The annexation of Serbia, Volhynia and Podolia, the First World War. Volyn (Volyn land)

VOLYN (Volyn land) - a historical region of the 9th-18th centuries. in the basin of the southern tributaries of the river. Pripyat and the upper reaches of the Western Bug (Ukraine, the eastern parts of the Lublin Voivodeship Wormwood). The most ancient population is Dulebs, Buzhans, Volynians. From the 10th c. in the Old Russian state, from the end of the 12th century. in the Galicia-Volyn principality, from the 2nd half of the 14th century. in Lithuania and Poland. From 1793-95 to Russian Empire.

Volyn on the map of Ukraine

The golden age for the Jews of Volyn was considered the period between its accession to the Polish crown in 1569 and the massacre perpetrated by B. Khmelnitsky in 1648. By the middle of the 17th century. 15 thousand Jews lived in Volhynia in 46 settlements. The four main communities of Volhynia (Ostrog, Volodymyr-Volynsky, Lutsk and Kremenets) became important spiritual and social centers. Many eminent teachers of the law have served as rabbis.

The peasant-Cossack uprising, led by Khmelnitsky, undermined the foundation of Jewish life in Volhynia. The vast majority of Jews, having learned about the defeat of the Polish army, sought refuge in fortified cities. However, after the massacre of Jews in the fortified city of Polonny, captured by the rebels as a result of the betrayal of Ukrainian citizens, a mass exodus of the Jews of Volhynia to the west began. In the 60s. In the 17th century, when it was relatively calm in Poland, the Jewish population in Volhynia apparently recovered; at the end of the 70s. 17th century about 20 thousand Jews lived here.

Over the next century, the number of Jews in Volhynia constantly grew, and in 1765 51,736 Jews were registered in 116 cities, villages and towns of Volhynia (in fact, their number was obviously even more). A significant number of them at that time rented inns and took over individual industries. Agriculture. Some Jews carried on the trading business of various landowners, others conducted independent trade with the peasants. Some of the Jewish merchants in Volhynia traded with other regions of Poland and even visited fairs in other countries. The number of Jewish artisans grew.

In the main (so-called "royal") cities, the Christian townspeople managed to significantly undermine the economic position of the Jews, but the role of the latter increased in the so-called "private" cities, which were owned by the Polish magnates. The owners of these cities obliged the inhabitants to supply the Jews with agricultural products. As a result, many townspeople gradually moved to the suburbs, turning into semi-agricultural settlements, while in the city centers the Jewish population continued to grow, retaining its purely urban character. This gradually led to an aggravation of relations between Christians and Jews in the cities, which created favorable ground for anti-Jewish agitation on the part of the clergy.

Lutsk Castle, built in the second half of the 14th century by the Lithuanian prince Lubart

Early 18th century was marked by renewed persecution of the Jews. In 1702, a Cossack revolt broke out, and several gangs penetrated Volhynia; Polish troops and Mazepa's Cossacks, who arrived to suppress the rebellion, also robbed and killed Jews. During the so-called Northern War of Poland and Russia against Sweden, the Swedish regiments invaded Volhynia (1706) and imposed heavy taxes on the population. The Swedes were followed by the Russian and Polish armies, who continued to exact exorbitant taxes from the Jews. Since the 30s. 18th century The Jews of Volhynia became the victims of repeated raids by the Gaidamaks. In 1740-60s. cases of blood libels became more frequent, possibly on the basis of rivalry between the Catholic and Orthodox clergy.

Volyn, together with neighboring Podolia, was the center of the emergence of Hasidism. Several prominent students of Israel ben Eliezer Ba'al-Shem-Tov, as well as prominent leaders of the second generation of Hasidism, were born and took part in the public life of Volhynia. Leadership in the communities of Volhynia by the end of the 18th century. gradually passed to the Hasidim; all appointments to public office required the consent of the Hasidic tzaddiks. In the 18th century along with the main communities there were Jewish centers in Dubno, Kovel, Rovno and other cities and towns. By the end of the 18th century, when a significant part of Volyn was annexed to Russia, Berdichev became an important trading center for the entire region. In the middle of the 19th century some wealthy Jews took over production from the government alcoholic beverages; as a result, the number of Jewish shinkars increased.

The arrival of the outstanding writer and educator Rabbi Yitzhak Levinzon in Kremenets (1821) marked the beginning of the spread of the Haskala in Volhynia. This was also facilitated by the activities of the Russian government, which tried to spread secular education among the Jews. Zhytomyr became an important center of the Haskalah in southwestern Russia, which housed one of the two government-approved printing houses that printed books in Hebrew (since 1845) and a government rabbinic seminary (opened in 1848). In the last quarter of the 19th century The Jews of Volyn, along with the Jews of other regions of Russia, organized their social life and entered into a political struggle for their rights. In the 80s. 19th century Hovevey Zion cells were founded in the cities and towns of Volyn, and at the beginning of the 20th century. branches of the Bund and Zionist organizations were organized (see Zionism). The decisive influence, however, remained with Hasidism.

Pochaev Lavra

The Jews of Volhynia did not directly suffer from the pogroms in Russia in the 1980s. 19th century and in 1905-1906, but great disasters befell them in the First World War and in civil war in Russia. During the Polish-Soviet war of 1920, the Jews of Volyn suffered from both warring sides. According to the Riga Peace Treaty between Poland and Soviet Russia (1921), most of Volyn was ceded to Poland, and the cities of Zhytomyr, Ovruch and their environs became Soviet. According to the 1926 census, there were 65,589 Jews in Soviet Volhynia; in Polish Volyn in the early 30s. about 300,000 Jews lived.

Economically, the Jews of Polish Volhynia suffered from blatant discrimination by the Polish government, as in the rest of Poland, but Jewish cultural and social life flourished. The Jews of Polish Volhynia, as well as all of Poland, played an important role in Aliyah and the strengthening of the Yishuv. After the partition of Poland in September 1939, the whole of Volyn went to the Soviet Union, which immediately began to pursue a policy of liquidating Jewish parties, organizations and institutions, which continued until the German attack on the USSR (June 1941).

In the first days of the war between Germany and the USSR, the extermination of the Jews of Volhynia began. In many places the Ukrainians massacred Jews even before the arrival of the Germans. in Zhytomyr last week July 1941, 2.5 thousand Jews were exterminated, thousands were imprisoned in the ghetto, which was liquidated on September 19 of the same year (mainly by Ukrainians). Ghettos organized in various regions of the former Polish Volhynia existed until the autumn of 1942; in September-November, the Jews were exterminated, and the ghettos of Rovno, Kremenets and Dubno were liquidated. On the current state of the Jewry of Volhynia.

volyn

VOLYN (Volyn land) historical region of the 9th-18th centuries. in the basins of the southern tributaries of the river. Pripyat and upper reaches Zap. Bug (modern territory of Volyn, Rivne, Zhytomyr, northern parts of Ternopil and Khmelnytsky regions of Ukraine, eastern part of Lublin province of Poland). The most ancient population of Duleba, Buzhans, Volynians. From the 10th c. V Kievan Rus, with con. 12th c. in the Galicia-Volyn principality, from the 2nd half. 14th c. in Lithuania and Poland. From 1793-95 in the Russian Empire.

Wikipedia

Volyn

Volyn- a historical region in the north-west of modern Ukraine in the basin of the southern tributaries of the Pripyat and the upper reaches of the Western Bug.

Volyn (city)

Volyn (Volyn, Velyn,) is one of the most important Cherven cities. The date of foundation is unknown. First mentioned in 1018, when Bolesław I the Brave captured it. It was first mentioned in the ancient Russian chronicle under 1018 in connection with the internecine struggle of Yaroslav and Svyatopolk Vladimirovich for the throne of Kiev in the Volyn land. Volyn is the center of the East Slavic Volyn tribe, the capital of the Volyn land. In the XI century, the importance of the city falls and Vladimir, founded in the reign of Vladimir Svyatoslavich, becomes the political center. Last mentioned in 1077. Further fate city ​​is unknown.

Currently - the village of Grudek-nad-Bugem, Hrubieszow commune, Hrubieszow county, Lubelskie voivodeship.

Volyn (disambiguation)

Volyn:

• Volyn is a historical region of the 9th-18th centuries in the north-west of Ukraine.
• Volhynia is a land within the UNR.
• Volyn is a Ukrainian football club from Lutsk.
• Volyn is one of the most important Cherven cities.
• LuAZ-969 "Volyn" - a family of Soviet passenger-and-freight small-capacity off-road cars.
• "Volyn" - branded train No. 77/78, Kovel - Moscow.
• Volyn is a village in the Glubokoe district of the Vitebsk region of Belarus.
• Volyn is a village in the Novgorod region of the Novgorod region of Russia.
• Volyn is a village in the Zakharovsky district of the Ryazan region of Russia.
• Volyn is a village in the Rybnovsky district of the Ryazan region of Russia.
• Volyn is a village in the Leninsky district of the Tula region of Russia.
• Volyn - the platform of the Lviv railway in the Volyn region, in the city of Vladimir-Volynsky.
• Volyn - daily newspaper (1882-1918).
• "Volyn" - the battalion of the territorial defense of Ukraine.

Volyn (Novgorod region)

Volyn- a village in the Novgorod district of the Novgorod region, part of the Savinsky rural settlement.

It is located on the right bank of the Vishera River, 10 km northeast of the administrative center of the rural settlement - the village of Savino. The Rossiya federal highway passes 1.5 km southwest of the village. The nearest settlements are the villages of Lakhnovo and Gubarevo.

There is a direct bus service to regional center- bus number 149 and number 149a.

Near the village there is a children's health camp "Volyn".

Not far from Volyn, there are areas of oak forest - "Volyn oak forests", which have the status of a natural monument of regional significance.

Volyn (newspaper)

Examples of the use of the word Volyn in literature.

On Volyn Atamans of small bandit gangs - Kovalchuk, Bezhevets, Bobchik-Polishchuk, Antonyuk and Yanovsky - were caught by the Volyn gubchek, and their gangs were destroyed.

Even during the life of Viten, he subjugated the Beresteiskaya land and launched an offensive against Volyn and Galicia, where schismatics ruled - princes Lev and Andrei Yuryevich.

On Volyn, in Transcarpathia, in the Crimea and in the Zhytomyr region there were not only granites and labradorites of various colors, but also jasper and marble, smoky quartz, golden and blue topaz, opal, amber and precious aquamarine and emerald.

But what happened to that other, middle and main part of the Kievan state - with the right bank of the Dnieper, densely populated and prosperous Galich and Volhynia?

Volyn the brothers met and made peace: Vsevolod ceded seniority and Kyiv to Izyaslav, and he himself remained as before in Chernigov.

The serf, galloping from Veski, served the old Nester on Volyn and was devoted to their family to his belly.

In the history of the Galicia-Volyn lands, we see the movement of the historical center: in ancient times, the Duleb union of tribes was in the first place, located at the junction of the East and West Slavic tribes of the Carpathians and Volyn.

Kyiv, therefore, the wealth of the grand ducal treasury, and now Vsevolod was forced to stop the robberies of Davyd with a promise to give a parish and, for sure, assigned him Dorogobuzh to Volyn But by this order, Vsevolod did not stop, but even more intensified the princely strife: Yaropolk Izyaslavich, Prince of Volyn, saw an insult to himself in the return of Dorogobuzh to Davyd, Vsevolod’s intention to reduce his parish, and therefore began to be angry at Vsevolod, to gather an army, at the instigation of evil advisers, adds the chronicler.

Yury Narimontovych held Kremenets for a while from the princes of Lithuania and the king of Poland, Casimir, and then was a prince in Belz and Kholmen Volyn.

Volyn seemed joyful, no matter how suspicious any of the most wary master's eye was to this joy, and Brusilov did not seem in the least unnatural when a tall woman approached his car at one station beautiful girl with a large bouquet of modest wild flowers, walking ahead of several other sisters of mercy.

Svyatoslavichi - Olgovich with his sons and his own nephew Vsevolodovich, Davydovich with his nephew Vladimirovich, there was great love between them for three days and great gifts, according to the chronicler: they immediately sent ambassadors to Galich and to Volyn to announce to the local princes about their close alliance, and this announcement achieved its goal: Yaroslav and Mstislav postponed the campaign.

The princes were fixed in the capital cities and founded their local dynasties: Olgovichi in Chernigov, Izyaslavichi on Volyn, Bryachislavichi in Polotsk, Rostislavichi in Smolensk, Yuryevichi in the Vladimir-Suzdal land, etc.

This position of the Vladimir-Volyn region on a river system separate from the Dnieper partly explains why Volyn separates from its own Rus' and, together with Galich, forms a separate system of principalities, the separateness of the river system also explains the early peculiarity of the Galician principality, which lies along the Vistula and Dniester systems.

Through the lands of the Slavs from the Adriatic to the Danube, in Bulgaria and Serbia, and to the Carpathian Mountains, and beyond the Carpathians, in Galicia and on Volyn, and throughout the Russian land to the very Midnight Sea, and from there to the Volga and to the Oka, and under the Caucasus mountains, in the lands of the yas, and in Dagestan - ancient Serir, - and beyond the mountains of the Caucasus, in Georgia, in Great and Lesser Armenia, and in Asia Minor - in Cilicia, Phrygia, Syria - and on the slopes of Lebanon, and even under the rule of the sultans in Mesopotamia and Egypt, and in distant Abyssinia, and throughout Greece - in Epirus, Thessaly and Peloponnese, in Thrace and Macedonia - the Orthodox faith spread everywhere.

A big boyar asks me to Volyn, Nester Ryabets with his son Rodion.

In July 1943, mass ethnic cleansing, brutal murders of civilians, including women and children, reached their climax in Western Ukraine. The events that took place 75 years ago entered forever as the Volyn massacre or the Volyn tragedy. On the night of July 11, 1943, militants of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (OUN-UPA) * broke into 150 Polish settlements on the territory of Western Ukraine at once. In one day alone, more than ten thousand civilians, mainly ethnic Poles, were killed.

Ukrainian nationalists felt their strength as soon as the Nazi troops entered the territory of Ukraine. Already in 1941, they participated in the murders of not only Komsomol workers, party functionaries and Red Army soldiers, but also representatives of national minorities - Jews and Poles. The notorious Lviv pogrom, which was well documented, entered history. German troops entered Lviv on the morning of June 30, 1941, on the same day, local pogroms began in the city, which on July 1 turned into a large-scale Jewish pogrom. At the same time, bullying, murder and torture of the mainly Jewish population of Lviv continued for several days. During this time, members of the newly formed "Ukrainian People's Militia", nationalists and voluntary assistants from among the inhabitants of the city managed to exterminate about four thousand Jews in Lvov.

From the internal documents of the OUN-UPA * published already in the post-war years, it follows that not only Jews and Russians, but also Poles were considered enemies of Ukrainian statehood. At the same time, ethnic cleansing of the Polish population was planned even before the start of World War II. For example, the military doctrine of the Ukrainian nationalists, which was developed in the spring of 1938, contains theses about the need to “cleanse the foreign Polish element from the Western Ukrainian lands” down to the last person. So Ukrainian nationalists wanted to put an end to Polish claims to these territories, which for centuries were part of different states. At the same time, the Red Army, which occupied the territory of Western Ukraine in 1939, first prevented the Ukrainian nationalists from starting to implement their plans. True, the delay for the Poles did not last long.

In 1941, the OUN-UPA * issues another instruction on its activities and struggle. This document attributed to the "People's Militia" the "neutralization" of the Poles, who did not renounce their dream of creating Greater Poland, which includes the lands located in the north-west of Ukraine. Including the historical region - Volyn.

Lviv pogrom, 1941

It should be noted that Volyn is an ancient region, which in the 10th century was part of Kievan Rus (Volyn, and then Vladimir-Volyn principality). Later, these lands were ceded to the Principality of Lithuania, and then to Poland. After several sections of the Commonwealth, this region became part of the Russian Empire. In 1921, the western part of Volhynia was ceded to Poland, and the eastern part to the Ukrainian SSR. In 1939, Western Volyn was also annexed to the Ukrainian SSR. During the years of the Great Patriotic War this geographical area was occupied by the Nazi troops.

The historical background accumulated over many centuries, the ethnic disunity of the region and numerous old grievances against each other, may have become a kind of fuse that set fire to the powder keg and led the entire region, primarily its civilian population, to a real disaster. By the end of the first third of the 20th century, a persistent Polish-Ukrainian territorial and ideological confrontation had developed. Both sides over the centuries-old history managed to repeatedly commit numerous atrocities against each other, which, however, did not go beyond the normal practice of that time period. At the same time, the events that took place in Volhynia during the Second World War overshadowed medieval history in their bloodiness and cruelty.

The UPA itself - the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, as a wing of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (Bandera Movement) *, was formed in 1942. The impetus for its formation was the victory of the Red Army at Stalingrad. After this victory Soviet troops began the liberation of the lands occupied by the Germans and their allies and were getting closer and closer to the Reichskommissariat "Ukraine", which was created in 1941 by the German occupation forces on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR. At the same time, almost from the very first days of the formation of the UPA *, the destruction of the ethnic Polish population began.

Ukrainian nationalists took full advantage of their own impunity. After the retreat of the Red Army, there was practically no one to resist the OUN-UPA * gangs. The Soviet partisan movement was the most massive on the territory of Belarus, and the Poles themselves did not have a sufficient number of well-armed detachments that could provide decent resistance to Ukrainian nationalists.

UPA fighters

The Volyn massacre (the mass extermination of the Polish population), which has gone down in history forever, began in the winter of 1943. The starting point for this tragedy is called February 9, 1943. On this day, OUN-UPA* militants entered the Polish settlement of Parosl under the guise of Soviet partisans. During the period between the First and Second World Wars, Paroslya was a small village of 26 houses, located near the city of Sarny, which is currently located on the territory of the Rivne region of Ukraine. By the time the massacre began, the ethnic Polish population accounted for, according to various estimates, from 15 to 30 percent of all residents of Volhynia. After resting and eating in the homes of the local residents of Parosli, Bandera began to massacre. No one was spared: they killed men and women, old people and babies. Only because the locals were Poles. According to various estimates, from 149 to 179 local residents were killed in the village, including several dozen children. At the same time, Ukrainian nationalists showed bestial cruelty, most were simply hacked to death with axes. Also in the course were knives and bayonets. Only a few managed to survive.

The Polish population was exterminated by Ukrainian nationalists throughout Western Ukraine according to one scenario: several armed gangs surrounded Polish settlements, all the inhabitants were gathered in one place and systematically destroyed. American historian Timothy Snyder noted that Ukrainian nationalists learned the technology of mass destruction from the Germans. Therefore, all the ethnic cleansing that was carried out by the forces of the UPA * were so nightmarish. And that is why in 1943 the Volyn Poles were almost as helpless as the Volyn Jews in 1942, the historian notes.

It often turned out that their neighbors, ordinary Ukrainians, often fellow villagers, also took part in actions against the Polish population. The houses of the murdered Polish families were burned, and all valuable property was simply plundered. At the same time, a distinctive feature was that they killed mainly with cold and improvised means, agricultural implements, and not with firearms. Shooting in such a situation was an easy death. Wielding axes, saws, knives, bayonets, stakes, supporters of independent Ukraine exterminated tens of thousands of innocent civilians.

The atrocities of Ukrainian nationalists in Volhynia are confirmed by numerous documentary evidence, photographs, testimonies of miraculously surviving people and interrogations of the perpetrators themselves, a large amount of information is stored in the archives of special services. For example, the commander of one of the UPA* platoons, Stepan Redesha, testified during interrogations that in some cases Poles were thrown alive into wells and then finished off with firearms. Many were beaten to death with clubs and axes. The protocol of the interrogation of the criminal states that he personally participated in one operation against the Polish population, it took place in August 1943. According to Redesh, more than two kurens, consisting of 500 people with weapons, and more than a thousand people from the OUN* underground, who were armed with axes and other improvised means, participated in the operation. “We surrounded five Polish villages and burned them in one night and the next day, while the entire population from babies to the elderly was slaughtered, in total more than two thousand people were killed. My platoon took part in the burning of a large Polish village and the liquidation of farms close to it, we slaughtered about a thousand Poles, ”the Ukrainian nationalist said during interrogation.

In the detachments of Ukrainian nationalists who participated in the massacres of the Polish population, there were so-called "rezuns" - militants who specialized in carrying out brutal executions and used mainly edged weapons for murder - axes, knives, two-handed saws. They literally massacred the civilian population of Volhynia. At the same time, Polish historians who worked on the study of the "Volyn Massacre" counted about 125 methods of killing, which were used by "rezun" in their reprisals. From one description of these methods of murder, the blood of a normal person literally freezes in the veins.

Particularly massive and bloody events took place in Volhynia on the night of July 11, 1943, when numerous UPA * detachments simultaneously attacked 150 Polish villages, villages and farms. In just one day, more than ten thousand people died then. For example, on July 11, 1943, 90 people were killed at once in Kiselyn, who had gathered for mass in the local church, including priest Aleksey Shavlevsky, who was also killed. In total, according to various estimates, up to 60 thousand Poles died in the Volyn massacre (directly on the territory of Volyn), and the total number of Poles killed throughout Western Ukraine is estimated at about 100 thousand people. During the Volyn massacre, almost the entire Polish population of this region was destroyed.

The atrocities committed by the nationalists of the OUN-UPA * could not but receive a response from the Poles. For example, units of the Home Army also carried out raids on Ukrainian villages, including their own actions of retribution. It is believed that they killed several thousand Ukrainians (up to 2-3 thousand civilians). The total number of dead Ukrainians can reach 30 thousand. At the same time, it should be taken into account that a significant part of them could have been killed by their compatriots - Ukrainian nationalists. UPA* fighters killed Ukrainians who tried to help the Poles and save them, they also demanded that Ukrainians with a mixed family commit murders of their closest relatives, Poles. In case of refusal, they killed everyone.

The massacres of Poles and Ukrainians were stopped only after the entire territory of Ukraine was liberated by the Red Army. At the same time, even then it was no longer possible to reconcile the two peoples with each other. That is why in July 1945 the USSR and Poland signed a joint agreement on the exchange of population. The Poles who lived in the territories that became part of the Soviet Union moved to the territory of Poland, and the Ukrainians who lived in the Polish lands went to the territory of the Ukrainian SSR. The resettlement operation was codenamed "Vistula" and lasted almost two years. During this time, more than 1.5 million people have been resettled. This "resettlement of peoples" allowed to reduce the degree of tension between the Poles and Ukrainians. At the same time, throughout the entire Soviet history, they tried not to remember and not touch this sore subject once again. The Volyn massacre did not have wide publicity in the USSR, and in the Polish People's Republic in those years only a few works devoted to this tragedy were published. Again, historians and the general public returned to these events only in 1992, after the collapse of the USSR.

Monument to the victims of the Volyn Massacre in Krakow

The policy of the new Kyiv leadership in last years exacerbated many historical issues between Poland and Ukraine. Thus, Warsaw consistently condemns Kyiv for the glorification of members of the OUN-UPA *, as well as regular acts of vandalism that are carried out against Polish places of memory. In July 2016, the Sejm of Poland recognized July 11 as the National Day of Remembrance for the victims of the genocide of citizens of the Republic of Poland, committed by Ukrainian nationalists. At the same time, the Prime Minister of Poland recently announced that the final reconciliation between the Polish and Ukrainian people will become possible only when the truth about the Volyn massacre is recognized.

At the same time, according to RIA "", the Ukrainian authorities insist on revising the provision of the Polish law on the Institute of National Remembrance, which concerns Ukrainians. This law, which came into force in the spring of 2018, criminalizes the promotion of the "Bandera ideology" and the denial of the Volyn massacre.

*Extremist organizations banned in the Russian Federation.

Information sources:
https://ria.ru/defense_safety/20180711/1524304863.html
https://www.gazeta.ru/science/2018/02/09_a_11642473.shtml?updated
http://www.aif.ru/society/history/volynskaya_reznya_geroi_ukrainy_ubivali_polyakov_ot_mala_do_velika
Materials from open sources

In Poland, the Volyn massacre is very well remembered.
This is a scan of the pages of a Polish book:

The list of ways in which the Ukrainian Nazis dealt with the civilian population:

. Driving a large and thick nail into the skull of the head.
. Ripping off the hair from the head with the skin (scalping).
. Carving on the forehead "eagle" (the eagle is the coat of arms of Poland).
. Eye gouging.
. Circumcision of the nose, ears, lips, tongue.
. Piercing children and adults with stakes through and through.
. Punching with a pointed thick wire through and through from ear to ear.
. Cutting the throat and pulling the tongue out through the hole.
. Knocking out teeth and breaking jaws.
. Tearing of the mouth from ear to ear.
. Plugging mouths with tow when transporting still living victims.
. Rolling the head back.
. Crushing of the head by placing in a vise and tightening the screw.
. Cutting and pulling narrow strips of skin from the back or face.
. Breaking bones (ribs, arms, legs).
. Cutting off women's breasts and sprinkling salt on wounds.
. Cutting off the genitals of male victims with a sickle.
. Punching the belly of a pregnant woman with a bayonet.
. Cutting the abdomen and pulling out the intestines in adults and children.
. Cutting the abdomen of a woman with a long-term pregnancy and inserting instead of the removed fetus, for example, a live cat, and stitching the abdomen.
. Cutting the abdomen and pouring boiling water inside.
. Cutting the stomach and putting stones inside it, as well as throwing it into the river.
. Cutting the belly of pregnant women and spilling broken glass inside.
. Pulling out the veins from the groin to the feet.
. Inserting a hot iron into the vagina.
. Insertion of pine cones into the vagina with the top side forward.
. Inserting a pointed stake into the vagina and pushing it up to the throat, right through.
. Cutting the women's front part of the body with a garden knife from the vagina to the neck and leaving the insides outside.
. Hanging victims by the insides.
. Inserting a glass bottle into the vagina or anus and breaking it.
. Cutting the belly and spilling feed flour inside for hungry pigs, which pulled out this feed along with the intestines and other entrails.
. Chopping/cutting off with a knife/sawing off hands or feet (or fingers and toes).
. Cauterization of the inside of the palm on the hot stove of a charcoal kitchen.
. Sawing the body with a saw.
. Sprinkling of bound feet with red-hot coal.
. Nailing hands to the table, and feet to the floor.
. Chopping a whole body into pieces with an ax.
. Nailing the tongue of a small child to the table with a knife, which later hung on it.
. Cutting a child into pieces with a knife.
. Nailing a small child to a table with a bayonet.
. Hanging a male child by the genitals on a doorknob.
. Knocking out the joints of the legs and arms of the child.
. Throwing a child into the flames of a burning building.
. Breaking the baby's head, taking it by the legs and hitting it against a wall or stove.
. Planting a child on a stake.
. Hanging a woman upside down on a tree and mocking her - cutting off her chest and tongue, dissecting her stomach, gouging out her eyes, and cutting off pieces of her body with knives.
. Nailing a small child to a door.
. Hanging on a tree with feet up and singeing the head from below with the fire of a fire lit under the head.
. Drowning children and adults in a well and throwing stones at the victim.
. Driving a stake into the stomach.
. Tying a man to a tree and shooting him like a target.
. Dragging the body along the street with a rope tied around the neck.
. Binding the legs and arms of a woman to two trees, and cutting her stomach from the crotch to the chest.
. Dragging on the ground mother with three children connected with each other.
. Barbed wire for one or more victims, watering the victim every few hours cold water for the purpose of coming to oneself and feeling pain.
. Buried in the ground alive up to the neck and later cut off the head with a scythe.
. Tearing the body in half with the help of horses.
. Tearing the body in half by tying the victim to two bent trees and then releasing them.
. Setting fire to a victim doused in kerosene.
. Laying around the victim with sheaves of straw and setting them on fire (Nero's torch).
. Putting a baby on a pitchfork and throwing him into the flames of a fire.
. Hanging on barbed wire.
. Ripping off the skin from the body and filling the wound with ink or boiling water.
. Nailing hands to the threshold of the dwelling.

Geographic Encyclopedia

- (Volyn land) historical region of the 9th-18th centuries. in the basins of the southern tributaries of the river. Pripyat and upper reaches Zap. Buga (modern territory of Volyn, Rivne, Zhytomyr, northern parts of Ternopil and Khmelnytsky regions of Ukraine, eastern part ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Exist., number of synonyms: 1 region (62) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

1. Russian land on both banks of the Western Bug and at the head of the Pripyat. In the XII century. it included lands along the Goryn, the middle course of the Bug and the middle left tributaries of the Neman. Southern Volyn occupies a mountainous area filled with spurs of the Carpathians, ... ... Russian history

Volyn- history. geogr. region, Ukraine, Poland. Formed in the ninth century. in bass Zap. Buga and southern. tributaries of the Pripyat. Apparently, the primary name of the city is Volyn (Velyn) in the West. Bug, from which the area Volyn, Volyn land. From a number of etymologies proposed ... Toponymic Dictionary

Dr. Russian Velyn, Skaz. about Bor. and Gleb. (Abramovich) 45 et seq., whence velyn, Lavrentievsk. letop.; Polish Woyn. Apparently related to Czech. Volyně, local n., and German. Wollin in Pomorie; see Pervolf, AfslPh 7, 604. Explanation of the Oxen country ... ... Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Max Fasmer

- (Volyn land), historical region of the IX-XVIII centuries. in the basin of the southern tributaries of the river. Pripyat and the upper reaches of the Western Bug (modern territory of Volyn, Rivne, Zhytomyr, northern parts of Ternopil and Khmelnytsky regions of Ukraine, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Volyn- a historical and geographical area that has repeatedly experienced geopolitical transformation in the 21st century. In 1919, the Entente demanded to stop the offensive of the Red Army in the west on a conditional border, allocated on an ethnographic basis and received ... ... Geoeconomic dictionary-reference book

Velyn, Russian. city ​​on the river Zap. Bug. First mentioned in the Laurentian Chronicle under 1018. Initially, it was the tribal center of the Volynians, then Ch. city ​​of Volyn land. In the 11th century lost its importance and ceded leadership to Vladimir ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

This term has other meanings, see Volyn (meanings). "Volyn" Full name ... Wikipedia

Books

• Volyn. Historical destinies of the South-Western Territory. , Batyushkov P.N. The book is a reprint edition of 1888. Although serious work has been done to restore the original quality of the edition, some pages may…