Shows a blood test presence. What does a general blood test show, what diseases can be determined
One of the most important physiological indicators that determine the general state of human health are indicators associated with blood and its components. As a rule, this is the level of hemoglobin, the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes in the blood, and other specific parameters. When a general analysis is given, the ESR clarifies the whole picture, which allows the doctor to formulate a more accurate diagnosis.
Such a study provides information about the cellular composition of the blood, the presence of negative changes in its various indicators. These changes can help diagnose various diseases. According to such a study, one can judge the presence of a focus of inflammation in the human body until the main symptoms of the disease appear. In this case, the doctor will be able to block the inflammatory process in a timely manner, prescribing the necessary treatment.
When a patient contacts a medical institution with complaints, to begin with, in order to reveal a complete picture of his condition, specialists must prescribe a general blood test. This is done in the diagnosis of various diseases, as well as during pregnancy and for the prevention of various diseases. UAC can help identify diseases directly related to the circulatory system: anemia (a disease known to the common people as anemia) and various inflammatory processes. Modern medicine makes it possible to conduct blood tests in technologically equipped laboratories and on automatic hematological analyzers.
It is desirable to take such an analysis at least once a year to compare the current results of laboratory tests with the past. At the same time, a picture of the ongoing changes will immediately appear before the doctor. In the presence of chronic diseases, it is necessary to take tests much more often. This is required not only for therapeutic, but also for preventive purposes.
What can a general blood test tell?
Such a study is aimed at determining the ratio of certain components of the blood and the level of their content. Here is what the overall analysis shows. Experts determine the concentration of hemoglobin in blood cells and its color index. Hemoglobin in our body performs the most important function: it is he who transports oxygen to the internal organs and tissues of a person. In men and women, the norms of hemoglobin content are slightly different. For men, the indicators should be in the range of 135-160 grams per liter. In women, this figure is slightly lower: at least 120 g / l, the highest threshold of the norm is 140 g / l.
A blood test from a finger reveals the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (blood components that perform important functions in the human body). Such a study shows the level of these components in accordance with the age norm.
When examining blood, information is given on hematocrit values and erythrocyte indices are determined. In the patient's card, they will be marked with the following Latin abbreviations: MCV, MCH, MCHC.
Together with these indicators, the analysis also determines the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). This setting is different for men and women. In the former, it ranges from 1 to 10 mm / h, in women - from 2 to 15 mm / h.
Mandatory memo to the dealer
Currently, a general blood test can be done at any specialized medical institution, and as soon as possible. Most clinics offer patients to get acquainted with the results of the study on the day of the test. The procedure itself is short and takes place with minimal pain. What you need to know for a person who has been issued a referral for a blood test:
The question arises - where is the analysis taken from? Since childhood, we remember how we took blood in two ways: from a finger and from a vein. It is the general blood test that specialist doctors take, as a rule, from the ring finger. Modern medical technologies make it almost painless. In different clinics, this is done with different tools:
- Frank's needle;
- smallpox lancet;
- surgical scalpel;
- scarifier needle and other suitable means.
In rare cases, specialists take blood for KLA not from a finger, but, for example, from an earlobe or from a vein of the forearm.
It is necessary to take a blood test only in absolutely sterile conditions (this also applies to blood sampling instruments, and surgical gloves of a specialist, and in general the laboratory where the analysis will be taken). The specialist should wash their hands with soap and water before proceeding with such a procedure. Before the puncture, the pad of the patient's ring finger must be wiped with alcohol. The puncture site must be dry so that neither water nor alcohol gets into the blood that comes to the surface, and thus its composition does not change. After a puncture and taking an analysis, a piece of cotton wool moistened with alcohol is pressed against the skin. Thus, the laboratory can guarantee that the procedure completely eliminates the possibility of infections entering the patient's blood, which allows him to be maximally protected from subsequent blood infection.
The patient should donate blood for a general analysis in the morning (usually before noon) and on an empty stomach (you can eat eight hours before the test).
Preparing for the examination, the patient should also be more attentive to his usual diet. A few days before the test, you should remove heavy fatty and fried foods from your diet. Do not drink alcohol - this can adversely affect the performance of the KLA. Before donating blood from a finger, it is forbidden to smoke (the last cigarette can be smoked one hour before the test).
The psychological and emotional state of a person can potentially affect the picture of a blood test. Therefore, doctors advise avoiding stress and factors of nervous and emotional excitement. Before donating blood from a finger, it is necessary to exclude excessive physical stress (classes in gym, running, swimming and other activities that require great physical effort).
If the patient is taking any medications, you should not hide this fact before being sent for a general blood test and consult with your doctor in advance about this. The specifics of some medicines is such that their intake may affect the parameters of the blood and its components. In this case, the analysis will show a distorted picture of the patient's condition, which is unacceptable - the results of the study will be incorrect and can only do harm.
Testing should be delayed if the person has recently had an x-ray, rectal examination, or other physical therapy.
Blood test in conjunction with the study of ESR
Currently, specialists write out an appointment for a general analysis, which is traditionally carried out in conjunction with the determination of ESR. This abbreviation stands for erythrocyte sedimentation rate. This physiological indicator, which is examined during a complete blood count, helps treating specialists to reveal a more complete picture of the patient's health status. The study on the indicator "erythrocyte sedimentation rate" is an important factor in the detection of hematological, infectious and inflammatory diseases. In addition to diagnosing possible diseases, the analysis of ESR can be useful to the attending physician in the sense that it helps to assess the level of effectiveness of the prescribed treatment and the severity of the patient's condition. However, do not forget that the ESR indicator can be similar in the course of completely different diseases, so it does not reflect the specifics of any particular disease. Also, in some medical charts, ESR can be marked with the abbreviation ROE (erythrocyte sedimentation reaction).
Currently, such a study is carried out free of charge before donating blood, during which specialists, in addition to the main characteristics, will determine the blood type and Rh factor.
A complete urinalysis (CUA), also called a clinical urinalysis, is one of the most common laboratory tests performed for diagnostic purposes. It is prescribed for many diseases and includes the determination of up to 20 indicators, each of which helps in making the correct diagnosis. If you have been assigned a urinalysis, it will be useful to familiarize yourself with the rules for interpreting its results.
Why is a general urinalysis ordered?
Urine (Latin urina), or urine, is a type of biological fluid excreted by the kidneys. Together with urine, many metabolic products are excreted from the body, and therefore, by its characteristics, one can indirectly judge both the composition of the blood and the state of the urinary tract and kidneys.
Urine includes substances such as urea, uric acid, ketone bodies, amino acids, creatinine, glucose, protein, chlorides, sulfates, and phosphates. The analysis of the chemical and microbiological composition of urine plays an important role in the diagnosis: any deviations from the norm indicate an incorrect metabolism in the patient's body.
When is a urinalysis ordered? This study is necessary for any diseases of the genitourinary and endocrine systems, with abnormalities in the work of the cardiovascular and immune systems, as well as with suspicion of diabetes. Also, a general urine test is prescribed for patients who have had a streptococcal infection. In addition, it is carried out for preventive purposes and to monitor the dynamics of diseases.
How to take a general urine test?
In order for the results of the analysis to reflect the true clinical picture, preparation for the procedure and collection of urine are carried out in compliance with a number of rules.
Basic requirements in preparation for a general urinalysis:
- you must purchase in advance at a pharmacy or get a special sterile container from a doctor to collect fluid;
- collection should be carried out in the morning: for analysis, it is recommended to use the morning fluid accumulated during the night, while the “middle portion” of the urine stream is important for collection in a container;
- the night before, you should stop taking any medications that can affect the composition of urine (it is better to consult a doctor about this), as well as alcohol and coloring foods (beets, carrots, rhubarb, bay leaves, etc.);
- morning urine is collected on an empty stomach, before that you can not eat or drink anything;
- do not overcool or overheat before collecting the analysis.
Collection rules:
- it is advisable to collect 100-150 ml (or 2/3 of a special container);
- before collection, a thorough toilet of the genitals should be carried out: in some cases, women are advised to use a tampon;
- the collected liquid should be delivered to the laboratory as soon as possible (with a delay of no more than 2 hours);
- if the liquid needs to be stored for some time, then the container can be placed in a dark and cool, but not too cold place;
- it is desirable to transport the container at positive temperatures in the range of 5-20 degrees.
What does a general urinalysis show: deciphering the results
Deciphering the results of a general urine test will help you understand the results obtained before a visit to the doctor. However, in no case should you engage in self-diagnosis and self-treatment based on the data obtained: for a correct analysis of the results and diagnosis, you must contact a specialist.
Organoleptic indicators
Volume . The total volume of fluid for analysis does not allow us to draw any conclusions about diuresis disorders. It is only needed to determine the specific gravity of urine (relative density).
Diuresis - the volume of urine formed over a certain period of time (daily or minute diuresis). Daily diuresis is usually 1.5–2 liters (70–80% of the liquid drunk). An increase in daily diuresis is called polyuria, a decrease to 500 ml is called oliguria.
Colour urine, as well as transparency, is determined by the laboratory assistant by eye. Normally, the color can vary from straw to deep yellow. It is determined by the presence of dyes in the urine - urobilin, urozein, uroerythrin. Any other shades can signal certain pathologies in the body, for example:
- dark brown - jaundice, hepatitis;
- red or pink color indicates the presence of blood in the analysis;
- dark red - hemoglobinuria, hemolytic crisis, porphyrin disease;
- black - alkaptonuria;
- grayish-white color indicates the presence of pus;
- green or blue color is explained by the processes of putrefaction in the intestines.
Smell in the general analysis of urine is not decisive, since many foods containing essential oils or simply strong-smelling products can give it a specific smell. However, some odors may indicate certain pathologies:
- the smell of ammonia indicates cystitis;
- fecal odor - E. coli;
- putrid smell - gangrenous processes in the urinary tract;
- the smell of acetone - ketonuria (the presence of ketone bodies in the urine);
- the smell of rotting fish - trimethylaminuria (accumulation of trimethylamine in the body).
Normally, the smell of urine is mild, somewhat specific. If the container is open, the smell becomes pungent due to the oxidation process.
Foaminess . Normally, when urine is agitated, foam practically does not form in it, and if it does, then it is transparent and unstable. With the stability of the foam or its staining, one can speak of jaundice or the presence of protein in the urine.
Transparency urine of a healthy person approaches absolute. Cloudiness can be caused by the presence of red blood cells, bacteria, mucus, fats, salts, pus, and other substances. The presence of any substance is detected using special techniques (heating, adding various acids, etc.). If erythrocytes, bacteria, protein or epithelium were detected in the urine, this indicates urolithiasis, pyelonephritis, prostatitis and some other diseases. Leukocytes indicate cystitis. Precipitation of salts indicates the presence of urates, phosphates, oxalates.
physical and chemical indicators
Density . The specific gravity of urine is an indicator that depends on age. The norm for adults and children over 12 years old is 1.010-1.022 g / l, for children 4-12 years old - 1.012-1.020, for children aged 2-3 years - 1.010-1.017, newborns - 1.008-1.018. The density of urine depends on the amount of salts, proteins, sugars and other substances dissolved in it. In some pathologies, this indicator rises due to the presence of bacteria, leukocytes, and erythrocytes. An increased indicator may indicate diabetes mellitus, infectious processes in the urinary tract. In pregnant women - indicates toxicosis. Also, the density can be increased due to insufficient fluid intake or loss. A low rate indicates kidney failure, diabetes insipidus. It can also occur with heavy drinking or taking diuretic drugs.
Acidity is normally in the range of 4-7 pH. A reduced indicator may indicate the presence of many diseases: chronic renal failure, elevated levels of potassium in the blood, parathyroid hormones, ureaplasmosis, kidney or bladder cancer, etc. Hyperacidity also occurs with dehydration and starvation, while taking certain drugs, with high temperature and high consumption of meat. A pH above normal may indicate diabetes, a decrease in potassium levels, and disturbances in the acid-base balance of the blood.
Biochemical characteristics
Protein . Its concentration normally should not exceed 0.033 g / l. The detection of an increased content may indicate kidney damage, inflammation in the genitourinary system, allergic reactions, leukemia, epilepsy, heart failure. An increase in the amount of protein occurs with increased physical exertion, profuse sweating, long walking.
Elevated protein in the urine is determined in physically underdeveloped children 7–16 years old and pregnant women.
Sugar (glucose) in the urine at the norm - no more than 0.8 mmol / l. Elevated sugar can be the result of diabetes, excessive consumption of sweets, kidney disorders, acute pancreatitis, Cushing's syndrome, increased adrenaline levels due to damage to the adrenal glands. Also, increased sugar in the urine can occur during pregnancy.
Bilirubin - This is a bile pigment, which should normally be absent in the urine. Its detection indicates a sharp increase in the concentration of bilirubin in the blood, which is why the kidneys take over the work of removing it (normally, bilirubin is completely excreted through the intestines). An increased level of this pigment in the urine indicates cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis, liver failure, cholelithiasis. Also, the cause may be a massive destruction of red blood cells due to hemolytic disease, sickle cell anemia, malaria, toxic hemolysis.
Ketone bodies (acetone) normally should not be determined in the general analysis of urine. Their detection indicates metabolic disorders as a result of diseases such as diabetes mellitus, acute pancreatitis, thyrotoxicosis, Itsenko-Cushing's disease. Also, the formation of ketone bodies occurs during fasting, due to alcohol intoxication, with excessive consumption of protein and fatty foods, due to toxicosis in pregnant women, and also after injuries that affect the central nervous system.
Microscopic studies
Sediment (organic, inorganic) . In the general analysis of urine, sediment is understood as cells, cylinders, salt crystals that precipitate after a short centrifugation. In more detail about the various substances that can be detected in the sediment, we will talk below.
Blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes) . Erythrocytes - red blood cells - may be present in the urine in small quantities (for women - 0-3 in the field of view, single - for men). An increased content of red blood cells indicates serious diseases, such as:
- urolithiasis disease;
- nephrotic syndrome;
- kidney infarction;
- acute glomerulonephritis;
- cancer of the kidney, bladder, prostate.
Leukocytes in the sediment, detected in the general analysis of urine, may be the result of diseases of the urinary tract (pyelonephritis, cystitis, urolithiasis, prostatitis, urethritis, cystitis, etc.). Normally, leukocytes in the urine in women and children are 0-6 in the field of view, in men - 0-3.
If in the results of a general urine test you have established elevated level leukocytes, you should make an appointment with a urologist, who will probably prescribe additional studies - repeated OAM or in conjunction with a urine test according to Nechiporenko, a three-glass test, ultrasound of the kidneys. Often, all fears are dispelled after repeated and additional studies.
Hyaline casts - These are cylindrical formations, in which the cells of the renal tubules and protein predominate. Normally, they should not be in the urine. Their detection (over 20 in 1 ml) indicates hypertension, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis. These cylindrical formations can also occur when taking diuretic drugs.
Granular cylinders . Their composition is dominated by erythrocytes and cells of the renal tubules. The presence of granular cylinders in the urine in any amount indicates viral infections, pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis. Lead poisoning is also possible.
wax cylinders , or waxy cylinders, are formed as a result of a long stay in the lumen of the renal tubule of a hyaline or granular cylinder. Their presence in the urine in any amount indicates such pathologies as chronic renal failure, renal amyloidosis (deposition of an insoluble protein, amyloid, in the kidney tissue), and nephrotic syndrome.
bacteria . The presence of any bacteria in the general analysis of urine indicates inflammatory processes in the urinary system. That is, bacteria should be absent normally. Their detection indicates infectious diseases such as urethritis, cystitis, prostatitis and others. In order for the results to be reliable, careful hygiene of the intimate areas is necessary before collecting urine.
Mushrooms in the urine, which normally should not be determined, are the result of infectious fungal infections of the urinary tract and external genital organs. In addition, their detection may indicate immunodeficiency states and long-term use of antibiotics.
salt . Their absence in the urine is the norm, and the presence in the sediment may indicate the possibility of the formation of kidney stones. Elevated levels of uric acid (urate) may be the result of gout, nephritis, chronic renal failure. Urates are often the result of a certain diet and dehydration. In newborns, the presence of urates is normal. Oxalates can form due to diabetes and pyelonephritis, hippuric acid crystals - due to intestinal dysbacteriosis and liver failure, phosphates - due to high calcium in the urine. However, it is always worth remembering that the identification of certain salts is often associated with increased consumption of certain foods, which means that their concentration can be easily reduced by changing the diet.
A summary table of the main indicators of a general urinalysis with normal values is as follows:
So, with the help of a general urine test, you can detect a variety of diseases of the kidneys and bladder, problems with the prostate gland, tumors and pyelonephritis, as well as a number of pathological conditions in the initial stages, when there are no clinical manifestations as such. Therefore, OAM should be carried out not only when painful sensations appear, but also for the prevention and early detection of many diseases of the genitourinary system in order to prevent their further development.
Throughout our lives, we repeatedly take a general blood test, which is prescribed by a doctor in a clinic. Its results point to the state human body. The study will provide the doctor with information about the presence or absence of health problems in the patient. But if a person does not medical education, it is difficult to understand what is written on the sheet of laboratory tests, and what diseases can be determined after donating blood in the laboratory.
The main indicators of the general blood test
Analysis indicators differ in children and adults, in women and men. For small children, the result may be the norm, but for adult woman it is a sign of illness. According to the analysis, the laboratory assistant determines the following indicators:
- hemoglobin. In men, normal hemoglobin is 130-140 g / l, in women - from 120 to 130 g / l. In young children, the normal rate depends on age. In newborns, it is 200 g / l, and in a one-year-old baby, the norm is 120 g / l;
- ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate). The norm for men is no more than 10 mm / hour, for women - no more than 15 mm / hour;
- color index. This blood standard indicates the actual ratio of hemoglobin to its normal amount. Norm - from 0.85 to 1.05;
- reticulocytes. The normal indicator is about 1% of the total number of red blood cells in the blood;
- platelets. The standard for an adult is 180-320 * 109 / l. In one-year-old babies, a similar value is the norm;
- leukocytes. In an adult, their level is the same - from 4.0 * 109 / l to 9.0 * 109 / l. If the number in the analysis is greater than the upper limit, leukocytosis develops. If the figure is less than normal, the patient has leukopenia.
What will tell a general blood test
The analysis provides information about the cellular blood composition and possible negative changes in its various indicators. Deciphering the laboratory result will help diagnose various diseases, even if a person does not have symptoms of the disease. The doctor will promptly prescribe the patient a treatment that allows you to remove the inflammatory process.
A general blood test can indicate such changes in the body and diseases:
- low hemoglobin indicates anemia and other blood diseases, deficiency of iron, folic acid and vitamin B12. Elevated hemoglobin indicates exorbitant exercise or heart disease, lung failure, and intestinal obstruction. A reduced rate occurs in heavy smokers;
- a strong decrease in red blood cells is a sign of anemia or a chronic inflammatory process in the body. In pregnant women, the level of red blood cells also decreases. If red blood cells are elevated in the blood, then this indicates dehydration of the body for various reasons;
- a lack of platelets can cause a blood disease - hemophilia, a blood clotting disorder. Also indicates infections, cancers. An increased rate occurs after taking antibiotics and anti-allergy drugs;
- the color index becomes larger in the presence of gastric polyps and a lack of vitamins in the body. Decreases with anemia and impaired hemoglobin synthesis;
- an increase in ESR occurs during inflammatory processes and infections, with diseases of the kidneys and liver, with various endocrine pathologies and after fractures. After any operation, the indicator also increases;
- an increased number of leukocytes indicates viral and fungal infections, malignant tumors. After trauma, childbirth and strong physical activity indicator also increases.
As you can see, changes in the general blood test can indicate diseases and a lack of vitamins in the body. Each person should understand its decoding at least a little. But only a doctor determines the diagnosis based on the result of a laboratory test. It is unacceptable to invent illnesses on your own.
We hope that the majority of FITFAN readers are mindful of their health. You exercise actively, eat right and take various supplements wisely. Most likely you no longer remember what a medical record looks like and whether it exists at all!))
And yet, sometimes you can catch some kind of bacillus or just feel a general malaise. In this case, you should definitely see a therapist who will prescribe the necessary procedures.
But even in the case of excellent health, you can sometimes (once a year) take an extended blood test in any paid laboratory. After all, nothing speaks about the state of health like numbers!
We are not going to go into numbers and talk about normal values, as these values may vary depending on how the results are displayed. Wherever you take the tests, the printout will indicate the limits of normal values. You will see which values are out of range.
Also keep in mind that each of the tests is closely related to the others and only a qualified doctor can accurately determine the problem (hello Dr. House!).
For example, an abnormal calcium level in the blood can be a sign of lymphoma, bone tumors with the appearance of metastases, vitamin D poisoning, Addison's disease, acromegaly.
Thus, self-diagnosis can lead to misdiagnosis.
General blood analysis
The simplest and fastest analysis, the results of which can be obtained within a few hours after blood sampling.Hemoglobin is a complex protein whose main function is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body and remove carbon dioxide.
Reasons for the increase:
smoking
diseases accompanied by an increase in the number of red blood cells
congenital heart disease, pulmonary heart disease
blood clots (dehydration)
Reasons for the downgrade:
increased loss of hemoglobin during bleeding - hemorrhagic anemia
lack of iron, necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin, or vitamins involved in the formation of red blood cells (mainly B12, folic acid) - iron deficiency or B12 deficiency anemia
increased destruction (hemolysis) of red blood cells - hemolytic anemia
violation of the formation of blood cells in specific hematological diseases - hypoplastic anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia
red blood cells- the most numerous elements of blood. The main function is the transfer of hemoglobin. In addition, erythrocytes carry out an enzymatic and nutritional function - the erythrocyte membrane is capable of transporting amino acids, lipids from gastrointestinal tract to organs and tissues. Also on the surface of erythrocytes there are antibodies that allow for antitoxic functions. The average life span of erythrocytes is 120 days.
Reasons for the increase:
congenital heart defects
dehydration
polycythemia, i.e. increased number of red blood cells per unit volume of blood
adrenal insufficiency
Reasons for the downgrade:
decreased bone marrow function
iron deficiency
hemolytic anemia (increased destruction of red blood cells)
vitamin B12 deficiency
bleeding
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). In acute inflammatory and infectious processes, a change in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate is noticeable 24 hours after an increase in temperature and an increase in the number of leukocytes.
Reasons for acceleration:
inflammatory diseases of various etiologies
paraproteinemia (multiple myeloma, Waldenström's disease)
acute and chronic infections (pneumonia, osteomyelitis, tuberculosis, syphilis)
neoplastic diseases (carcinoma, sarcoma, acute leukemia, lymphogranulomatosis, lymphoma)
autoimmune diseases (collagenoses)
myocardial infarction
kidney disease (chronic nephritis, nephrotic syndrome)
hypoproteinemia
anemia, condition after blood loss
intoxication
trauma, broken bones
condition after shock, surgical interventions
hyperfibrinogenemia
in women during pregnancy, menstruation, in the postpartum period
elderly age
taking medications (estrogens, glucocorticoids)
Reasons for the slowdown:
erythremia and reactive erythrocytosis
epilepsy
pronounced symptoms of circulatory failure
starvation, decline muscle mass
taking corticosteroids, salicylates, calcium and mercury preparations
vegetarian diet
myodystrophy
pregnancy (especially 1st and 2nd semester)
platelets. Small nuclear-free cells with a diameter of 2 - 4 microns. In blood vessels, platelets can be located at the walls and in the bloodstream. Participate in the formation of blood clots in the process of blood clotting to stop bleeding. The lifespan of platelets is 7-10 days.
Violation of the concentration of platelets can be the result of many serious diseases!
Leukocytes. Blood cells that provide recognition and neutralization of foreign components, elimination of altered and collapsing cells of one's own body, effectors of immune and inflammatory reactions, the basis of the body's antimicrobial defense. There are 5 main types of leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, which perform different functions.
Reasons for the increase:
inflammatory processes
acute bacterial and viral infections
intoxications, including endogenous (diabetic acidosis, eclampsia, uremia, gout)
burns and injuries, shock
acute bleeding
surgical interventions
heart attacks internal organs(myocardium, lungs, kidneys, spleen)
rheumatic attack
malignant tumors
Reasons for the downgrade:
viral infections (selectively), some chronic infections
systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and other collagenoses
taking sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, thyreostatics, cytostatics
exposure to ionizing radiation
some types of leukemias (aleukemic phase of acute leukemia, hairy cell leukemia)
splenomegaly
hypo- and aplasia of the bone marrow
megaloblastic anemias
anaphylactic shock
wasting and cachexia
Felty syndrome
Gaucher disease
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Blood chemistry
AST- aspartate aminotransferase. Cellular enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism. AST is found in the tissues of the heart, liver, kidneys, nervous tissue, skeletal muscles and other organs. Due to the high content of these organs in the tissues, an AST blood test is a necessary method for diagnosing diseases of the myocardium, liver, and various muscle disorders.Reasons for the increase:
myocardial infarction
viral, toxic, alcoholic hepatitis
angina pectoris
acute pancreatitis
liver cancer
acute rheumatic heart disease
ALT- alanine aminotransferase. An intracellular enzyme that breaks down amino acids and keto acids. It is a diagnostic marker for a number of diseases.
Reasons for the increase:
damage to liver cells (hepatocytes): viral hepatitis, poisoning, the use of drugs leading to the development of toxic hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis
obstructive jaundice
cancer (carcinoma) of the liver
cirrhosis of the liver
fatty hepatosis
acute pancreatitis
myocardial infarction
myodystrophy
myocarditis
myositis
heart failure (in some cases)
some blood diseases
shock, hypoxia
extensive trauma, severe burns
Reasons for the downgrade:
severe liver damage
vitamin B6 deficiency
Intense workouts can cause both enzymes to increase due to muscle damage. Therefore, do not be alarmed if your indicators deviate slightly from the norm. Also, some painkillers can also affect the increase in AST, ALT.
Alkaline phosphatase. This enzyme is formed in bone tissue, liver, large and small intestines, placenta, lung tissue. A biochemical blood test for alkaline phosphatase is carried out to diagnose diseases of the skeletal system, liver, biliary tract and kidneys.
Reasons for the increase:
bone tissue disease, including bone tumors, sarcoma, bone metastases of cancer
myeloma
hyperparathyroidism
lymphogranulomatosis with bone lesions
Infectious mononucleosis
rickets
liver disease (cirrhosis, cancer, infectious hepatitis, tuberculosis)
pulmonary infarction, renal infarction
bile duct tumors
Reasons for the downgrade:
hypothyroidism
bone growth disorders
lack of zinc, magnesium, vitamin B12 or C (scurvy) in the diet
anemia (anemia)
Bilirubin(general and direct). Bilirubin is part of bile. The analysis of bilirubin shows how the human liver functions. The determination of bilirubin is included in the complex of diagnostic procedures for many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In the blood serum, bilirubin occurs in the following forms: direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin. Together, these forms form total blood bilirubin, the determination of which is important in laboratory diagnostics.
Reasons for increasing the overall:
lack of vitamin B 12
sharp and chronic diseases liver
liver cancer
hepatitis
primary cirrhosis of the liver
toxic, alcoholic, drug poisoning of the liver
cholelithiasis.
Reasons for increasing direct:
acute viral or toxic hepatitis
infection of the liver caused by cytomegalovirus, secondary and tertiary syphilis
cholecystitis
jaundice in pregnancy
hypothyroidism in newborns
Albumen. The main blood protein produced in the human liver. The determination of albumin is used to diagnose diseases of the liver and kidneys, rheumatic, oncological diseases.
Reasons for the increase:
dehydration
Reasons for the downgrade:
chronic liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver tumors)
bowel disease
sepsis, infectious diseases, suppurative processes
rheumatism
burn
injury
fever
malignant tumors
heart failure
drug overdose
taking estrogens, oral contraceptives, steroid hormones
prolonged fasting
Urea. In the process of synthesis of urea, ammonia is neutralized - a very toxic substance for humans. Urea is excreted from the body by the kidneys. Accordingly, if urea is poorly excreted from the blood, this means a violation of the excretory function of the kidneys.
Reasons for the increase:
kidney disease (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, kidney tuberculosis)
heart failure
violation of the outflow of urine (bladder tumor, stones in bladder)
leukemia, malignant tumors
severe bleeding
intestinal obstruction
shock, fever
burns
obstruction of the urinary tract
acute myocardial infarction
Uric acid. Removes excess nitrogen from the human body. The kidneys are responsible for removing uric acid from the blood. In violation of the kidneys, there is a violation of the exchange of uric acid. As a result, the accumulation of sodium salts in the blood, the level of uric acid rises, causing a variety of damage to organs and tissues.
Reasons for the increase:
leukemia, lymphoma
anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency
some acute infections (pneumonia, scarlet fever, tuberculosis)
diseases of the liver and biliary tract
diabetes
chronic eczema
psoriasis
hives
kidney disease
toxicosis in pregnant women
acidosis
secondary "alcoholic gout" (acute alcohol poisoning)
Reasons for the downgrade:
Wilson-Konovalov disease
Fanconi syndrome
diet low in nucleic acids
Creatinine Formed in the liver and then released into the blood. Creatinine is involved in energy exchange muscle and other tissues. It is excreted from the body by the kidneys with urine, so creatinine is an important indicator of kidney activity.
Creatinine levels can increase due to creatine supplementation, muscle volume, or even a heavy meat diet. So if yours is a little high, don't panic.
Reasons for the increase:
symptom of acute and chronic renal failure, radiation sickness, hyperthyroidism
a large number of meat food in the diet
Reasons for the increase:
rheumatic diseases
diseases of the gastrointestinal tract
cancer
myocardial infarction
neonatal sepsis
tuberculosis
meningitis
postoperative complications
taking estrogens and oral contraceptives
total cholesterol. It is worth worrying about health because of this indicator only if it goes off scale or, on the contrary, is very low. This analysis can be considered practically useless, except in cases where a very low level of hormones may be due to insufficient cholesterol.
LDL- low density lipoproteins. Another important analysis to determine the risk of developing problems with the cardiovascular system. Many people think that this is cholesterol, but it is not. As the name suggests, it is a lipoprotein. It delivers cholesterol from the liver to all cells in the body. Often referred to as "bad cholesterol", although it should rather be called "bad lipoprotein".
Reasons for the increase:
primary hereditary hypercholesterolemia (hyperlipoproteinemia types IIA and IIB types)
obesity
obstructive jaundice
xanthomatosis
diabetes
hypothyroidism
cholesterol-rich diet
reception medicines(beta-blockers, diuretics, progestins, oral contraceptives, glucocorticoids, androgens)
Reasons for the downgrade:
type II hyperlipoproteinemia
hyperthyroidism
chronic anemia
malabsorption syndrome
cystic fibrosis
acute stress
myeloma
severe starvation
poor in saturated fats and cholesterol, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids
drugs such as cholestyramine, clofibrate, lovastatin, neomycin, interferon, thyroxine, estrogens)
HDL- high density lipoproteins. These are lipoproteins that deliver cholesterol from body tissues and vascular endothelium back to the liver. Low HDL is bad. Tracking this indicator is just as important as LDL.
Reasons for the increase:
physical labor
under the influence of estrogens, which is a condition for greater longevity of female representatives
alcohol intake
bowel cancer
acute purulent-inflammatory processes in soft tissues
primary biliary cirrhosis
under the influence of certain pesticides
Reasons for the downgrade:
atherosclerosis
ischemic heart disease (CHD), myocardial infarction
obesity
smoking
cholestasis, chronic liver disease
diabetes
nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal failure
type IV hyperlipoproteinemia
Tangier's disease (alpha-lipoprotein deficiency)
diet rich in carbohydrates or polyunsaturated fatty acids
Triglycerides. Another test to determine the risk of coronary heart disease. Triglycerides are fats found in the blood. They act as a store of energy reserves. When their content rises, triglycerides are deposited in adipose tissue on your sides.
A high intake of carbohydrates and fats can raise blood triglyceride levels. Excess carbohydrates are converted into fats, thereby increasing their concentration in the blood. There are other reasons why triglyceride levels are disturbed. Normalization of nutrition is the first step to correct the situation.
Reasons for the increase:
ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, hypertension
atherosclerosis
cerebral thrombosis
chronic renal failure
obesity
viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis
gout
thalassemia
impaired glucose tolerance
down syndrome
liver diseases - hepatitis, cirrhosis
hypercalcemia
alcoholism
diabetes
hypothyroidism
acute and chronic pancreatitis.
Reasons for the downgrade:
chronic lung disease
cerebral infarction
hyperthyroidism
damage to the parenchyma (kidney tissue)
myasthenia gravis
injuries, burns
malnutrition
taking vitamin C
Hormones
TSH- thyroid-stimulating hormone. By acting on specific receptors in the thyroid gland, it stimulates the production and activation of thyroxine. In addition, thyrotropin causes some long-term effects that take several days to manifest. This, for example, is an increase in the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, phospholipids, an increase in the number and size of thyroid cells. Thyrotropin is characterized by diurnal fluctuations in secretion. However, as you already understood, problems with the release of this hormone will lead to problems with the thyroid gland.Reasons for the increase:
hypothyroidism
severe mental illness
adrenal insufficiency
various tumors (pituitary tumor, etc.)
Reasons for the downgrade:
hyperthyroidism
pituitary injury
decreased function of the pituitary gland
Free T4 - thyroid hormone. Most of the T4 circulating in the blood is associated with transport proteins, the free part of the hormone, which makes up 3-5% of the concentration of total T4, has biological effects. The concentration of T4 in the blood is higher than the concentration of T3. By increasing the rate of basal metabolism, it increases heat production and oxygen consumption by all tissues of the body, with the exception of the tissues of the brain, spleen and testicles. Which increases the body's need for vitamins. Stimulates the synthesis of vitamin A in the liver. Reduces the concentration of cholesterol and triglycerin in the blood, accelerates protein metabolism. Increases the excretion of calcium in the urine, activates the exchange of bone tissue. Has a positive effect on the heart.
Free T3. - thyroid hormone. Stimulates the exchange and absorption of oxygen by tissues (more active than T4). It is produced by follicular cells of the thyroid gland under control (TSH). Functions are similar to T4.
Free Testosterone - the biologically active part of blood testosterone - a steroid androgenic hormone responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics, puberty and normal sexual function in men.
FSH(follicle stimulating hormone). A pituitary gonadotropic hormone that stimulates the development of the seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis in men. FSH increases the concentration of testosterone in plasma, thereby ensuring the process of maturation of spermatozoa.
LG(luteinizing hormone). In women, it stimulates the synthesis of estrogens; regulates the secretion of progesterone and the formation of the corpus luteum. Reaching a critical level of LH leads to ovulation and stimulates the synthesis of progesterone in the corpus luteum.
In men, by stimulating the formation of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), it increases the permeability of the seminiferous tubules for testosterone. This increases the concentration of testosterone in the blood plasma, which contributes to the maturation of spermatozoa.
Estradiol. In women, the hormone estradiol ensures the formation of the female reproductive system, the development of female secondary sexual characteristics in the puberty period, the formation and regulation of menstrual function, the development of the egg, the growth and development of the uterus during pregnancy; responsible for the psychophysiological characteristics of sexual behavior.
It also makes sense for men to check this hormone.
Progesterone - steroid hormone of the corpus luteum of the ovaries and placenta, necessary for all stages of pregnancy. Recommended for women.
Prolactin. It affects the functioning of the kidneys, liver, metabolism in the body, as well as the development and functioning of the female mammary glands. Therefore, an analysis for this hormone is given if there is a suspicion of diseases of the above organs and systems of the body, as well as during treatment with estrogen and antihistamines. If you suspect infertility - female or male - it is also recommended to be tested for the level of this hormone. If it is elevated, it negatively affects the function of the gonads in both sexes, which leads to problems in conception and infertility.
Modern medicine is developing at a rapid pace, trying to rid each person of diseases as much as possible. However, doctors are not gods, and without high-quality laboratory diagnostics, it would be very difficult for them to make correct diagnoses and prescribe adequate treatment. Fortunately, a blood test comes to their aid, which is rightfully considered one of the very first and quick ways receive information that something is wrong in the patient's body. So, if you have been given such a referral, you will probably be interested to know what the blood test shows, how to prepare for it and what results to expect.
Clinical and biochemical blood test: transcript
There are two types of tests: clinical (general, hematological) and biochemical. 
A clinical blood test is prescribed for almost all patients, because he alone is able to identify several serious diseases or abnormalities that threaten the disease at once. It is taken when registering for a medical examination, during pregnancy, taking certain toxic drugs, in the treatment of infections, and in many other cases. It includes determining the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin level, color index, white blood cell count, leukocyte count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), reticulocyte and platelet count. Of course, only an experienced doctor can fully explain the results obtained, but it will not hurt the patient to have at least a general idea of the norms. For convenience, a table of blood tests will be given below:
| Designations, abbreviations | Normal values - complete blood count | ||||||||
| children aged | adults | ||||||||
| 1 day | 1 month | 6 months | 12 months | 1-6 years old | 7-12 years old | 13-15 years old | the male | female | |
| Hemoglobin Hb, g/l |
180-240 | 115-175 | 110-140 | 110-135 | 110-140 | 110-145 | 115-150 | 130-160 | 120-140 |
| red blood cells RBC |
4,3-7,6 | 3,8-5,6 | 3,5-4,8 | 3,6-4,9 | 3,5-4,5 | 3,5-4,7 | 3,6-5,1 | 4-5,1 | 3,7-4,7 |
| color indicator MCHC, % |
0,85-1,15 | 0,85-1,15 | 0,85-1,15 | 0,85-1,15 | 0,85-1,15 | 0,85-1,15 | 0,85-1,15 | 0,85-1,15 | 0,85-1,15 |
| Reticulocytes RTC |
3-51 | 3-15 | 3-15 | 3-15 | 3-12 | 3-12 | 2-11 | 0,2-1,2 | 0,2-1,2 |
| platelets PLT |
180-490 | 180-400 | 180-400 | 180-400 | 160-390 | 160-380 | 160-360 | 180-320 | 180-320 |
| ESR ESR |
2-4 | 4-8 | 4-10 | 4-12 | 4-12 | 4-12 | 4-15 | 1-10 | 2-15 |
| Leukocytes WBC, % |
8,5-24,5 | 6,5-13,8 | 5,5-12,5 | 6-12 | 5-12 | 4,5-10 | 4,3-9,5 | 4-9 | 4-9 |
| stab % |
1-17 | 0,5-4 | 0,5-4 | 0,5-4 | 0,5-5 | 0,5-5 | 0,5-6 | 1-6 | 1-6 |
| Segmented % |
45-80 | 15-45 | 15-45 | 15-45 | 25-60 | 35-65 | 40-65 | 47-72 | 47-72 |
| Eosinophils EOS, % |
0,5-6 | 0,5-7 | 0,5-7 | 0,5-7 | 0,5-7 | 0,5-7 | 0,5-6 | 0-5 | 0-5 |
| Basophils BAS, % |
0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0-1 |
| Lymphocytes LYM, % |
12-36 | 40-76 | 42-74 | 38-72 | 26-60 | 24-54 | 25-50 | 18-40 | 18-40 |
| Monocytes MON, % |
2-12 | 2-12 | 2-12 | 2-12 | 2-10 | 2-10 | 2-10 | 2-9 | 2-9 |
The level of hemoglobin will show the presence of serious physical overload or anemia, the number of red blood cells will indicate whether there are neoplasms in the body or you have had a lot of blood loss. The color indicator is used to determine anemia, and fluctuations in reticulocytes will indicate both blood loss (an increase in their number) and kidney disease (a decrease). A large number of platelets will signal an inflammatory process, and a low number may mean autoimmune diseases, hemolytic disease. Acute inflammatory and purulent processes are determined by a sharp increase in the number of leukocytes. Thus, one small analysis provides a very wide range of information about the patient's condition.
A biochemical blood test will enable the doctor to evaluate the work of internal organs, the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, the lack or excess of trace elements. 
Blood test for hormones
It is taken during the treatment of various diseases, as well as when planning a pregnancy. Such diagnostics allows early detection of deviations in the functioning of the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, reproductive system, pancreas - depending on which hormones need to be taken.
In addition, it is blood that, before all other diagnostic methods, will confirm or refute the onset of pregnancy. For this, women are sent to donate blood for hCG. HCG is a hormone that is produced by the membranes of the embryo. Actually, by the presence of a chorion in a woman’s body, the doctor diagnoses pregnancy. Subsequently, the growth rate of this hormone can show the presence of two or more embryos, as well as indicate a delay or cessation of fetal development. The analysis can be carried out as early as 6-8 days after the intended conception.
Blood sugar test
With its help, diabetes mellitus and other diseases of the endocrine system are detected. In blood taken on an empty stomach from an adult, sugar should normally be in the range from 3.88 to 6.38 mmol / l. If this number is higher, then this may indicate the presence of diabetes mellitus, if less - about liver diseases, vascular disorders, intoxication. 
How to take blood tests
All of them are taken exclusively on an empty stomach, in the morning after an 8-12-hour fast. Before checking the glucose level, it is not recommended to even brush your teeth and chew gum, so as not to distort the results. Blood for biochemistry and hCG is taken from a vein, all the rest - from a finger. The day before going to the laboratory, it is necessary to exclude fried, fatty, alcohol from the diet. Do not smoke one hour before the test. In addition, nervous strain and excessive physical exertion should be excluded.
Human blood stores huge amounts of information. Correctly deciphering it, doctors accelerate the process of recovery for patients. Therefore, if you are scheduled to take a blood test, follow all the recommendations so that the result is as accurate as possible. So you will help the doctor to determine the cause of the disease and cure you faster. Be healthy!