diplomacy), S.K. Kuznetsov and I.I. Uspensky (read metrology and chronology), N.V. Stepanov (read the chronology), R.F. Brandt (read paleography), S.S. Popov, F.V. Voronin, N.A. Marx, I.F. Kolesnikov and V.K. Klein (provided the practical course "Reading Old Russian Manuscripts"), etc.

Petersburg and Moscow Archaeological Institutes existed until 1922, making a significant contribution to the development of auxiliary historical disciplines and the training of specialists, many of whom continued to work in various scientific, educational and cultural institutions that had already arisen in new historical conditions.

Trends in the development of auxiliary historical disciplines in the XX - early XXI centuries.

After the October Revolution, the establishment of a new state-political system was accompanied by a radical break in all spheres of life. Under these conditions, the existence of higher education throughout the 1920s - 1930s. was extremely unstable. The changes that were carried out often had a negative impact on the state of both historical science and the system of auxiliary historical disciplines. New state and public requests brought to the fore the problems of the history of Modern and Contemporary times, which required sources that had not previously been included in the orbit of auxiliary historical disciplines. Attention to the auxiliary historical disciplines, formed on the study of medieval material, has decreased, which, in turn, has narrowed the scientific development of the problems of many auxiliary historical disciplines.

The implementation of a radical restructuring of the archival service, announced by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars on June 1, 1918 "On the reorganization and centralization of archives in the RSFSR", required a large number of specialists, for the preparation of which in 1922 at the First All-Russian Conference of archival figures it was proposed to create a "university of archival and archeographic profile” with the teaching of a complex of auxiliary disciplines. Such a university was organized in 1930, in 1932 it received the name of the Moscow State Institute of History and Archives. Since 1939, the institute has had a department of auxiliary historical disciplines. It was headed by well-known specialists in the field of auxiliary disciplines. A.N. worked here. Speransky (the first head of the department), A.I. Andreev, N.V. Ustyugov, L.V. Cherepnin and others. Over time, the department turned into a scientific center for the development of source studies and auxiliary historical disciplines.

The conditions for the development of Soviet historical science and the system of auxiliary historical disciplines began to change for the better around the mid-1930s. An important event in those years was the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the Teaching of Civil History in the Schools of the USSR” on May 15, 1934. It formulated a social order for the training of specialists in civil national history and expanded the field of activity of historians. The new tasks set before science increased interest in auxiliary historical disciplines.

The resolution had a positive impact on the training of highly qualified specialists. The historical faculties were restored at the universities, where they taught national history of all periods. Thus, in 1934, the Faculty of History was restored in the Moscow state university named after M.V. Lomonosov. The department of archeology, museology and local history was opened here. The faculty employed specialists who knew archival sources, studied them and published them, contributed to the development of domestic source studies and auxiliary historical sources: M.N. Tikhomirov, S.A. Nikitin and others.

One of the incentives for the development of auxiliary historical disciplines since the middle of the 20th century. was editorial, i.e. publishing, archeographic activity. In the second half of the XX century. a large number of scientific publications sources from different historical periods. At the same time, the so-called field archaeography also acquired a significant scope, which contributed not only to a noticeable replenishment of the corpus of handwritten books and documentary materials, but also to the formation of new repositories of handwritten books and documents. The finds were quickly introduced into scientific circulation within the framework of cameral archeography, which deals with the description of materials, the preparation of catalogs, inventories, codes, etc.

In the second half of the XX century. the development of the system of auxiliary historical disciplines proceeded by replenishing it with new elements. Such new disciplines as codicology, neography, phaleristics, bonistics (studies paper banknotes and their substitutes), vexillology (studies banner material), etc., took shape.

The fragmentation of auxiliary historical disciplines is of concern to researchers, and they raise the question of finding ways to integrate disciplines. Many specialists saw the possibility of integrating heraldry, vexillology, phaleristics, uniformology and other disciplines based on the methods used to study symbols in the coat of arms, on banners, coins, etc., within the framework of such an auxiliary historical discipline as emblematics. However, until now, researchers do not have a clear understanding of the relationship between emblematics and auxiliary disciplines. The data of many auxiliary disciplines are summarized by codicology, which creates a real field for interdisciplinary research of handwritten books. Codicological studies combine paleographic, filigranological, art history analysis, modern restoration practice, using the latest methods of chemical analysis of paints, metal, wood, etc. A significant contribution to the development of paleography was made by a prominent Slavist, linguist, historian of Byzantine and Old Russian art, paleographer Shchepkin V.P.

In the second half of the XX century. An important trend in the development of auxiliary historical disciplines was the expansion of their functions, due to which they ceased to perform only an auxiliary function. This trend in the development of auxiliary historical disciplines was dictated by the demands of modern domestic source studies. Solving the theoretical problems of classifying historical sources, source studies put forward as one of the bases for classifying their primary social functions, which can be found in certain areas of life and activity of the past.

Since the middle of the XX century. the internal restructuring of the system of auxiliary historical disciplines was expressed not only in the increase in its elements, but also in the loss of some of them. This happened as a result of a change in their status by some disciplines, for example, source study. Today, source studies are considered as an independent branch of historical science with its own theory, specific tasks and ways to solve them. Not being included in the system of auxiliary historical disciplines, source study solves a number of its tasks with the help of these disciplines.

In the 1960s a discussion arose about the name of the auxiliary historical disciplines. The prerequisites for the emergence of the discussion was that many of the disciplines have outgrown their applied purpose. There was a proposal to define the disciplines as special. However, the term, although still in use today, has not supplanted the traditional definition of the disciplines. E.I. Kamentseva, a prominent Soviet and Russian historian, is considered one of the major specialists in the field of auxiliary historical disciplines.

At the last, so far short stage since the 1990s - the beginning of the 21st century, some new trends in the development of auxiliary historical disciplines are revealed. One of the trends is a clear uneven development of disciplines within the entire system. This trend is partly due to the latest political events: the collapse of the USSR and the creation Russian Federation. The new state abandoned the Soviet state symbols, which did not correspond to its socio-political and economic foundations. At present, specially created bodies have developed the state emblem of the Russian Federation, its state flag, and the award system. The current political situation in the country caused an increased interest of researchers in heraldry, vexillology, and phaleristics. The discussion of the problems of the modern heraldic situation leads its participants to historical plots in the field of heraldry. The history of the study of Russian heraldry is summarized in historiographic terms. Works on heraldry made abroad by Russian emigrants are introduced into scientific circulation.

Another trend is related to the development within some disciplines of bibliographic records of research carried out in the past. The activation of this trend is found primarily in genealogy, heraldry, filigranology.

The appearance of works of a historiographical and bibliographic nature is partly connected with the revival of scientific societies that operated before the October Revolution. In 1990, the Historical and Genealogical Society in Moscow was restored. The modern Historical and Genealogical Society has branches in Krasnoyarsk, Pless, Penza, Novosibirsk and other cities. In the 1990s other genealogical organizations also arose: the St. Petersburg Russian Genealogical Society, the Ural Genealogical Society, the Perm Association of Amateur Genealogists.

The leading feature of the current stage of development of auxiliary historical disciplines is the introduction of the latest technologies in research. This moment testifies to the desire of specialists in the field of auxiliary historical disciplines to process and introduce into scientific circulation a significant amount of data. Information retrieval systems that reflect the specifics of the subject of each of the disciplines help to solve this problem. Electronic databases are created in heraldry, genealogy, archaeography, codicology, filigranology, etc.

A feature of the current stage in the development of auxiliary historical disciplines can be considered an increase in the number of specialized scientific publications that cover the topics of various disciplines. Today, yearbooks, journals, and thematic periodicals on auxiliary historical disciplines, which have existed since the second half of the 20th century, continue to be published. (for example, "Archaeographic Yearbook for ... a year", M., 1957 - 2006; "Auxiliary Historical Disciplines". Issue 1 - 29, L. / St. Petersburg, 1968 - 2005.)

New editions are the journal "Historical Genealogy" (Moscow), established by the Center for Genealogical Research (co-founders of the Center - Institute Russian history Russian Academy of Sciences and the Union of the Descendants of the Russian Nobility - Nobility Assembly), "Genealogical Bulletin" - publishing house of the Creative Association of the Russian Genealogical Society (St. Petersburg), the journal "Herboved" (publication of the All-Russian Heraldic Society). Since the late 1990s a specialized publication “Experiments in Source Studies. Old Russian literature. (Issue 1 - 4. St. Petersburg, 1997 - 2001).

The works of the last two decades again raise questions that were discussed earlier: about the fragmentation of disciplines, their composition, status and interaction, terminology, and their role not only in science, but also in cultural space. Today there is a search for a definition of the concept of "auxiliary historical discipline", consistent, on the one hand, with state of the art historical science, on the other hand, internal processes in the system of auxiliary disciplines.