Gaddafi Muammar. Biography

Muammar Gaddafi
Fraternal leader and leader of the revolution
September 1, 1969 - October 20, 2011

Successor: Position abolished
Chairman of the Libyan Revolutionary Command Council
September 8, 1969 - March 2, 1977
Predecessor: Position established
13th Prime Minister of Libya

13th Minister of Defense of Libya
January 16, 1970 - July 16, 1972
1st General Secretary of the General People's Congress of Libya
March 2, 1977 - March 2, 1979
Party: Arab Socialist Union (1972-1977)
Profession: Military
Religion: Islam
Birth: 7 June 1942 (Sirte, Misurata)
Death: October 20, 2011 (Sirte, Misurata)
Rank: Colonel (1969)

Muammar bin Muhammad Abu Menyar Abdel Salam bin Hamid al-Gaddafi(born June 7, 1940 or 1942, Sirte, Misurata, Italian Libya - died October 20, 2011, ibid) - Libyan statesman and military leader; head (actually) of the Libyan Jamahiriya (from September 1, 1969 to October 20, 2011), Chairman of the Libyan Revolutionary Command Council (1969-1977), Prime Minister and Minister of Defense of Libya (1970-1972), General Secretary of the General People's Congress (1977-1979 ); colonel (since 1969). After Muammar Gaddafi refused all posts, he became known as the Fraternal leader and leader of the September 1st Great Revolution of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya or Fraternal leader and leader of the revolution.

Having overthrown the monarchy, he later formulated the "Third World Theory", set out in his three-volume work The Green Book, establishing a new form of government in Libya - the Jamahiriya. The Libyan leadership directed the proceeds from oil production to social needs, which made it possible by the mid-1970s to implement large-scale programs for the construction of public housing, the development of healthcare and education. On the other hand, Libya during the reign Muammar Gaddafi repeatedly accused of interfering in the affairs of foreign states. In 1977, there was a border war with Egypt, and in the 1980s, the country was embroiled in an armed conflict in Chad. As a supporter of pan-Arabism, Muammar Gaddafi made efforts to unite Libya with a number of countries, which ended unsuccessfully. Muammar Gaddafi provided support to numerous national liberation, revolutionary and terrorist organizations around the world. The high-profile terrorist attacks, which had a Libyan trace, became the basis for the bombing of the country in 1986 and the imposition of sanctions in the 1990s.

On June 27, 2011, during the Libyan civil war, the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant Muammar Gaddafi on charges of murder, illegal arrest and detention. Killed on October 20, 2011 after the capture of Sirte by the forces of the Transitional National Council.

The early years of Muammar Gaddafi

Muammar Gaddafi born in 1940 or 1942 in a tent 30 km south of the city Sirte in a Bedouin family belonging to the Arabized Berber tribe of al-Gaddafa. His grandfather was killed in 1911 by an Italian colonist. Remembering my childhood Muammar Gaddafi said: "We, the Bedouins, enjoyed freedom in the midst of nature, everything was pristinely clean ... There were no barriers between us and the sky."

At 9 years old Muammar Gaddafi went to primary school. Following the father, who constantly wandered in search of new, more fertile lands, Muammar Gaddafi changed three schools: in Sirte, Sebha and Misurata.
Father Muammar Gaddafi later recalled: “I did not have the money to find a corner in Sirte for my son or entrust him to acquaintances. Muammar Gaddafi spent the night in the mosque, came 30 kilometers away on weekends to visit us, spent his holidays in the desert, near the tent.” In his youth, Muammar Gaddafi was a fan of Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser; participated in anti-Israel protests during the Suez Crisis in 1956. In 1959, an underground organization was created in Sebha, one of the activists of which was Gaddafi.
On October 5, 1961, the organization held a protest demonstration against the secession of Syria from the United Arab Republic, culminating in a speech near the ancient city wall of the main organizer of the event - Muammar Gaddafi. A few days later, he was expelled from Sebha's boarding school.

As a schoolboy, he participated in an underground political organization, held anti-colonial demonstrations against Italy. In 1961 Muammar Gaddafi created an underground organization that aimed to overthrow the monarchy, as in neighboring Egypt. In October of the same year, a youth demonstration began in the city of Sebha in support of the Algerian revolution. It immediately developed into a mass anti-monarchist uprising. The organizer and leader of the demonstration was Gaddafi. For that Muammar Gaddafi arrested and then expelled from the city. I had to continue my studies in Misurata. There Muammar Gaddafi entered the local lyceum, which he successfully completed in 1963.

In 1965 Muammar Gaddafi with the rank of lieutenant, he graduated from a military college in Benghazb and began serving in the signal troops at the Gar Younes military camp, then in 1966 he underwent retraining in the UK and at the same time was promoted to captain.

Al-Fateh (1969 military coup in Libya) led by Muammar Gaddafi

In 1964, under the leadership Muammar Gaddafi On the seashore near the village of Tolmeita, the 1st congress of an organization called the Free Unionist-Socialist Officers (OSOYUS) took place, which began underground preparations for a coup. One of the Rifi officers, Ali Sherif, later recalled the behavior of the young conspirators at the military college:
“I only kept in touch personally with Muammar Gaddafi and my platoon leader Bashir Khavvadi. The command followed our every step. We had to report where we were going, who we were meeting. For example, I have been asked this hundreds of times. Of course, I did not fulfill these requirements of the authorities, but M. Gaddafi was aware of my activities and found an opportunity to direct my illegal work. I was in sight myself M. Gaddafi due to its popularity among the cadets. But he knew how to control himself, behave impeccably, which delighted us. The authorities considered him a "bright head", an "incorrigible dreamer" and therefore condescendingly treated him and did not seriously suspect anything. M. Gaddafi it was enough to look at a new member of the organization once, and he almost unmistakably determined his capabilities, remembered him, although he did not suspect that he was at the head of the movement. Muammar Gaddafi, sociable, thoughtful cadet. In each military camp we had at least two informant officers. We were interested in the armament of the units, the lists of officers, their characteristics, the mood of the personnel.

In general terms, the plan for the speech of the officers was developed already in January 1969, but the three times appointed dates for the operation "El-Quds" ("Jerusalem") - March 12 and 24, as well as August 13 - were postponed for various reasons. In the early morning of September 1, detachments of members of the OSOYUS, led by the captain Gaddafi simultaneously began performances in Benghazi, Tripoli and other cities of the country. They quickly established control over major government and military installations. All entrances to the American bases were blocked in advance. King Idris I at that time was being treated in Turkey. Gaddafi recalled:
“I may have played a dominant role in our movement, but that was before X-hour. After that, I, perhaps, was rather one of the ordinary participants in the coup. On the 31st he was then in Benghazi, in the barracks of Ghar Yune. The beginning of the performance was scheduled for 2 hours 30 minutes in the morning simultaneously throughout the country, with the exception of the most distant garrisons. All combat groups were given the task of capturing the objects designated for them no later than 4 hours and 30 minutes.

Moghareif and Abdel Fattah were to take over the Benghazi radio station and direct operations from there. I also had to broadcast our first communiqué prepared in advance, as well as take the necessary countermeasures in case of possible complications (foreign intervention or domestic resistance attempts).

At the appointed time, taking 2 soldiers with me, I went in a jeep to the radio station. I was followed in cars by a “capture group”. On the way, a convoy of cars crossed our path. I stopped to find out what was the matter. It turned out that Harruby, having captured the Birk barracks and taking command there, decided to head to the police school to neutralize it, since resistance could be organized there. We calmly continued to move. And they weren't late. The radio station was taken over at 4 o'clock in the morning. From the height of "my" object, I looked at the city and saw columns of trucks with soldiers moving from the port towards Benghazi. I realized that our plan is being carried out ... ""

At 7:00 a.m., the famous "Communiqué No. 1" went on the air, beginning with the words Muammar Gaddafi:
“Citizens of Libya! In response to the innermost aspirations and dreams that overwhelmed your hearts. In response to your ceaseless demands for change and spiritual rebirth, your long struggle in the name of these ideals. Heeding your call for rebellion, the army forces loyal to you took on this task and overthrew the reactionary and corrupt regime, the stench of which made us sick and shocked us all.

Captain Gaddafi further said: “All who witnessed the sacred struggle of our hero Omar al-Mukhtar for Libya, Arabism and Islam! All those who fought on the side of Ahmed al-Sherif in the name of bright ideals ... All the sons of the desert and our ancient cities, our green fields and beautiful villages - go ahead!

One of the first was the message about the creation of the highest body of state power - the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC). The monarchy was overthrown. The country received a new name - the Libyan Arab Republic. On September 8, the IRC decided to award the 27-year-old captain Muammar Gaddafi rank of colonel and appointed him supreme commander of the armed forces of the country. He remained in this rank for life (until 1979 he was the only colonel in the country).

Muammar Gaddafi - about the head of state

The Chairman of the RSC was Muammar Gaddafi. The SRK included 11 officers who participated in the coup: Abdel Salam Jelloud, Abu Bakr Yunis Jaber, Awwad Hamza, Bashir Havwadi, Omar Moheishi, Mustafa al-Kharrubi, Khuwaildi al-Khmeidi, Abdel Moneim al-Huni, Muhammad Najm, Muhammad Mogaref and Mukhtar Gervi. October 16, 1969 Muammar Gaddafi, speaking at a mass rally, promulgated five principles of his policy: 1) complete evacuation of foreign bases from Libyan territory, 2) positive neutrality, 3) national unity, 4) Arab unity, 5) prohibition of political parties.

January 16, 1970 Muammar Gaddafi became Prime Minister and Minister of Defense. One of the first activities led by Gaddafi the new leadership of the country was the evacuation of foreign military bases from Libyan territory. He then said: “Either the foreign bases will disappear from our land, in which case the revolution will continue, or if the bases remain, the revolution will perish. In April, the withdrawal of troops from the British naval base in Tobruk was completed, in June - from the largest American air base in the region, Wheelus Field, on the outskirts of Tripoli. On October 7 of the same year, all 20 thousand Italians were expelled from Libya. This day was declared the "day of vengeance". In addition, as a revenge for the brutal colonial war unleashed by fascist Italy in the 1920s, the graves of Italian soldiers were dug up.

In October 2004, after a meeting with Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi Muammar Gaddafi promised to change the "day of vengeance" to the "day of friendship", but this was not done. In 2009, during his historic visit to Italy, Gaddafi met with hundreds of exiled Italians. One of the exiles would later say of this meeting: Muammar Gaddafi told us that he was forced to expel us in order to save our lives, because the Libyan people wanted to kill us. But to save us, he also confiscated all of our property.”

During 1969-1971. foreign banks were nationalized, all landed property belonging to the Italians. The state also nationalized the property of foreign oil companies; the remaining oil companies were nationalized by 51%.

One of the first steps Gaddafi after coming to power, the calendar reform began: the names of the months of the year were changed in it, and the chronology began to be conducted from the year of the death of the prophet Muhammad. In November 1971, the Revolutionary Command Council set up a commission to review all of Libya's legislation in accordance with "the basic principles of the Islamic Sharia". The country banned alcoholic beverages and gambling. April 15, 1973, during his speech in Zuar, Muammar Gaddafi proclaimed a cultural revolution, which included 5 points:
* annulment of all existing laws adopted by the previous monarchical regime and their replacement with laws based on Sharia;
* repression against communism and conservatism, purging all political opposition - those who opposed or resisted the revolution, such as communists, atheists, members of the Muslim Brotherhood, defenders of capitalism and agents of Western propaganda;
* the distribution of weapons among the people in such a way that public resistance would protect the revolution;
* administrative reform to end excessive bureaucratization, overreach and bribery;
* encouragement of Islamic thought, rejection of any ideas that do not correspond to it, especially ideas imported from other countries and cultures.

According to Muammar Gaddafi, the Libyan Cultural Revolution, unlike the Chinese Cultural Revolution, did not introduce anything new, but rather marked a return to the Arab and Islamic heritage.

The Gaddafi regime in the 1970s and 1990s had much in common with other similar post-colonial regimes in Africa and the Middle East. Rich in natural resources, but impoverished, backward, tribalist Libya, from which the attributes of Western life were expelled in the early years of Gaddafi's rule, was declared a country of a special development path. The official ideology (see below) was a mixture of extreme ethnic nationalism, rent-seeking planned socialism, state Islam, and left-wing military dictatorship. Gaddafi at the head with the declared collegial management and "democracy". Despite this, and also the fact that Gaddafi at various times he supported various radical political movements; inside the country, his policy during these years was relatively moderate. The regime was supported by the army, the state apparatus and the rural population, for whom these institutions were in fact the only mechanism of social mobility.

"Jamahiriya" - Muammar Gaddafi's Third World Theory

Muammar Gaddafi maintained close ties with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Both leaders said they were trying to build a socialist society based on Islam, morality and patriotism. However, the deterioration of relations with Egypt after the death of Nasser and the rapprochement of his successor Sadat with the United States and Israel prompted Gaddafi in the early 70s to formulate their own ideology.

A peculiar concept of social development put forward by Muammar Gaddafi, is set out in his main work, the Green Book, in which the ideas of Islam are intertwined with the theoretical positions of the Russian anarchists Kropotkin and Bakunin. Jamahiriya (the official name of the political system of Libya) translated from Arabic means "the power of the masses."
green book Muammar Gaddafi was published in many languages ​​of the world

On March 2, 1977, at an extraordinary session of the General People's Congress (GPC) of Libya, held in Sebha, the "Declaration of Sebha" was promulgated, proclaiming the establishment of a new form of government - the Jamahiriya (from Arabic "jamahir" - masses). The Libyan Republic received its new name - the "Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" (SNLAD).

The Revolutionary Command Council and the government were dissolved. Instead, new institutions were created that corresponded to the "Jamahiri" system. The General People's Congress was declared the supreme body of the legislative, and the Supreme People's Committee formed by it instead of the government - the executive. Ministries were replaced by people's secretariats, at the head of which bodies of collective leadership were created - bureaus. Libyan embassies in foreign countries have also been transformed into people's bureaus. There is no head of state in Libya, in accordance with the principle of democracy.

Gaddafi (general secretary) and four of his closest associates, Major Abdel Salam Ahmed Jelloud, as well as generals Abu Bakr Younis Jaber, Mustafa al-Kharrubi and Khuwaildi al-Khmeidi, were elected to the General Secretariat of the GNC.

Exactly two years later, the five leaders resigned from government posts, leaving them to professional managers. Since Gaddafi officially called the Leader of the Libyan Revolution, and all five leaders - the Revolutionary leadership. Revolutionary committees appeared in the political structure of Libya, designed to carry out the political line of the revolutionary leadership through the system of people's congresses. Muammar Gaddafi officially is only the leader of the Libyan revolution, although his real influence on the process of making political, economic and military decisions is actually high.

Muammar Gaddafi stands for a democratic solution to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict through the creation of a single Arab-Jewish state under the code name "Isratina".

Egyptian–Libyan War

Main article: Egyptian–Libyan War

In the mid-1970s, the orientation of Libya's foreign policy towards the USSR was already obvious, while Egypt was increasingly inclined to cooperate with Western countries and entered into a dialogue with Israel. The policy of the Egyptian President Sadat caused a negative reaction from the Arab countries, including Libya.

In the spring of 1976, Egypt, and then Tunisia and Sudan, accused Libya of organizing and financing their internal opposition circles. In July of the same year, Egypt and Sudan made direct accusations against Libya of supporting an unsuccessful coup attempt against Sudanese President Nimeiri, and already in August, the concentration of Egyptian troops on the Libyan border began. Tensions between the two countries escalated in April-May 1977, when demonstrators in both countries seized each other's consulates. In June Muammar Gaddafi ordered 225,000 Egyptians who worked and lived in Libya to leave the country before July 1, otherwise they will be arrested. On July 20 of the same year, Libyan artillery opened fire for the first time on Egyptian border posts in the area of ​​al-Sallum and Halfaya. The next day, Egyptian troops invaded Libyan territory. During the 4 days of fighting, both sides used tanks and aircraft. As a result of the mediation mission of Algeria and the Palestine Liberation Organization, hostilities ceased by 25 July.

Foreign policy of Muammar Gaddafi

Almost immediately after coming to power Muammar Gaddafi, driven by the idea of ​​pan-Arabism, headed for the unification of Libya with neighboring Arab countries. On December 27, 1969, a meeting was held Gaddafi, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser and Sudanese Prime Minister Jafar Nimeiri, which resulted in the signing of the Tripoli Charter, which contained the idea of ​​uniting the three states. On November 8, 1970, the "Cairo Declaration" was adopted on the creation of the Federation of Arab Republics (FAR) consisting of Egypt, Libya and Sudan. In the same year Muammar Gaddafi proposed to Tunisia to unite the two countries, but then President Habib Bourguiba rejected the proposal.

June 11, 1972 Gaddafi urged Muslims to fight against the US and Britain, and also announced his support for black revolutionaries in the US, revolutionaries in Ireland and Arabs who want to join the struggle for the liberation of Palestine. On August 2, at a meeting in Benghazi, the Libyan leader and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat agreed on a phased unification of the two countries, which was scheduled for September 1, 1973. Showing more enthusiasm than the Egyptian president, Muammar Gaddaf and in July of the following year even organized a 40,000-strong march on Cairo to put pressure on Egypt, but the march was stopped 200 miles from the capital of Egypt. The union of Libya and Egypt did not work out. Further events only led to a deterioration in Egyptian-Libyan relations and later to an armed conflict. In January 1974, Tunisia and Libya announced the unification and formation of the Arab Islamic Republic, but a referendum on this issue never took place. Being in May-June 1978 on a visit to Algiers, Gaddafi proposed the unification of Libya, Algeria and Tunisia.

In August 1978, at the official invitation of the Libyan leadership, the leader of the Lebanese Shiites and the founder of the Amal movement, Imam Musa al-Sadr, arrived in the country, accompanied by two satellites, after which they mysteriously disappeared. On August 27, 2008, Lebanon accused Gaddafi in a plot to kidnap and illegally imprison the spiritual leader of the Lebanese Shiites and demanded the arrest of the leader of Libya. As the magistrate noted, in committing this crime, Colonel Gaddafi"contributed to the unleashing of a civil war in Lebanon and an armed conflict between confessions." Libya has always denied allegations of involvement in the disappearance of the three Lebanese and claims that the imam and his companions left Libya in the direction of Italy.

During the Ugandan-Tanzanian war of 1978-1979. Muammar Gaddafi sent 2,500 Libyan troops to help Ugandan dictator Idi Amin. On December 22, 1979, the United States included Libya in the list of countries sponsoring terrorism. In the early 1980s The United States accused the Libyan regime of interfering in the internal affairs of at least 45 countries.

September 1, 1980, after secret negotiations between the representatives of Libya and Syria, Colonel Gaddafi invited Damascus to unite so that they could more effectively resist Israel, and on September 10 an agreement was signed to unite Libya and Syria. Libya and Syria were the only Arab countries that supported Iran in the Iran-Iraq War. This led to the fact that Saudi Arabia broke off diplomatic relations with Libya on October 19 of the same year. After the suppression of an attempted coup d'état in Sudan in July 1976, Khartoum broke off diplomatic relations with the Libyan Jamahiriya, which the presidents of Sudan and Egypt accused of plotting to overthrow Nimeiri. That same month, a tripartite "holy alliance" of Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Sudan against Libya and Ethiopia was concluded at a conference of Islamic states in Jeddah. Feeling threatened by the alliance between Egypt and Sudan, Gaddafi in August 1981 formed a trilateral alliance of Libya with Ethiopia and South Yemen, aimed at countering Western, primarily American, interests in the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean.
Muammar Gaddafi, President of Algeria Houari Boumedienne and Hafez Assad, December 1977.

August 13, 1983 during his visit to Morocco Muammar Gaddafi signed an Arab-African federal treaty with the Moroccan king Hassan II in the city of Oujda, providing for the creation of a union state of Libya and Morocco as the first step towards creating the Great Arab Maghreb. On August 31, a referendum was held in Morocco, as a result of which the treaty was approved by 99.97% of those who voted; The Libyan General People's Congress supported it unanimously.

Libya provided support to the Polisario front, leading a guerrilla war against Moroccan troops, and the signing of the treaty marked the end of Libyan assistance. The alliance began to fall apart when Libya signed an alliance with Iran in 1985, and after Gaddafi criticized the Moroccan king for his meeting with Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres, King Hassan II in August 1986 completely annulled the agreement. The fall of the Nimeiri regime in Sudan at the same time led to an improvement in Sudanese-Libyan relations. Gaddafi stopped supporting the Sudan People's Liberation Army and welcomed the new government of General Abdel Rahman Swar al-Daghab. In 1985, Gaddafi announced the formation of the "National (Regional) Command of the Arab Revolutionary Forces" with the aim of "carrying out armed coups in the reactionary Arab countries and achieving Arab unity", as well as to "destroy the embassies, institutions and other objects of the United States and Israel in countries pursuing an anti-Libyan policy and supporting the United States.” The following year, during the International People's Congress, held in Libya, Colonel Gaddafi was proclaimed the commander of a single all-Arab army and the ideological leader of all the liberation movements of the world. Muammar Gaddafi visited three times Soviet Union- in 1976, 1981 and 1986 and met with L. I. Brezhnev and M. S. Gorbachev.

In the 1980s Gaddafi organized training camps in Libya for rebel groups from all over West Africa, including the Tuareg. In 1981, Somalia severed diplomatic relations with Libya, accusing the Libyan leader of supporting the Somali Democratic Salvation Front and the Somali National Movement. September 1, 1984 Muammar Gaddafi announced that he had sent troops and weapons to Nicaragua to help the Sandinista government in the fight against the United States. In March 1986, when Gaddafi hosted the Congress of the World Center for the Fight against Imperialism and Zionism, among his guests were representatives of the Irish Republican Army, the Basque separatist group ETA and the leader of the radical American organization "Nation of Islam" African-American Muslim Louis Farrakhan. In the 1980s The leader of the Libyan revolution actively supplied weapons to the IRA, considering its activities part of the struggle against "British colonialism." Libya provided assistance to such national liberation and nationalist movements as the Palestinian organizations of the PLO, Fatah, PFLP and DFLP, the Mali Liberation Front, the United Patriotic Front of Egypt, the Moro National Liberation Front, the Arabistan Liberation Front, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Arabia, the African National Congress, the Popular Front liberation of Bahrain, SWAPO, FRELIMO, ZAPU-ZANU. Libya was also suspected of supporting the Japanese Red Army. In an exclusive interview with The Washington Post given by him in 2003, Gaddafi explained:
“I supported the struggle for national liberation, not terrorist movements. I supported Mandela and Sam Nujoma, who became president of Namibia. I also supported the Palestine Liberation Organization. Today, these people are received with honor in the White House. And I'm still considered a terrorist. I was not wrong when I supported Mandela and the liberation movements. If colonialism returns to these countries, I will again support the movements for their liberation.”

Gaddafi took a tough stance towards Israel. On March 2, 1970, the Libyan leader appealed to 35 members of the Organization of African Unity to break off relations with Israel. In October 1973, the third Arab-Israeli war broke out. On October 16, Saudi Arabia, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Qatar unilaterally raised the selling price of their oil by 17% to $3.65. Three days later, in protest against Israel's support for the Yom Kippur War, Libya announced an oil embargo on the United States. Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries followed suit, launching an oil embargo against countries that provided or helped to support Israel. In 1984 Gaddafi announced that
“The armed forces of Libya were created to liberate Palestine, to destroy the Zionist entity, and also to revise the world map created by the imperialists and draw new borders ... The armed people will take over the entire Arab world, they will rise to fight and cure the Zionist ulcer on their body '.'

Libya was suspected of mining the Red Sea in 1984, which damaged 18 ships. On April 17 of the same year, an incident was widely reported when a fire was opened on Libyan demonstrators from the building of the Libyan People's Bureau (embassy) in London, as a result of which British police officer Yvonne Fletcher was killed and 11 more people were injured. After that, on April 22, the UK severed diplomatic relations with Libya. In a 2009 interview with Sky News, Gaddafi said, “She is not our enemy and we regret all the time and [express] our sympathy because she was on duty, she was there to protect the Libyan embassy. But there is a problem that needs to be solved - who did it?

Domestic politics

Upon coming to power, the revolutionary government not only faced opposition to the new regime, but also internal problems within its ranks. On December 7, 1969, the SRK announced the prevention of a coup attempt by Lieutenant Colonels of Defense Minister Adam Havvaz and Interior Minister Musa Ahmed. A few months later, on July 24, 1970, Gaddafi announced the discovery of an "imperialist reactionary conspiracy" in Fezzan, in which the king's adviser Omar Shelhi, former prime ministers Abdel Hamid Bakush and Hussein Mazik were involved, and, as reported, the investigation established "the involvement of an American CIA to deliver weapons for the upcoming coup."

Political parties and opposition groups were banned under Law No. 71 of 1972. The only legal political party in the country in 1971-1977. was the Arab Socialist Union. In August 1975, after an unsuccessful coup attempt, one of Colonel Gaddafi's closest associates, Minister of Planning and Research Major Omar Moheishi, fled to Tunisia and then moved to Egypt. Jeune Afrique magazine wrote at the time:
"With the betrayal of Omar Moheishi, M. Gaddafi lost one of his longtime associates. They sat at the same desk in school, together they chose a military career with the firm intention of turning the Libyan army into an effective tool to overthrow the monarchy. More recently, in early August, Moheishi accompanied the head of state to Kampala for a UAE summit conference, then received a delegation of Lebanese journalists. Subsequently M. Gaddafi didn't say a single word about it. Meanwhile, one of the Libyan ministers whispered to a journalist friend that the Libyan leader "is very worried about the betrayal of his best friend."

The magazine then concluded: "The only thing that can console the colonel is the Nasser precedent: Rais was also betrayed by Marshal Amer, and he must part with his closest assistant." As A. Z. Egorin notes in his work “The Libyan Revolution”, Huni, Havvadi, Gervi, Najm and Hamza left the political arena after Moheishi. Of the 12 members of the SRK, Jelloud, Jaber, Harroubi and Khmeidi remained with Gaddafi.

Since 1980, more than 15 anti-Gaddafi Libyan exiles have been killed in Italy, England, West Germany, Greece and the US.

In October 1981, the Libyan National Salvation Front (LFNL) was formed, led by the former Libyan ambassador to India, Muhammad Yusuf al-Maghariaf, which was based in Sudan until the fall of President Nimeiri's regime in 1985. The Front claimed responsibility for the attack on Gaddafi's headquarters in Bab al-Aziziyah on 8 May 1984. According to the Libyan National Salvation Front (FNSL), from 1969 to 1994. 343 Libyans who opposed the Gaddafi regime died, of which 312 people died in Libya (84 people died in prisons, 50 people were publicly executed by the verdict of revolutionary tribunals, 148 people died in plane crashes, car accidents and as a result of poisoning, 20 people died in armed clashes with regime supporters, four were shot dead by security agents and six people died because they were denied emergency medical care).

Sometimes Muammar Gaddafi showed great leniency towards dissidents. On March 3, 1988, he ordered the release of 400 political prisoners from the Abu Sadim prison. In the presence of a crowd of thousands, Gaddafi, driving a bulldozer, broke the prison door and shouted to the prisoners: “You are free,” after which a crowd of prisoners rushed into the gap, she chanted: “Muammar, who was born in the desert, made prisons empty!”. The Libyan leader proclaimed this day the Day of victory, freedom and the triumph of democracy. A few days later, he tore up the "black lists" of persons suspected of dissident activity.

The army and the concept of "armed people" Muammar Gaddafi

By the time of the revolution, the strength armed forces s of Libya consisted of only 8.5 thousand people, but in the first 6 months of his reign Muammar Gaddafi at the expense of conscripts and by reassigning several hundred people from the paramilitary national security forces, he doubled the size of the Libyan army, bringing it to 76 thousand people by the end of the 1970s. In 1971, the Ministry of Defense was liquidated, the functions of which were assigned to the Main Military Command. During his speech on April 15, 1973 in Zuwara Gaddafi stated: "At a time when all regimes are usually fearful of their peoples and create an army and police for their protection, in contrast to them, I will arm the Libyan masses who believe in the al-Fatih revolution." Serious difficulties were caused by the program put forward by him back in 1979 to eliminate the traditional army by replacing it with an "armed people" capable, in the opinion of the Libyan leader, of repelling any external aggression. As part of the implementation of this idea, for almost a decade, measures were proclaimed and taken to attract women to military service, militarization of cities and educational institutions, as well as the creation of a kind of detachments militia. Revolutionary committees were created in the armed forces, which took control of the activities of officers. August 31, 1988 Colonel Gaddafi announced the "dissolution of the classical army and the traditional police" and the formation of formations of the "armed people". Developing his concept of an "armed people", he also announced the dissolution of the security apparatus. By a September decree of 1989, all former military ranks were abolished, and the General Provisional Defense Committee replaced the General Command of the Armed Forces. In June 1990, a voluntary Jamahiriya Guard was formed.

Political and military leader, former de facto head of state of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1969-2011) Muammar Gaddafi (Muammar Kaddafi, full name - Muammar bin Mohammed Abu Menyar Abdel Salam bin Hamid al-Gaddafi), according to some sources, was born in 1942 year in Tripolitania (Libya). The exact date of his birth is unknown; many of his biographers claim that he was born in 1940. Gaddafi himself wrote that he was born in the spring of 1942 in a Bedouin tent 30 kilometers south of the city of Sirte (Libya).

His father, a native of the al-Gaddafa tribe, wandered from place to place, herding camels and goats. Mother with three older daughters was engaged in housework.

When Muammar was nine years old, his parents sent him to elementary school. After graduating from it, he entered the secondary school, which was located in the city of Sebha.

He assumed the post of Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council and Supreme Commander. From that time on, Gaddafi actually ruled the country, officially holding a number of posts: from 1970 to 1972, he served as Prime Minister and Minister of Defense of Libya, in 1977-1979 - Secretary General of the highest legislative body - the General People's Congress.

After the revolution, Gaddafi was promoted to the rank of colonel, and he retained this rank, despite the fact that in January 1976 he was promoted to major general.

In Libya, Gaddafi established a regime based on people's committees and assemblies, and in March 1977 he proclaimed a "people's republic."

The official name of the Libyan state was the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (SNLAD). As its president, Gaddafi banned all political organizations except his own Arab socialist union(ACC).

In 1979, Muammar Gaddafi resigned from the presidency, declaring his intention to work on the "continuation of the revolution." He began to be officially called the leader of the revolution.

Revolutionary committees appeared in the political structure of Libya, designed to carry out revolutionary politics through a system of people's congresses. Gaddafi, even having lost all government posts, actually retained full power and remained the head of state. The Libyans called him "al-ah al-qaeed assaura" ("brother leader of the revolution") and "al-ah al-aqid" ("brother colonel").

In the 1970s, Gaddafi formulated the so-called "Third World Theory", which was supposed to replace the two previous world theories - Adam Smith's capitalism and Karl Marx's communism. This theory was set forth in Gaddafi's three-volume Green Book, which Gaddafi himself called the "Gospel of the New Age."

In addition to the "Green Book", Gaddafi wrote a work called "Long Live the State of the Oppressed!", Published in 1997, as well as a collection of stories-parables "Village, village. Earth, Earth. The suicide of an astronaut and other stories." Abroad, the stories and essays of the colonel were published in the form of a collection of "Escape to Hell" (Escape to Hell).

The Soviet Union had a significant influence on Gaddafi's ideology. He visited the USSR three times (in 1976, 1981 and 1985), met with Soviet leaders Leonid Brezhnev and Mikhail Gorbachev.

In April 2008, as part of a foreign trip, Vladimir Putin, and in October-November 2008.

Gaddafi was a believing Muslim. One of his first steps after coming to power was the reform of the calendar: the names of the months of the year were changed in it, and the chronology began to be conducted from the year of the death of the Muslim prophet Muhammad.

Gaddafi survived several attempts on his life, as a result of one of them he was wounded in the arm.

Gaddafi's wife Safiya, daughter Aisha and sons Muhammad (from his first marriage) and Hannibal Gaddafi with their families in August 2011.

Gaddafi's son Saadi in mid-September 2011. Later, the authorities of this African country granted him asylum "for humanitarian reasons." In February 2012, he was placed under house arrest after statements in the press about the state of affairs in the Libyan state after the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi.

Another son of Gaddafi, Seif al-Islam, was arrested in November 2011 by representatives of the armed forces of the GNA of Libya while trying to cross the border with Niger. A few hours later he was taken to the prison of the city of Zintan, where he is. He is accused by the International Criminal Court (ICC) of crimes against humanity during the armed confrontation in Libya in 2011.

Not known. According to some reports, he is alive, according to others, he died.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

About the personality, aspirations, achievements and mistakes of Muammar Gaddafi - the great Libyan leader, politician and reformer who dreamed of freedom and happiness for the African continent and its peoples.

THE PATH OF THE REFORMER

“I am a lonely Bedouin who does not even have a birth certificate. I grew up in a world where everything was pure. Everything around me was untouched by the infections of modern life. The young in our society respected the old. And we knew how to distinguish good from evil.”(M. Gaddafi).

A long time ago a man was born in the Libyan desert, in a tent, in a Bedouin family. Whether in 1940, or in 1942, or in 1944 - it is not known for sure. And who was interested in another child in a large Bedouin family? It is known that this happened nearby, or rather thirty kilometers from the city of Sirte.

He was a long-awaited child, heir - after three failures ending in the birth of daughters, the boy's father was happy that his family would finally be continued. And he named his son Muammar, which means long-lived.

His full name is Muammar bin Mohammed Abu Menyar Abdel Salam bin Hamid al-Gaddafi.

How did they live in those days?

You, who grew up in the blessed USSR, did not know what it was like to live under a king, and taking into account the harsh natural conditions, total poverty and savagery. Plus the country was a colony of Italy. And they didn't stand on ceremony with the locals. And what to tell, you can only experience it yourself.

But be that as it may, the boy was lucky, his father wanted to educate his son, and at the age of ten he was sent to a madrasah - a Muslim educational and religious institution in Sirte. Later, Muammar entered a secondary school in the city of Sebha, where he was captured by revolutionary ideas, and the Egyptian revolutionary Gamal Abdel Nasser became Gaddafi's inspiration.

For such outrageous views, the young revolutionary was expelled from school, but he managed to continue his studies in another city of Misurat. The boy dreamed of becoming a military man, he became more secretive and cautious. And soon he realized his dream by enrolling in a military college in Benghazi in 1963, where he studied in the daytime, in the evenings he attended history courses at the university. After training in 1965, having received the rank of lieutenant, he went to Great Britain, which liberated the former Italian colony from oppression. Here he graduated from the courses of communications.

Returning home, he created his first underground organization, which was called the Free Union Officers. Four years later, his irrepressible energy and many previously hidden talents led to the fact that the Benghazi radio announced in the voice of Gaddafi: “ Citizens of Libya! In response to the innermost aspirations and dreams that overwhelmed your hearts, in response to your unceasing demands for change and spiritual rebirth, your long struggle in the name of these ideals, heeding your call for rebellion, the army forces loyal to you took on this task and overthrew the reactionary and a corrupt regime whose stench made us sick and shocked us all…”

27-year-old Muammar Gaddafi in September 1969, just after the coup that overthrew King Idris.

The main result of this day on September 1, 1969 was the news of the overthrow of King Idris and the peaceful, bloodless transfer of power to the Revolutionary Command Council, which awarded Muammar the rank of colonel and appointed supreme commander. On January 16, 1970, Colonel Gaddafi became Prime Minister of Libya. He was a romantic and dreamed of uniting many African countries into a single African Union. Or at least Syria, Tunisia, Lebanon, Morocco, Egypt and Libya. Moreover, several times in various combinations these countries could unite, enter into alliances, but then something or, more precisely, someone interfered with the unification. Having become the head of the country, Gaddafi was engaged in the implementation of a long-standing idea that had absorbed him - the complete unity of the Arabs.

First of all, he liquidated foreign military bases in the country.

Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, head of the Libyan Revolutionary Command Council, addresses the crowd at the Benghazi stadium. The speech is devoted to the withdrawal of American troops from the territory of Libya. June 25, 1970 (AP)

Within three years, foreign banks and oil companies were nationalized in Libya, and 51% of domestic ones became owned by the state.

On April 15, 1973, Gaddafi proclaimed the Cultural Revolution. He called on the people to take power into their own hands, repealed all existing laws.

"Ensuring social justice, a high level of production, the elimination of all forms of exploitation and a fair distribution of national wealth""That's our goal," he said!

Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi addresses the crowd during a massive rally in Tripoli's Martyrs' Square in 1977. The picture was taken February 9, 1977. In 1977, Gaddafi invented a system called "Jamahiriya" or "state of the masses", in which power is in the hands of thousands of "people's committees".

A system of legislation based on the principles of Sharia was introduced in the country!

Islam was declared the official state religion.

One of the main goals of the revolution was proclaimed to be the building of socialism based on "religion, morality and patriotism".

But what is especially interesting, Muammar, managed to give his own interpretation of some of the provisions of the Koran, and so true that at the national debate he baffled the opposition from religion, who could not boast of such a complete and accurate knowledge of the Koran, and answer Gaddafi's questions on live television. Theologians were compromised in the eyes of the believing population. This gave Gaddafi reason to subsequently deprive some of them of the right to conduct religious services.

However, Gaddafi said, “If we limited ourselves only to supporting Muslims, we would show an example of fanaticism and selfishness: True Islam is the one that advocates for the weak, even if they are not Muslims”.

Regarding women:

“A woman, who, by virtue of her nature, has functions that are different from those of a man, must be placed in other conditions than a man in order to be able to carry out these natural functions.

All societies that exist today see in a woman only a commodity. The East considers her as an object of sale, while the West refuses to recognize her as a woman!

Encouraging a woman to do men's work means encroaching on femininity, released to her by nature for the sake of the need to continue life..

The functioning of the political system of the "Jamahiriya" in the field and especially in production was hampered both because of the sabotage of the bourgeois strata, and because of the lack of preparedness of the measures taken, the inability of the new administrative apparatus to manage the economy. All this caused discontent and ferment among part of the population. In order to avoid tribal conflicts, Muammar granted access to the power system to people from the elite of all influential Libyan tribes, including Cyrenaica, to which King Idris belonged.

Colonel Gaddafi managed to create a very successful political power structure.

It consisted in a system of directly elected people's congresses and people's committees. Gaddafi created a system of proportional distribution of income from the nationalized oil industry; invested funds both at home and abroad, which eventually brought noticeable profits.

In 1975, he wrote the main work of his life, namely the Green Book, as he himself called it - the Quran of the 20th century.

Her main ideas:

First. The exercise of power by the masses through popular assemblies, where everyone participates in decision-making and the exercise of power.

Second. The possession by the people of public wealth, which is regarded as the property of all members of society.

Third. Transfer of weapons to the people and training in their use in order to end the monopoly on weapons by the army.

Hence the slogan: "Power, wealth and weapons are in the hands of the people!"

“Man's freedom is incomplete if his needs are controlled by others. The desire to satisfy needs can lead to the enslavement of man by man; exploitation is also generated by needs. Satisfaction of needs is a real problem, and if the person himself does not manage his needs, there is a struggle..

Only under Muammar did the blacks of southern Libya gain human rights.

During the forty years of his reign, the population of Libya tripled. Child mortality has decreased by 9 times. Life expectancy in the country increased from 51.5 to 74.5 years.

Gaddafi decided to withdraw Libya from the dollar banking system, and 12 other Arab countries wanted to follow his example.

In May 1978, a law was passed, according to which the rental of residential premises was prohibited, and former tenants became the owners of rented apartments and houses. Former owners received compensation. The private property of the big and middle bourgeoisie was liquidated.

“The goal of the new socialist system is to create a happy society, happy by virtue of its freedom, which is feasible only if the material and spiritual needs of a person are satisfied, provided that no one interferes with the satisfaction of these needs and controls them”- wrote Gaddafi.

Before the overthrow of the monarchy, in 1968, 73% of the country's population was illiterate. During the first decade of revolutionary changes in Libya, 220 libraries and reading rooms, 25 knowledge dissemination centers, about 20 national cultural centers and 40 sports clubs were opened. By 1977, the literacy rate had risen to a total of 51%. From 1970 to 1980, more than 180 thousand apartments were built in the country, which made it possible to provide modern housing for about 80% of the needy, who had previously lived in basements, huts or tents. As a result of Gaddafi's rule, Libya became the country with the highest Human Development Index in Africa: free health care and education, rising life expectancy, financial assistance programs for housing, as well as in the event of a wedding. Gasoline has become cheaper than a glass of water.

And the problem with water was solved by investing more than $ 25 billion in public funds for a system for extracting water from a giant underground freshwater lens under the Sahara.

It was discovered back in 1953 about 35 thousand cubic kilometers of artesian water. The corresponding volume can, for example, completely flood the territory of Germany, its area is 357,021 square kilometers, and the depth of such a reservoir will be about 100 meters. Libya is the richest reserves of clean fresh water!

Oil revenues were spent on its transportation to consumption areas through underground pipelines with a total length of about four thousand kilometers with pipes up to 4 meters in diameter. And for the production of pipes, a plant was built, which created new jobs. Gadaffi decided to create a paradise on earth and turn Africa into a blooming garden!

The salary in Libya in 2010 averaged, according to various sources, 1050-6000 dollars a month, more than half of the oil revenues went to social needs.

Unemployment dropped sharply in the country, most citizens had their own apartments, televisions, and video recorders. Universities and hospitals were built to world standards.

Gaddafi ordered to buy expensive cars in South Korea and sell them to the Libyans for a quarter of the price. He announced his decision to re-distribute the country's oil revenues, which are about $10 billion a year. Half of this amount goes to the needs of the state, the other is distributed among the Libyans. (I remind you that the total population of Libya was about 6.5 million people)

As a result, about 600 thousand needy families received from 7 to 10 thousand dollars. According to Gaddafi, this is the implementation in practice of the slogan put forward by him "Wealth is in the hands of the people!", and help equalize the incomes of poor and wealthy citizens. True, Gaddafi warned that the families who received the money could not dispose of them at their discretion: they could spend them only on the most necessary needs, and not on the purchase of expensive imported consumer goods.

Alas, the Libyans ignored their leader's warning. Contentment and comfort, rapidly growing consumption ... Libyans began to relax in public, go out with their families for a picnic, to the sea or to the forest. Before, they couldn't afford it.

Libya entered the Guinness Book of Records as the country with the lowest annual inflation rate (3.1% in 2001-2005). According to INAPRO data for 2008, Libya ranked first among the Arab countries of North Africa in terms of GDP growth.

In August 2008, at a meeting of more than 200 African kings, sultans, emirs, sheikhs and tribal leaders, Muammar Gaddafi was declared "King of African Kings".

But no freedom! And especially democracy! Can you imagine what a terrible cannibal and tyrant this Gaddafi is, he banned the study of English and French! Violent censorship all around! You can not talk with foreigners on political topics! Dissidents and the creation of political parties are prohibited!

What can be blamed? Poor quality of services, occasional spikes in unemployment, shortages of state-subsidized goods and medicines. Often the reason for this was the smuggling of medicines out of the country for resale, an entire criminal industry that was in no way inferior to the mafia was based on this. True, they did not stand on ceremony with the found criminals, they chopped off the hand, and the second time the leg. What else? According to the National Salvation Front of Libya (FNSL), between 1969 and 1994, 343 Libyans who opposed the Gaddafi regime died, of which 312 people died in Libya (84 people died in prisons, 50 people were publicly shot by the verdict of the revolutionary tribunals , 148 people died in plane crashes, car crashes and poisoning, 20 people died in armed clashes with regime supporters, four were shot dead by security agents and six people died because they were denied emergency medical care).

How much how much??? For 25 years?!

At times, Muammar Gaddafi showed great leniency towards dissidents. On March 3, 1988, he ordered the release of 400 political prisoners from the Abu Sadim prison. In the presence of a crowd of thousands Gaddafi, driving a bulldozer, broke the prison door and shouted to the prisoners: “You are free”, after which the crowd of prisoners rushed into the gap, she chanted: “Muammar, who was born in the desert, made the prisons empty!” The Libyan leader proclaimed this day the Day of victory, freedom and the triumph of democracy. A few days later, he tore up the "black lists" of persons suspected of dissident activity.

GADDAFI'S ENEMIES ARE LIBYA'S ENEMIES

The impudent Libyan tirelessly undermined the authority of the monarchies of the Persian Gulf. Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Jordan, Bahrain - this is a far from complete list of enemies. Let me remind you, for those who are not in the know, these modest medieval barbarian radical monarchies have colossal monetary and material resources, their tentacles are spread all over the world. And, sometimes, the question arises, who really rules the world? The United States and vassal Europe or are they just servants on errands for the Arab monarchies?

But it was the sheikhs, emirs, kings and sultans who were horrified by the socialist ideas of the Libyan leader.

It is Qatar that is the first Middle Eastern country that openly opposed Muammar Gaddafi on the side of the West. The Qatari authorities have declared their readiness to be intermediaries in the sale of Libyan oil in order to help terrorists receive humanitarian assistance.

There were problems among the neighbors, it would seem, allies. As mentioned above, during his reign, Gaddafi developed numerous projects for the unification of Libya with Egypt, Syria, Sudan and Tunisia. But all of them turned out to be failures, the recent allies were desperately at enmity, reaching the point of open armed confrontation. In 1976, Libya and even a recent unification partner in Egypt even entered into a short-term war: Cairo accused Gaddafi of preparing a military coup in neighboring Egypt, Tunisia and Sudan.

Egyptian President Anwar Sadat (left), Libyan President Colonel Muammar Gaddafi (center) and Syrian General Hafez al-Assad during a reception in Damascus in 1971. Photo taken August 18, 1971 (AP)

From January to August 2011, foreign military experts managed to form relatively combat-ready units from militarily insolvent Libyan rebels that resisted the regular army. In addition, the Libyan leader had enemies overseas.

In 1973, Libya decided to suspend the export of oil and all types of petroleum products to the United States in protest against support for aggression against neighboring Arab countries. With this, Gaddafi forced the White House to launch a whole anti-Libyan campaign. The United States demanded military intervention in order to subdue the government, which "threatens the world economy."

By 1980, the US government was already accusing Libya of supporting global terrorism. The situation worsened after the US authorities came to the conclusion that the leadership of the republic was not only politically and economically, but also ideologically moving closer to the USSR and Eastern Europe.

How to resolve issues with those who are objectionable?

In 1986, the head of Libya was once again personally attacked, which was carried out on the orders of the administration of US President Ronald Reagan.

Five targets were planned for the strike by American aircraft, of which three were in the Tripoli region (the Bab al-Azizia barracks, the Sidi Bilala training base for combat swimmers and the military sector of the Tripoli airport) and 2 in the Benghazi region (the Al-Jamahariya-Barras barracks and the airfield "Benin"). On the night of April 15, US aircraft attacked the intended targets. Dozens of people were killed during the bombing.

A dedicated 15 F-11 bombers bombed his residence. They killed more than 50 people, including a 15-month-old girl - Gaddafi's adopted daughter.

“I deeply regret that Reagan died without being brought to justice for his horrific crime he committed in 1986 against Libyan children.” - M. Gaddafi on the death of Ronald Reagan.

After that, the United States once again accused the Libyan leader of supporting "international terrorism" and subversive "pro-Sovietism." However, neither the CIA nor the State Department were able to prove their accusations against Gaddafi.

In the early 1980s, the United States accused the Libyan regime of interfering in the internal affairs of at least 45 countries.

(He did support numerous national liberation and revolutionary organizations around the world. On June 11, 1972, Gaddafi called on Muslims to fight the US and Britain, and also announced his support for black revolutionaries in the US, revolutionaries in Ireland and Arabs who want to join the fight for the liberation of Palestine.

And during the August coup in Moscow, Muammar Gaddafi expressed support for the actions of the State Emergency Committee).

Palestine Liberation Organization Chairman Yasser Arafat (right) with Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi (center) and PLO leader George Habash greet delegates at the Arab Summit on December 4, 1977. ()

On December 21, 1988, in the sky over the Scottish town of Lockerbie, a passenger Boeing 747 of the American airline Pan Am, operating flight No. 103 from London to New York, was blown up, killing 270 people (all passengers of the aircraft and crew members, as well as those disaster people). At first, the terrorists from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, as well as the Iranian authorities, were suspected of organizing the attack, but soon the Attorney General of Scotland, Lord Fraser, formally charged two members of the Libyan state intelligence services, Abdelbaset al-Mohammed al-Megrahi and al-Amin, with organizing the explosion. Khalifa Fhimahu...

And here is another version:

“In December 1988, furious military intelligence agents made a formal protest, exposing the complicity of the CIA in the heroin trade in the Middle East. When teams from both departments were called back to Washington to participate in the internal proceedings, they boarded Pan Am Flight 103. A Hezbollah militant wing led by Ahmed Jibril, his nephew Abu Elias, Abu Talba and Abu Nidal eliminated both teams to protect their lucrative cartel.

Secret military intelligence documents show that Jibril and Talb were considering blowing up an American plane over the Christmas period of 1988 anyway. They planned to blow up an American plane as revenge for the USS Vincennes shooting down an Iranian commercial plane. filled with pilgrims returning from Mecca in July 1988. However, the threat of military intelligence to reveal their heroin network set their bomb plan in motion. Islamic Jihad's ability to uncover realizable intelligence regarding flight schedules would definitely confirm that someone in the CIA was running a double agent, helping Islamic Jihad stay one step ahead of the hostage rescue operation.

This is the dirty truth about Lockerbie. And it doesn't look like the one you were told at all."(from Susan Lindauer's book "Ultimate Partiality: The Chilling History of the U.S. Anti-Terrorism Act and Cover-up of the Truth About the 9/11 Attacks and Iraq").

Remember the story of the death of a DC-10 passenger plane flying from Brazzaville (Niger) to Paris? In any case, the French claim that the trail leads to Libya. Maybe...or maybe not...

Let's give the floor to Gaddafi: “I supported the struggle for national liberation, not terrorist movements. I supported Nelson Mandela and Sam Nujoma, who became President of Namibia. I also supported the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Today, these people are received with honor in the White House. And I'm still considered a terrorist. I was not wrong when I supported Mandela and the liberation movements. If colonialism returns to these countries, I will again support the movements for their liberation..

Fidel Castro and Muammar Gaddafi in Tripoli, 1977

Then, according to the classical scheme, they were accused of accumulating chemical weapons.

They regularly violated Libyan airspace, conducted military maneuvers near its shores 18 times, shot down a couple of Libyan fighter patrols in Libyan airspace.

The UN Security Council, urgently convened by Libya, after several days of the meeting, could not adopt a resolution condemning the terrorist actions of the White House. This decision was vetoed by three countries - the United States, England and France.

LIBYA'S NEW DEAL. APPROACH WITH THE WEST

On August 13, 2003, Libya admitted that its officials were responsible for the bombing of a plane in the skies over Lockerbie. Immediately after that, the question arose of lifting all sanctions from Libya and excluding it from the black list of "states sponsoring international terrorism." However, France threatened to use its veto power in the UN Security Council on a resolution to lift sanctions if Libya does not increase the amount of compensation to the relatives of the terrorist attack on Niger.

On September 1, Colonel Gaddafi announced his decision to pay the victims of the tragedy, emphasizing that he does not consider his country responsible for the attack: “Our dignity is important to us. We don't care about money. The Lockerbie case is already over, and the UTA case is now closed. We are opening a new page in our relations with the West".

The blackmail succeeded in the West, but Gaddafi made a mistake...

Over the 42 years of Muammar's reign, more than a dozen assassination attempts were made on him, as you can see, he was not as hated as Fidel Castro, but still, nevertheless ...

In June 1975, during a military parade, an unsuccessful attempt was made to fire at the podium, which was Muammar Gaddafi.

In 1981, conspirators from the Libyan Air Force made an unsuccessful attempt to shoot down a plane on which Gaddafi was returning to Tripoli from the USSR.

In December 1981, Colonel Khalifa Kadir fired at Muammar Gaddafi, slightly wounding him in the shoulder.

In November 1985, a relative of Gaddafi, Colonel Hassan Ishkal, who intended to kill the Libyan leader in Sirte, was executed. In 1989, during a visit by Syrian President Hafez al-Assad to Libya, Gaddafi was attacked by a fanatic armed with a sword. The attacker was shot dead by the guards.

In 1996, during the passage of Gaddafi's motorcade along the street of the city of Sirte, a car was blown up. The Libyan leader was not injured, but six people were killed in the assassination attempt. British MI5 agent David Shayler would later say that the British secret service MI6 was behind the assassination attempt.

In 1998, near the Libyan-Egyptian border, unknown people fired on the Libyan leader, but Aisha's main bodyguard covered Muammar Gaddafi with herself and died; seven more guards were injured. Gaddafi himself was slightly wounded in the elbow. (40 female bodyguards guarded Gaddafi).

In the 2000s, unrest among the established Libyan elite, the loss of all allies and Gaddafi's unwillingness to go into open confrontation with Western world led to some liberalization of the economic, and then political life country. Foreign companies were allowed into Libya, contracts were signed on the construction of a gas pipeline to Italy (relations between the former colony and the mother country had previously been extremely strained).

In general, Libya, albeit with a long delay, followed the path of Egyptian leader Hosni Mubarak. Changes in the economic and political course, accompanied by competent propaganda, allowed Gaddafi to stay in power and avoid the fate of Anwar Sadat or Saddam Hussein. In June 2003, at a nationwide congress, Muammar Gaddafi announced the country's new course towards "people's capitalism"; at the same time, the privatization of the oil and related industries was announced. On December 19, Libya announced the renunciation of all types of weapons of mass destruction and began to reduce military spending ... After all, the West gave sworn assurances: disarm and we will accept you into our friendly family and will be your guarantor of security.

By 2009, the vast majority of Libya's contracts were concluded not with Russian or Chinese, but with Western companies. If we take the six largest markets for Libyan hydrocarbons, almost 80% of exports were to Western Europe and the United States. Moreover, the money earned in the West from oil, like an unchangeable ruble, was returned there - by shares bought by order of the colonel in large Western companies. Such, for example, as the Italian bank UniCredit, the Austrian construction corporation Weinberger, the British media holding Pearson and the Italian energy giant Eni…

QADDAFI: WHAT HE WAS?

« I forbade hanging my portraits on the streets. But people still keep posting them. And I want to push the people to exercise their own power » (M.Gaddafi).

How did Gaddafi live? Probably in luxury luxuriated from day to day, wasting time on sexual pleasures and gluttony?

The working day of the Libyan leader lasted 16-18 hours. After a couple of hours of sleep and a few exercise- he was again cheerful and fresh. Moreover, during the day, Gaddafi was engaged not only in the “Jamahirization” of Libya, but also in self-education. Evil tongues claimed that his reference book was Uncle Tom's Cabin. And he, meanwhile, knew world history well, liked to quote world classics of literature, including Russian ones - L. Tolstoy and F. Dostoevsky. At his direction, at the end of the 1970s, the works of famous Russian anarchist theorists M. Bakunin and P. Kropotkin were translated into Arabic. Moreover, with a pencil in hand, he worked through the collected works of V.I. Lenin and used many ideas when writing the Green Book.

In addition to the "Green Book", Gaddafi wrote a work called "Long Live the State of the Oppressed!", Published in 1997, and a collection of parables.

In everyday life, Gaddafi was unpretentious, led the life of an ascetic. At one time I was even fond of vegetarianism. He did not drink coffee, tea and alcoholic beverages, did not smoke, ate very little, mostly simple food.

He did not hoard, his family did not own real estate. Even his father (at the insistence of his son) lived in a Bedouin tent for the rest of his life. However, Gaddafi himself often lived for months in a Bedouin tent.

By the way, he believed that a man should have only one wife! During Gaddafi's rule, a Libyan woman who gave birth to a child received an allowance of between $5,000 and $8,000 for herself and the baby.

Gaddafi and his wife Safiya Farkash on December 2, 1997. Safiya- Gaddafi's wife and mother of his seven children. The couple also adopted a boy, Milad, and a girl, Hannah, who died in 1986 at the age of four when the United States bombed the Libyan capital of Tripoli. (Dimitri Messinis / AP)

Still, Gaddafi, like any person, had his weaknesses. He liked to dress beautifully and often changed outfits. Mostly they were national clothes. But his biggest passion is uniforms. He appeared in public either in the tunic of a naval officer, or in the uniform of an Air Force colonel, or in the form of ground forces. At the same time, the outfit was always complemented by dark, completely hiding the eyes, glasses.

Gaddafi was very pious, regularly performed all Muslim rituals, followed all the commandments of the Koran, which he had memorized as a child.

Gaddafi at a worship service after a speech in the city of Benghazi on February 25, 2010. (Abdel Meguid Al-Fergany / AP)

He made a pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia and kissed the sacred Black Stone in Mecca. True, he was very peculiar in the interpretation of Islam, but knowing the Koran by heart, he could authoritatively argue with any connoisseur of religion.

Is all this known to ordinary Libyans? Of course! Of Gaddafi's hobbies, his passion for horses and hunting, interest in various types of weapons and means of special communications are known.

In this October 10, 1976 photograph, President Muammar Gaddafi greets the crowd as he rides his horse during a ceremony in Ajdabiya, Libya. The celebration in 1976 marks the 6th anniversary of the expulsion of the Italians from Libya. (AP)

His one and a half hour speech in 2009 at the UN is widely known ...

At the end of his speech, Gaddafi said: “You are already tired. You are all asleep” and left the podium with the words: “You gave birth to Hitler, not us. You persecuted the Jews. And you staged a holocaust!

Muammar always spoke very frankly and sincerely. His speech at a meeting of the League of Arab States, held in 2008 in Damascus, is indicative. “Saddam Hussein is executed... and we are just watching! Tomorrow it will be the turn of each of us."- alas, these prophetic words were met with laughter from the audience.

LIBYA IS BURNING…

“You are bombing the wall that stopped the flow of African migration to Europe, the wall that stopped al-Qaeda terrorists. That wall was Libya. You are destroying it. You are idiots. For thousands of migrants from Africa, for supporting Al-Qaeda, you will burn in hell. And so it will be” (M. Gaddafi)

In the winter of 2010-2011, a wave of demonstrations and protests began in the countries of the Arab world, caused by various reasons, diligently fueled, pushed and directed through social networks against the ruling authorities.

On the evening of February 15, relatives of prisoners allegedly killed under unclear circumstances in the Abu Slim prison in Tripoli in 1996 gathered in Benghazi and demanded the release of lawyer and human rights activist Fethi Tarbel. Despite Tarbel's release, the "demonstrators" clashed with the security forces.

In the following days, anti-government protests were actively suppressed by forces loyal to the Libyan leader, there are allegations that with the support of foreign mercenaries. Although fighters from Chad have always been in special. parts of Gaddafi. They tried to restore order and stop the atrocities of the rebels. On February 18, demonstrators and militants took full control of the city of Al Bayda, with the local police defecting to the side of the protesters. By February 20, Benghazi passed under the control of opponents of the Libyan leadership, after which the unrest spread to the capital.

For several days of unrest, the eastern part of the country was under the control of the protesters (and foreign intelligence officers), while in the western part Gaddafi retained power. The main demand of the opposition was the resignation of Colonel Gaddafi.

On February 26, the UN Security Council imposed sanctions prohibiting the supply of weapons and any military materials to Libya, as well as a ban on Gaddafi's international travel and freezing of his overseas assets.

The next day in Benghazi, at a joint emergency meeting of members of local people's councils, the terrorists formed the Transitional National Council as the authority of the "revolution", which was headed by the country's former Minister of Justice, Mustafa Muhammad Abd al-Jalil.

On the same day, in the west of Libya, the city of Az-Zawiya, an important center of the oil refining industry, passed under the control of opponents of Gaddafi. Meanwhile, in the east of Libya, armed terrorist groups sponsored by neighboring monarchies and the West launched an offensive against Tripoli, capturing Libyan cities along the way. On March 2, one of the centers of the oil industry in the country of Marsa Brega came under their control, and two days later the port of Ras Lanuf.

On March 5, the terrorists entered Bin Javad, the last city on the way to Sirte, but the very next day they were forced to retreat from the city. By mid-March, government troops recovered from the shock and went on the offensive against the positions of the rebels and interventionists, within a few days they returned the cities of Ras Lanuf and Marsa el Braga under their control. On March 10, in the west of Libya, Ez-Zawiya was recaptured by government forces.

On the night of March 17-18, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1973, which provides for a ban on flights by Libyan aircraft, as well as the adoption of any measures to protect the Libyan population, with the exception of a ground operation. On the evening of March 19, the armed forces of France and the United States launched Operation Dawn of the Odyssey to hit military targets in Libya on the basis of a UN Security Council resolution "in order to protect civilians." A number of European and Arab countries officially joined the operation. They set about bombing Libya into the Stone Age. On May 1, 2011, Gaddafi's three young grandsons and his son were killed in a NATO airstrike. The time has come for the US to create a wave of chaos in the Arab world and "fish in troubled waters". The Arab monarchies decided it was time to put an end to their troublesome neighbor. And the French president did not need a living creditor.

(“Sarkozy is mentally retarded. It was only thanks to me that he became president. We provided him with the funds that helped him win.”- from an interview with M. Gaddafi on France 24 on March 16, 2011).

With the support of the aviation of the countries of the international coalition, the terrorists managed to seize control of Ajdabiya, Marsa el Brega and Ras Lanuf within a few days, advancing towards Sirte. However, government troops not only stopped the advance of the terrorists near Sirte, but also launched a massive offensive, pushing the rebels 160 kilometers to the east of the country by March 30.

On June 24, Amnesty International conducted a series of investigations into the activities of supporters of Muammar Gadaffi. According to them, they found evidence that the "rebels" falsified many data on the crimes of forces loyal to Gaddafi. However, on June 27, the International Criminal Court in The Hague (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for Gaddafi for organizing the killings, detentions and imprisonments committed in the first 12 days of the Libyan uprising. What can be said about this "court", he carries out the orders of his masters.

The French military dropped weapons by parachute for the Amazigh tribe that supported the "rebels" southwest of Tripoli in the area of ​​​​the cities of Ez-Zintan and Er-Ragub. But Gaddafi's counterintelligence found out the time of the next launch of weapons and the means of communication between French pilots and the Amazighs. Aircraft controllers were caught, who were supposed to take French planes to the drop site. After that, counterintelligence entered into a radio game with the French command and ensured that in July 2011 the French dropped weapons, among other things, anti-personnel mines, directly into the location of a government military unit, where it was filmed by Libyan television operators.

But no matter what, when it became impossible to lie, even after that, the official representative of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bernard Valero, with a smart look, calmly stated that "given the mortal threat to which the civilian population of the mountainous regions was exposed," to save him were "means of self-defense" are needed, which the French supplied "in accordance with the resolutions of the UN Security Council." At the same time, any supply of weapons is expressly prohibited by UN Security Council Resolution No. 1970.

On August 23, Mohammed Gaddafi, in a telephone conversation with Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, said that the forces loyal to them in Tripoli were opposed not by rebels, but by NATO units and mercenaries. Since August 23, British newspapers have been writing about the participation in the civil war of the British in Libya, namely the Special Air Service (SAS). The Guardian (coordinating rebel attacks), Daily Telegraph (hunting for Gaddafi).

On October 26, the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Qatar, Hamad bin Ali al-Atiyah, in Doha, where a meeting of the Chiefs of Staff of the Armed Forces of the states that participated in hostilities in Libya, officially recognized the participation of hundreds of Qatari military personnel in hostilities on the side of the paramilitary forces of the Transitional National Council (NTC) of Libya, which is contrary to the UN mandate issued to the coalition in March 2011.

After several months of fighting, on August 20, detachments of "rebels" attacked the capital. Fierce fighting between the opposing sides unfolded around the Bab al-Aziziya government complex, which was regularly subjected to NATO airstrikes. By August 23, they managed to break through the gate in the outer perimeter of the complex and take control of it, but Gaddafi himself was not there.

PIR HYEN

“I will never leave the land of Libya, I will fight to the last drop of blood and die here with my forefathers as a martyr. Gaddafi is not an easy president to leave, he is the leader of the revolution and a Bedouin warrior who brought glory to the Libyans. We Libyans have fought against the US and UK in the past and will not surrender now.”(M. Gaddafi).

Vladimir Putin, then Prime Minister of the Russian Federation, publicly condemned UN Resolution No. 1973 on Syria (during the vote for which Russia abstained from veto in the UN Security Council). He stated: "This resolution of the Security Council is, of course, defective and flawed ... It allows everyone to take everything, any action against a sovereign state ... In general, this reminds me of a medieval call for a crusade." Putin called the US policy of intervening in other people's conflicts a stable trend in which there is "neither conscience nor logic."

After this statement by Putin, Muammar Gaddafi personally addressed Putin personally with a request to somehow prevent the barbaric NATO bombing, the destruction of homes, hospitals, and the killing of civilians from the air:

“Those who called themselves my friends - the leaders of China, Russia, Nigeria, South Africa, Portugal - I ask you: what was the UN Resolution 1973 about? Is it allowed to establish a no-fly zone there, or is it given the "go-ahead" to destroy the Libyans? Libya is being tormented non-stop. We have blocked access to oil, blow up ports, bomb houses, close the supply of food to the population, bomb the halls where negotiations are taking place with representatives of other countries. And it's all called the "no-fly zone". I used to think that the "no-fly zone" is when the planes of both sides do not fly, but it turns out that this is when only Libyan planes do not fly, but yours fly, bomb what they want and where they want.

… I am not one of those who like to ask, they usually ask me, and I do not refuse. But now I'm asking the whole world: please, we need to sit down and talk, publicly and frankly, so that the world can hear our voice as well.

I ask, I ask you personally, Vladimir Putin, to become a mediator. You can, I believe in it. We are happy that you said that the bombing must be stopped, but everyone knows: „ Al Qaeda “ despises international laws. I urge you: look who is firing when I declare a truce. Peace is impossible when only one side ceases fire. Libyans have never fought among themselves. What is happening now is a war against Libya, not a civil war. I ask the world community: come, come, do everything to stop the bombing of civilian targets.

Nobody wants a war here. The Libyans are my children, the Libyans are not at war with me, and I am not at war with them. Look: we are helping people who have lost everything they earned by hard work. I ask the leaders of the African Union to visit Ajdabiya and see who is fighting against us there. Why do aliens from Afghanistan, Tunisia, Egypt and other countries impersonate the people of Ajdabiya? Save this city from those who captured it!”

But Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, with the outbreak of the conflict in Libya, took a tough stance against Gaddafi. Moreover, he called the words about the Western crusade unacceptable: “Everything that happens in Libya is connected with the ugly behavior that was carried out by the leadership of Libya.” “Gaddafi has lost his legitimacy ... Because for the majority Western countries the current leader of the Libyan revolution, who believes that he does not have a single public post, is already a “handshake” person with whom no one will have contacts, ”concluded Dmitry Anatolyevich.

Medvedev not only publicly condemned the Gaddafi regime for using force against the rebels, but also, agreeing with the UN sanctions against Libya, banned the Libyan ruler from entering Russia and flying over its territory.

Following the lead of the West, he even broke or froze the contracts concluded with Libya, and this caused damage to the Russian industry by more than 300 billion dollars, in addition, he put several Russian military factories on the verge of bankruptcy.

And the damage to Russia's reputation and the loss of confidence in it in the world cannot be calculated in terms of money.

Defenders of Sirte:

On the morning of October 20, 2011, the National Transitional Council detachments launched another assault on Sirte, as a result of which they managed to take the city.

When trying to escape from the besieged city, Muammar Gaddafi was captured by terrorist mercenaries. NATO issued a report that at about 08:30, its aircraft attacked eleven military vehicles of Gaddafi's army, which formed part of a large convoy of about 75 vehicles, which was moving rapidly along the road in the suburbs of Sirte. First, the convoy that was trying to take the colonel out of Sirte was spotted by French aircraft (there is evidence that they were helicopters) and struck at the cars. Killed at least 50 people who accompanied Gaddafi. He himself survived, and the guards hid him in the water supply.

Later video recordings of the last minutes of Gaddafi's life refuted the original official version of the National Transitional Council of Libya. It became clear that he was brutally murdered as a result of lynching by the rebels who captured him.

In the last moments of his life, Muammar Gaddafi called on the rebels to change their minds: “Haram alaikum… Haram alaikum… Shame on you! Do you know no sin?!"

The son of General Abu Bakr Jaber Younis, an ally of Muammar Gaddafi since the September 1 revolution, said that at first Gaddafi was simply beaten and humiliated, but then many began to shout "Don't kill him quickly, let's torture him!" Then one of the rebels took out a bayonet and began to poke Gaddafi from behind, while the rest held the Libyan leader by the hands shot through the shoulders. Having pierced Gaddafi's anus, the sadist gave way to teenagers, who also began to cruelly mock Gaddafi. Other rebels beat the prisoner in the face, poured sand into the wounds and did absolutely monstrous things, which we will keep silent about. The torture lasted from 9 am to 12 noon, and the line of executioners exceeded a hundred people.

When Gaddafi died, he was dragged by his feet through the streets of Sirte, his hometown, where he fought until his last days. Several people claim that Muammar was shot dead by one of his men, who thus saved him from further torment. “One of the guards shot him in the chest,” said, for example, Omran Juma Shauan, who was involved in the capture. After that, all the guards of Gaddafi were shot. Thus, no one can confirm this version with documents. At the same time, the rebels massacred men and women who were found in Sirte. The bodies of the dead were dumped into hastily dug graves on the outskirts of the city. According to eyewitnesses, the townspeople were also tortured and raped before they died. The details of the massacre of Gaddafi disgusted even those Libyans who welcomed his death.

Meanwhile, relatives of Muammar Gaddafi decided to file a lawsuit with the International Criminal Court in The Hague, considering the killing of the colonel a war crime.

They know the circumstances of the death. French NATO helicopters opened fire on the motorcade in which he was traveling. This cortege did not pose any threat to the civilian population. It was a NATO-planned liquidation operation, said Marcel Secaldi, a lawyer for the Gaddafi family.

US President Barack Obama, meanwhile, spoke about the situation in Libya. In an interview with NBC, he actually approved of extrajudicial killings in Libya, committed with the support of NATO.

You never want to see a death like his (Gaddafi's) but I think this (video) sends an obvious message to dictators around the world that people want to live in freedom - Obama said...

The bodies of Muammar Gaddafi, his son, and Abu Bakr Younis Jaber (a long-time associate of Muammar, Libya's defense minister) were put on public display in an industrial vegetable refrigerator in a shopping center in Misurata. At dawn on October 25, all three were secretly buried in the Libyan desert.

Gaddafi was lynched by militants paid for by Qatar and Saudi Arabia. American ships and French aircraft in Libya are mercenaries in the wings of the Arabs. What is the independent policy of the US and the European Union? In relations with the Arab worlds, it has been replaced today by actions that are paid for and organized from the Arab capitals. The main customers and payers are Doha and Riyadh. And the entire "Arab spring", including Obama's support for it, the games around Gaddafi in Libya, the Syrian civil war, is from there.

Look around, for quite a long time we have been paying attention to countries that we consider equal to ourselves - America, France, England, Germany, and everything in the world has changed a long time ago. Most recently, this madam smiled sweetly at Gaddafi's son.

Whose interests does Mrs. Killary (Hillary Clinton) represent?

Think about it. Muammar Gaddafi was killed by American and NATO terrorists and mercenaries by radical Islamists on October 20, 2011. Frames of the torn body of Colonel Gaddafi circled the planet, and all the media in the world reported on the torture and atrocities against the living and even dead Libyan leader.

The fate of the children

Saif al-Arab is killed along with his grandchildren in an American air raid.

Khamis died during the war during the assault on Tarhun. Muttazim martyred along with Gaddafi. Saif al-Islam, "the right hand of the father" in prison with a large gangster group, was sentenced to death. Saadi, a football player who has never been involved in politics, is in prison by one of the Libyan governments, regularly subjected to torture, videos of torture are posted on the Internet. Hannibal is a brawler who disappeared after being kidnapped in Lebanon. Muhammad is hiding in Oman. Perhaps Aisha lives in Oman or Eritrea - the charismatic daughter of Gaddafi, calling for a fight against the country's invaders and traitors.

LIBYA WITHOUT QADDAFI

A few different facts about the country after the martyrdom of Gaddafi.

The civil war that broke out in Libya, which resulted in tribal strife, has not actually stopped for the sixth year now. All attempts to create government bodies are unsuccessful, the economy collapsed. The crisis has been replaced by chaos that poses a danger to the entire region, and this was the result of an attempt by Western powers to forcibly change the political structure of the North African country. Gaddafi was outlawed - the International Criminal Court issued a warrant for the arrest of the "dictator" on charges of murder, illegal arrests and detentions.

The death of Gaddafi was not an execution by a court verdict - it was a murder, a criminal offense that is unlikely to ever be investigated and disclosed, believes Oleg Peresypkin, head of the Center for Eurasian Studies at the Institute of Actual International Problems of the Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Foreign Ministry, a diplomat who in the second half of 80 -x served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the USSR to Libya.

Actually, the Jamahiriya that Gaddafi created is a compromise between the tribes and the centralized state. Everything was based on this compromise. And - more than successfully, from the head of the country, which was in the "backwoods of geography", having managed to reach the international level and, most importantly, lead the people. At the same time - to build tough relations with the West and offer the African states an idea, by implementing which they could break out of the shackles of poverty and change the fate of the post-colonial appendages of the West prepared for them in Washington and major European capitals. One day it all ended. The colonel was too bright and independent figure to survive in a country that the West or (those who paid for everything that happened) decided to subdue. Water, oil, gas, independence, prosperity, the United States of Africa, the Golden Dinar - this is just a small list of reasons for which it was necessary to kill Gaddafi and destroy Libya.

The rules of the game have changed, and armed mercenary jackals and air strikes by the international coalition were used as trump cards against Muammar Gaddafi.

He became an era for his country and part of the world era that was buried under the rubble of the Twin Towers in New York in 2001.

“According to various sources, about $180 billion Gaddafi was invested in securities in Western Europe and the United States. Naturally, now all this money has been confiscated - as well as numerous properties.

It is still not known exactly how many people died - according to "official" Libyan statistics, during the eight months of the war in 2011, the number of victims was at least 5,500 people. The next three years claimed another 4,000 lives. And in two recent years, after the country split again into opposing camps, another 3,400.

“According to the information voiced by the Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the Islamic Republic of Iran to Russia, Mahmoud Reza Sajjadi, 40,000 people died under NATO bombing alone.”

According to the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph, as of June 26, 2011, 20,000 people were killed or killed on both sides, including civilians. The Transitional Government's estimate for October 20, 2011: over 50,000 people have been killed…State institutions have collapsed. The economy was destroyed, oil production fell four times, the water supply system - the "Eighth Wonder of the World" - was purposefully destroyed from the air. The country is teeming with detachments of radical Islamists ISIS and now American aircraft are again bombing Libyan territory. All the efforts of the UN to restore the unity of Libya only worsen the situation. The country has two military-political blocs and three governments. In fact, Libya no longer exists as a single country, no one obeys anyone, everyone is at war with everyone. But earlier Gaddafi united and ruled 143 tribes!

The increase in the intensity of air strikes by the US Air Force on Libya against militants occurred immediately after the announcement of one of the Libyan governments about the upcoming opening of oil terminals of the Oil Crescent of Libya, which stopped working in December 2014. And this can hardly be called a coincidence.

Now there are rumors that there will be a Russian military base in Libya.

And in December 2016, a rather large group of American military personnel left Libya. After that, Sirte, where the militants had been sitting for a long time and which the Libyans unsuccessfully stormed with the support of the Americans, was liberated.

With whom did the “Libyan” army fight in Sirte? Yes, even with the support of 4,000 American special forces.

Wherever American troops go, chaos and death immediately settle there. As soon as they leave, life is getting better, the enemy is defeated. The main enemy of the free world, about which the descendants of European colonizers-criminals shout, is the United States itself? And will something change now, after the arrival of Trump?

I TRIED TO PROTECT PEOPLE FROM COLONIAL POWER. THE WILL OF MUAMMAR GADDAFI

In the name of Allah, Merciful Allah

For 40 years or more, I don't remember, I did everything I could to give people houses, hospitals, schools; when they were hungry, I fed them, even turned Benghazi from a desert into a fertile land. I resisted the attacks of this cowboy Reagan - trying to kill me, he killed my innocent adopted daughter, a child who had neither father nor mother.

I helped my brothers and sisters from Africa with funds for the African Union, did everything in my power to help people understand the idea of ​​real democracy, where, as in our country, people's committees rule. But that was not enough, I was told, because even those people who had 10-room houses, new clothes and furniture, were not happy. In their selfishness, they wanted to get even more and, communicating with the Americans and our other guests, they said that they needed “democracy” and “freedom”, absolutely not understanding that this was the law of the jungle, where everything goes to the biggest and strongest. And yet they were fascinated by those words. They did not understand that in America there is no free medicine, no free hospitals, no free housing, no free education and food, except when people have to beg or stand in a long line for a bowl of soup.

No, no matter what I did, it wasn't enough for some people. Others knew that I was the son of Gamal Abdel Nasser, who was the only true Arab and Muslim leader, when he ruled that the Suez Canal belongs to the people, he was like Salah al-Din. I tried to follow his path when I ruled that Libya belongs to my people. I tried to protect people from colonial dominance - from those thieves that robbed us.

And here I stand under the blows of the most powerful army in all military history, and my youngest African son Obama is trying to kill me, take away our free housing, medicine, education, food and replace it all with theft in the American style called "capitalism". All of us in third world countries know what that means. It means that corporations run countries, that people suffer, and therefore I have no other way.

I must hold my ground, and if Allah wills, I will give my life for this path - a path that has enriched our country with fertile land, brought health and food to the people, and even allowed us to help our African and Arab brothers and sisters work with us here, in the Libyan Jamahiriya.

I do not want to die, but if it is necessary for the sake of saving this country, my people, thousands of my children, then so be it.

Let this testament be my message to the world, evidence that I resisted the attacks of the NATO crusaders, resisted cruelty, betrayal, withstood the onslaught of the West and its colonial ambitions; I was next to my African brothers, my true brothers - Arabs and Muslims, was a beacon, while others turned into burning fortresses.

I lived in a modest house, in a Bedouin tent, and never forgot my youth spent in Sirte; I did not spend our national wealth unwisely, and, like our great Muslim leader Salah ad-Din, who liberated Jerusalem for the sake of Islam, was content with little.

In the West they call me "crazy", "insane", but they know the truth - and yet they continue to lie. They know that our country is independent and free, that it is not in the grip of colonialism; that my vision, my path was and remains clear to my people and that I will fight to the last breath for our freedom, may the Almighty help us to remain true and free.

Allah Almighty will help us to remain honest and free.

“Even if we do not win immediately, we will give a lesson to future generations that defending your country is an honor, and selling it is the greatest betrayal that history will remember forever, no matter how some try to convince you otherwise” (M. Gaddafi) .

In the early morning of September 1, the organization's detachments simultaneously began to protest in Benghazi, Tripoli and other cities of the country, quickly seized the main military and civilian facilities. The King of Libya, Idris the First, was at that time being treated in Turkey, after the coup in Tripoli, he did not return. In his radio address on the morning of September 1, M. Gaddafi announced the creation of the supreme body of state power - the Revolutionary Command Council. September 8 27-year-old M. Gaddafi was awarded the rank of colonel.

On the way to the Jamahiriya

The Council of the Revolutionary Command included 11 officers. In October 1969 M. Gaddafi announced new principles of state policy: the elimination of all foreign military bases in Libya, positive neutrality in international issues, national unity, Arab unity, and a ban on the activities of all political parties. In 1970 the colonel became prime minister and minister of defense of Libya. Immediately after he came to power, more than 20 thousand Italians were expelled from Libya.

In a short time, the authorities nationalized foreign banks, lands owned by foreigners, and oil companies. In 1973 in Libya, a "cultural revolution" began, the main principles of which were: the annulment of all previous laws and the introduction of norms based on Islamic law - Sharia; purge of political movements, fight against the opposition; redistribution of weapons among the population; administrative reform, which was supposed to put an end to corruption and bureaucratization of the state apparatus.

Soon, M. Gaddafi put forward his concept, called the "Third World Theory", and announced the creation of the Jamahiriya - the state of the masses.

Libyan Jamahiriya

The Jamahiriya project was presented by M. Gaddafi at the emergency session of the General People's Congress in 1977. The project involved the dissolution of the revolutionary command and government councils and the creation of people's committees. The General People's Congress became the supreme legislative body of power, and the Supreme People's Committee became the executive body. Ministries were replaced by people's secretariats headed by bureaus. Soon, the colonel began to purge the ranks of the VNK from opponents who were forced to flee abroad, but, despite this, died as a result of assassination attempts.

The authorities advocated a "fair" redistribution of income from oil production, directing the proceeds from the sale of fossil fuels to social projects and needs, which made it possible by the mid-1970s. to implement large-scale programs for the construction of public housing, the development of health care and education. In the 1980s the situation became more complicated due to the economic crisis, but the development strategy was not changed. In 1980-1990. Libya was similar to post-colonial regimes in Africa and the Middle East, where tribal relations dominate.

In foreign policy, despite the proclaimed neutrality, Libya managed to make war with Chad and Egypt. M. Gaddafi advocated the creation of a pan-Arab state, hoping to unite Egypt, Sudan and Libya, as well as Tunisia, but his projects were not destined to come true. M. Gaddafi periodically sent Libyan troops to participate in internal African conflicts, in particular in Uganda and Somalia. The colonel has always adhered to an anti-American and anti-Israeli position, harshly criticizing the American and European courses.

Libyan court scandals

April 1986 A powerful explosion rocked a discotheque in West Berlin, killing three people. The Libyan trace was seen in the attack, as evidenced by the intercepted messages of M. Gaddafi. US President Ronald Reagan accused Tripoli of complicity in international terrorism and soon ordered the bombing of Libya.

deciphered in 1990. documents of the special services of the GDR testified that the colonel personally stood behind the terrorist attack in Berlin, and in 2001. The German court laid the blame for the attack on the official Tripoli.

In December 1988 A Boeing 747 was blown up in the skies over the Scottish town of Lockerbie, killing 270 people. In September 1989 A DC-10 on a flight from Brazzaville to Paris exploded in the skies over Niger. The victims of the attack were 170 people. Western intelligence services discovered the "colonel's hand" both in these terrorist attacks and in 1992. The UN Security Council authorized the imposition of sanctions against Tripoli.

The West banned the sale of many types of equipment for transporting and refining oil, and Libyan holdings abroad were also frozen. March 1999 A French court sentenced six Libyans in absentia to life imprisonment for the Lockerbie bombing. Tripoli soon acknowledged responsibility for the attack and paid the relatives of the victims compensation in the amount of $200 million, after which relations with the West sharply stabilized. In 2003 sanctions against Libya were lifted.

M. Gaddafi met the era of the "zero" on the rise: relations with the West improved. There were rumors that the colonel sponsored the election campaign of the President of France, who responded by lobbying the interests of Tripoli in the international arena. In addition, M. Gaddafi allegedly replenished the "harem" of the Italian Prime Minister with African girls, and also sponsored the Italian's election campaign.

Civil War in Libya

Winter 2010-2011 in Tunisia and Egypt, there were large-scale mass unrest caused by social problems: high unemployment, corruption, arbitrariness of officials and the police, low living standards. Unrest spread to the eastern regions of Libya.

February 2011 mass demonstrations took place in Benghazi, which soon turned into clashes with the police. Then protests were held in other eastern cities, and the country split into two parts, controlled by different tribes.

Gaddafi's opponents created the Transitional National Council and declared it the legitimate authority in the country. On the side of the latter, NATO intervened in the conflict after the relevant resolution of the UN Security Council. At the end of August, with the support of the North Atlantic Alliance, the PNS forces took the capital of the country. This authority has been recognized as legitimate by more than 60 states of the world, including the Russian Federation.

Lockerbie materials and MH-17 lies

Government espionage for government lies - what the Lockerbie materials reveal about the MH17 lies

This month marks thirty years since the bombing of Pan American Flight PA 103 (pictured above left) en route from London to New York. The false story of the British and American governments, concocted to blame Libya and justify the overthrow of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, required falsification of evidence and conviction in a rigged trial against the wrong person. It also required spying on the relatives of those who died in order to frustrate their efforts to get to the bottom of the truth.
The scale of this operation was revealed last week in the partial release of British government documents from the National Archives of the United Kingdom. Among the spying operations uncovered were phone tapping, computer hacking, and e-mail browsing.

The disclosed archival information also shows that the same methods have been used since 2014 to fabricate responsibility for the downing of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 (pictured above right) over Ukraine and to justify global sanctions against Russia, plus operations to overthrow President Vladimir Putin.
But thirty years of state secrets to justify state lies are not enough to bring to justice those responsible for these lies, or to make the truth stronger than them.
RA Flight 103 was destroyed over Lockerbie, Scotland on December 21, 1988. He took off from London and had been flying at cruising altitude for New York for an hour when a bomb exploded in the cargo compartment. All 259 passengers on board the aircraft were killed, as well as 11 people on the ground.

Front pages of Murdoch's newspapers: left - February 24, 2011; right - October 20, 2011
On the left, a large headline: "Gaddafi ordered the bombing of a plane over Lockerbie", on the right: "Gaddafi was killed by a bullet in the head. This is for Lockerbie. And for Yvonne Fletcher. And for the victims of the Irish Republican Army"
The 30-year ruling to withhold government documents in this case is now expiring at the National Archives. An advance report in Murdoch's paper last week claimed they "saw" the documents, but the paper does not publish them directly or in full. The report about the documents appeared in the Scottish section of Friday's edition of The Times. The same message is in the Scottish Sun.

The report said that officials from the government of then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher agreed on special, covert measures to "closely monitor" the relatives of the dead passengers because of their attempts to investigate the facts of what happened. The newspaper report does not name the Foreign Office officials whose correspondence with the Scottish Lord Advocate (Scottish Attorney General) and Thatcher was reviewed. It also does not provide details of the surveillance and hacking operations, and does not reveal the role played by the mainstream media and their journalists in the official deception.

This newspaper report appears to confirm that much of the British government's documents in the Lockerbie case continue to be withheld; the most important of them may have been destroyed to prevent their being made public, according to representatives of the victims. Murdoch's media, which spearheaded the open fabrication, continues to persist.

(In the United States, the lead prosecutor in the Libyan Liability Case was Robert Mueller, who is now the Special Prosecutor to prosecute alleged Russian interference in American politics. Three years after the Lockerbie attack, Mueller served as Acting Deputy Attorney General in charge of arraignment in November 1991 to Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, a Libyan later convicted of this attack.)

The British Foreign Office told reporters last week: "We will not comment on the contents of our archival documents."

Supplemental reports in Scotland and Channel Four in London quoted Aamer Anwar, al-Megrahi's lawyer, as saying: "No wonder the intelligence agencies have been ordered to keep an eye on those British relatives who still haven't given up on their search for the truth"... Anwar said , which is shocking that the British state refused to make the documents public, while simultaneously destroying some of them during the trial: “My clients consider this an attempt to obstruct the course of justice ... I wrote to the Lord Advocate asking for full disclosure of all relevant facts, discovered by the police."

In the case of MH17, the British courts refused to open government documents or allow lawyers for first-degree relatives to determine the cause of death of ten British citizens who died on board this aircraft. The decision to ban hearings in the coroner's court in Britain was taken by the Home Secretary in July 2015 - current Prime Minister Theresa May. Read more about how it was done here. The Australian government has gone even further by withholding secret intelligence and intelligence memos exchanged between the Attorney General and the Prime Minister, which concluded that the position of Russian guilt was untenable.

Similar operations to plant fabricated evidence in Murdoch's publications and other mainstream media, withhold counter-evidence, as well as surveillance operations, computer hacking and discrediting alternative sources, continue by the Dutch and Australian intelligence agencies. But there is one difference. The organizations of relatives of the victims of the Lockerbie attack - mostly British and American - have proven to be better organized and more resilient over the years, and much more negative about the state's version of what happened.

The downing of flight MH17 resulted in the death of 298 passengers and crew. Not a single relative publicly challenged the story of Russia's responsibility.

Dutch sources say they believe the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the security services have teamed up to keep the families of the MH17 victims under constant surveillance. The families were advised to instruct lawyers to push charges against Russian targets in local, European and US courts. They are being held back from talking to journalists who are known to be critical of the official story about what caused the plane to crash.

Australian and possibly US intelligence agents were seen during a hearing at the Coroner's Court in Melbourne, Australia in December 2015. This was the first of only two coroner's court proceedings to have taken place in the world; another trial took place in Sydney in May 2016. Australian law requires coroners to investigate the deaths of 28 Australian citizens or permanently resident foreigners on board flight MH17.

The front pages of Murdoch's newspapers: on the left, the London Sun, July 18, 2014; right - Melbourne "Herald Sun" dated October 14, 2015.
Headlines from left to right: "Flight MH17 shot down in the sky. Putin's rocket"; "Russian missile downed MH17. Putin's rebels did it"
At the hearing in Melbourne, I was in court and watched as a group of government agents, men and women, worked to shield the families of the victims from the appeals and questions of journalists. At the back of the courtroom, journalists sat in one row; families sat in the main rows in the procedural area. I was sitting directly behind one of the families. As soon as I started asking questions to a family member, a woman in her 30s tried to stop me by saying that I was speaking too loudly; however, the coroner was not present at the meeting and the trial itself did not take place at that moment. The agent then whispered something to the other family members and the conversation with me ended.

I reported at the time: "In addition to the coroner's staff, there was one government intelligence agent in court who hid his official identification mark under his jacket and refused to say whether he was an Australian or American citizen. This officer, who was in his thirties, was conspicuous during a break in the trial in the hallway of the court. He looked like an American."

Also: "The court heard that the surviving relatives of the crash victims were regularly outreached and mentored by Australian government officials. They were also instructed not to answer questions from the press, although one admitted that his family was allowed to meet with lawyers. These statements were made as evidence at the coroner's inquest by representatives of the victims.One representing members of the Van Den Hende family - Shaliza Duvall, her husband Hans Van Den Hende and their three children - Pierce, 15, Marnix, 12, and daughter Margot, 8, said, that press reports of the crash were dubious and unconvincing: "We're not sure who or what to believe."

This remark was never repeated again.

PS. And also on the subject of British intelligence operations. Hackers from "Anonymous" recently dumped the 4th package of documents on the AI ​​operation, which contains documents on discrediting Jeremy Corbyn, Russia Today, the Skripal case, operations in Nigeria, Hungary and Armenia. The Skripal case as part of Operation AI was called "Operation Iris". Data are given on payment for custom articles in the Skripal case and various activities that were carried out in the framework of this case to discredit the Russian Federation.

N.B. And these same pieces of g ... for later they call Russians "uncivilized", and offer to "step back and shut up" ... mdaaaa ...

Slave market. Tripoli. Modern Libya, without the nightmarish dictator Gaddafi. Do you feel the scope of European democracy? December 2018
That feeling when the bearers of democracy killed the "dictator", and civilization came to the country...