Ancient plate. Origin and history of cymbals

Plate

Known for a long time Russian word"Polshka" - that is, dishes with a flat bottom.

In Russia for a long time the kings awarded their faithful servants with “tarels”, like orders, for special merits. Such dishes were decorated with monograms and put in plain sight. For the first time the word "tarel" (converted German "thaler") is found in the will of one of the Moscow princes in 1509, it replaced ancient word"Bowl ". Back in the 16th century, the plate was called thaler, tarel, torel. The first written mention of the use of individual plates dates back to the time of Tsarevich False Dmitry. In Domostroy, it was said that at lunchtime one should “inspect the table, make a white tablecloth, bread, salt, spoons (small spoons), collect plates.” Only since the 17th century, individual dishes (plates, spoons) in Russia began to enter the life of the wealthiest part of the population. In the "Primer" by Karion Istomin (1692) there is a distinction between "torel" dishes and the ceremonial award dish "tarel": "Torel on the table is a tarel in front of you."

Only in the 18th century did the dinner plate become indispensable for eating. But the decorative history of the plate continued, souvenir plates appeared - they are not used for food, but quite compete with the fine arts.

Types of plates

By use

• deep dining rooms or soup- deep bowls for soups
• small canteens for hot "second" courses
• small eateries
• small patties
• dessert
• saucers- plates on which cups or glasses are placed

According to the material of manufacture

• ceramic
• glass
• porcelain
• wooden
• metal
• plastic (disposable tableware)
• paper (disposable tableware)

Proverbs and sayings

• Don't look at someone else's plate
• In someone else's plate, a piece is always larger

see also

Notes

Links

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

Synonyms:

The history of plates begins from the III-IV millennium BC and falls on the beginning of the Bronze Age. The homeland of the plate is Asia (China, Indonesia). In the XIII-XIV centuries, in the process of trade with the Ottoman Empire, the plate came to present-day Turkey and over hundreds of years it underwent evolutionary changes that made it what we now call "Turkish" or "Western" plates. With the music of the Janissaries (Janissaries are an elite unit of the Turkish army, organized in the 14th century and abolished in 1826 after an attempt to overthrow the Sultan), cymbals arrived in Central Europe in the 16th century, where they found use in European military music. And in the XVIII-XIX centuries they also began to be used in symphony orchestras.

The word symbal itself comes from the Latin cymbalum, in turn borrowed from Greek (kumbalom - a small bowl).

Cymbal evolution

Over time, the plates in Turkey changed and began to stand out in a special form - Western (Turkish). The current modern "Western" shape of the plate was established at the beginning of the 19th century, since then its shape has not changed radically.

Chinese-style cymbals have a typical cone-shaped bell shape with an annular curve around the outer radius that reduces vibrations and gives it a distinctive sound. Initially, their protruding bell served as a handle, so that the musician could hold the cymbals with his hands and beat them against each other, as they are now played with orchestral cymbals.

According to the history of music, cymbals were first used in marching music, then in symphony orchestras, then in small orchestras in dancing, and then in jazz and big bands.

At the very beginning, in marches and orchestral music, cymbals were used in pairs. Later, in the process of modernizing their functions, the so-called "suspended" cymbals appeared: a cymbal hanging on a string was "dispersed" to accents with soft mullets. Usually such plates were large and thin.

Later, two types of cymbals appeared in dance music: crashes (used for accents) and rides (used for accompaniment).

The history of Paiste begins at the turn of the century

Russia (1901-1916)
Michael Toomas Paiste, a composer and musician whose father came to Russia from Estonia to serve in the Royal Guard, opens a publishing business and a music store in St. Petersburg. The business, which also involved the modest manufacture and repair of musical instruments, flourished for many years, until the changes that accompanied the Great Revolution forced everything to close.

Estonia (1917-1939)
Michael Thomas returns to the homeland of his ancestors and resumes his business in Tallinn. It is here that he begins to design and manufacture cymbals for concert and marching bands, along with his son Michal, who quickly becomes an ideologue and takes over the business. Trying to satisfy the rapidly growing demands of "modern" music and the formation of a drum kit, the son begins to develop his own concept of Turkish-type cymbals, which he then preferred to Chinese ones. Then he develops the first gongs. The resulting instruments win awards and worldwide recognition as they spread to Europe, the States and other countries.

Poland (1940-1944)
The hardships of World War II forced Mihail Paist to leave Estonia for Poland, where he reopens the family business. Due to military restrictions, the company is experiencing difficulties with the supply of raw materials and maintaining international relations, but it manages to stay afloat.

Germany (1945-)
By the end of the war, Mikhail Paist and his family fled from Poland to Northern Germany, where, for the third time, he opened a business for the production of cymbals and gongs. The impeccable reputation of the instruments helped to restore business ties and ensure the sustainable development of exports in the fifties.

Switzerland (1957-)
Mikhail Paist establishes production in Switzerland and involves the third generation of Paist, his sons Robert and Thomas, into the business, which contributes to the further development of the company. The next step is the transfer of the head office to the Swiss branch. Since 2003, the company has been headed by Thomas's son Eric.

USA (1981-)
With the opening of the Paist America branch, the company has a firm foothold in the world's largest market for musical instruments.

Estonia and Spain (1995-2005)
In 1995, Paiste literally returns to its homeland, reopening the company's representative office in Estonia after almost fifty years of absence. In the same year, a representative office in Spain was opened.

Philosophy

Paiste's family business is based on the constant search for new sounds of bronze cymbals, gongs and other percussion in accordance with the creative needs of today's drummers and percussionists. The basis for this is the combination of the imagination of the musician and the innovative spirit of the manufacturer of musical instruments. And the spark that supports this principle is the music itself in all its beauty, complexity and infinity of new ways of self-expression.

Paiste sound secrets are the result of centuries of experience, deep knowledge of the sound itself and musical alloys, painstaking craftsmanship and constant experimentation. There are no random results. Careful design ensures consistent sound quality and character from every cymbal, percussion or gong. Thanks to these advantages, a full range of unique and distinctive sounds is achieved that meet the personal needs of musicians for the successful implementation of musical ideas.

Tool Development

The tools are developed by members of the Peist family, a key production personnel and experienced working drummers. Such a team, from people with different backgrounds, brings together their knowledge to create a new instrument. They study the feedback and wishes of drummers from all over the world, collect them into a single concept and formulate a common task. According to the formed sound idea, the first prototypes are created, which are revised again and again until the correspondence to the original sound idea is achieved. The resulting prototypes then end up in the hands of Paiste's best artists, who evaluate their suitability and relevance to the task at hand. After that, further changes can be made until the final prototype appears, which will become the master plate (several of them will eventually be made for production needs).

The tool development division also deals with completely innovative products, which are based solely on their imagination. Through their creative pursuits and regular experimentation, they invent new alloys, shapes and production methods.

Partial list of Paiste achievements

1930s - First company to define and plan specific models in production

1947 - First company to produce more than one quality class

1949 - First china drum cymbal

1963 - 8% bronze alloy (CuSn8) is used for the first time. The first oval bell at the tea house

1967/68 - Invention of the wavy bottom cymbal hi-hat (Sound Edge). The invention of the flat ride

1980 - Invention of unturned forged cymbals (Rude)

1983 - Invention of the inside-out teapot (Novo China)

1984 - First painted plates

1989 - Invention of Signature Bronze Alloy

1996 - First in the development and recreation of historical cymbal sounds (Traditionals)

2001 - Patented a radical new turning method that improves the sound of a cymbal (Sonic Texture Formula)

2005 - Thanks to new digital technologies, Paiste makes a breakthrough in transferring the knowledge of form, structure and sound of the Swiss division to the German factory "Paiste Sound Technology"

2007 - Authentic Turkish bronze and Swiss quality come together to create a new traditional cymbal series (Twenty)

Olga Korelyakova
Summary of the lesson "The history of the creation of dishes"

Software content.

Introduce children to the history of dishes, with the process of its transformation by a person,

Activate the cognitive activity of children,

Arouse interest in the objects of the man-made world of the past.

Preliminary work: looking at illustrations with a picture crockery, Reading fiction "Fedorino grief" K. Chukovsky, talk about crockery, didactic games "What happened before...", "The Evolution of Common Things".

Dictionary activation: metal utensils, wooden, clay, tea, dining room.

Material: projector; screen; a computer. Knife (wooden, plastic, iron, plate (wooden, plastic, iron, cast iron, saucepan. Paper plates, paints, brushes.

Lesson progress:

Today is a special day for us

I invite you friends!

Are you ready to go with me?

I invite you to a wonderful world!

We will travel to the world of amazing crockery.

A long time ago a man lived in a cave,

He cooked dinner on the fire.

Well, how did he eat?

Man ate food with his hands

You imagine yourself

How difficult it was.

There is liquid soup with your hands.

Once upon a time, people lived in caves, and food was cooked on a fire. They ate mainly fried meat, plants and berries. Ate with hands. One day a man picked up some very hot meat. And dropped it from his hands.

It fell on a stick, the stick stuck into the meat. The man took the meat on a stick and realized that it was more convenient to eat that way. And it doesn't burn your fingers. And so the spoon was born.

Guess the riddle:

1. It can be deep

She gets petty

However, it is not a river. (plate)

2. We don’t eat ourselves

And we feed people. (spoons)

3. I cook your food

For dinner - soup and porridge. (Pot)

4. Sh-sh-sh, - the potato hisses, -

Add some oil."

This is hot, this is it!

red-hot (pan).

How can one say about objects from riddles in one word? (tableware)

Primitive people learned to make clay dishes. They sculpted it with their hands and dried it in the sun. Dishes were fragile, it could only contain dry products.

Then they came up with the first pottery machine and a clay kiln. crockery. People have learned to burn clay dishes in the oven to keep it strong.

Now it was possible to store water and milk in it, cook food on fire.

- crockery used in Russia since ancient times. Russian national tableware and remained wooden and clay. At first it was simple, without much beauty.

Then came the metal tableware- cast iron was smelted from cast iron.

cast iron crockery used for cooking in ovens, as it is very durable.

Cast iron crockery are still used today.

Where and when do you think?

Famous Russian samovars. Elegant teapot and glass made of silver. Silver is known to purify water and is good for health. Until now, people use this crockery.

Over time, glass appeared tableware

Porcelain, porcelain dishes are dishes made of white clay.

Russian masters create beautiful dishes which is known all over the world.

Wooden and clay tableware the safest for human health

plastic tableware made of plastic. Where do you think it is applied?

How is it convenient?

Made from plastic, various crockery, for example, for small children, it is unbreakable and lightweight.

Physical education minute "My crockery»

We opened the water faucet

(make rotational movements with the hand 4 times, as if opening a tap)

And washed the dishes

(put the right palm on the left and make circular movements on it, as if washing a plate)

Rubbed, rubbed, washed, washed

(the same movements, but with the left hand on the right)

Rubbed, rubbed, washed, washed

All around in water and soap.

(Spread arms to sides).

Look. I have on the table tableware.

Children come to the table for experimentation.

Do you think it is convenient to cut with a wooden knife?

Do you think it is convenient to cut with a plastic knife?

Is this knife good for cutting?

Who wants to try? (children try to cut off a piece of cheese or bread with a wooden and plastic knife).

Which plate do you think is better and why: wooden, plastic, iron, clay, porcelain?

What is the best way to cook soup: in cast iron or in a saucepan? Why?

Finger gymnastics: "Tableware»

One two three four,

We washed the dishes:

Teapot, cup, ladle, spoon

And a big ladle.

We just broke a cup

The bucket was also destroyed,

The nose of the kettle broke off.

We broke the spoon a little,

So we helped mom.

The teacher shows the children paper plates.

So that mom doesn’t get very upset, let’s decorate the plates with a beautiful pattern.

I have tassel(shows, with the help of it we will turn into masters.

The teacher asks you to close your eyes.

We found ourselves in the workshop, and I suggest you go to the work tables.

(Watercolor paint is prepared on the tables, jars of water, brushes, coasters, rags).

Children decorate cups with different familiar elements. (circles, strokes, dots, sticks, rings, etc.)

Reflection:

Here we are in the past crockery.

According to its purpose dishes are different.

What groups can it be divided into?

Why do you need a kitchen tableware?

Canteen tableware?

Tea room tableware?

Which tableware safe for our health?

Related publications:

“A drop saves the river” The story of the creation of the cartoon There are many projects in which the city offers us participation. Our teachers.

Synopsis of the game-lesson for the social adaptation of children of the third year of life "Washing dishes" Program content: 1. To form knowledge about the process of washing dishes: 2. Create conditions for enrichment vocabulary children in the process.

GCD course: The teacher informs the children that an audio letter has come to their group, but in order to find out from whom this letter is and what is in it, it is necessary.

Abstract of a lesson on cognitive development (familiarization with the names of dishes) in the middle group "Meeting with Fedora" Synopsis of the cognitive development of children in middle group. Integration of areas: "Cognitive development", "Social and communicative development",.

SUMMARY IN THE PREPARATORY GROUP. Cognitive activity (World around) Topic: "Journey into the fascinating world of dishes." Goals:.

Project in the senior group

on the topic: "History of the plate"

from 10/22/2018 to 10/26/2018
Duration: short term.
Project type: creative, educational.
Members: children, teachers, parents.
The problem that is significant for children, which the project aims to solve: “Do we need a plate? What are the different types of plates? The History of the Plate.
Target: To promote the development of children's cognitive interest in the process of discovering new, unusual knowledge about a familiar plate object. Development of aesthetic perception.
Tasks
For kids:
-enrich the idea of ​​the species diversity of plates (different in size, shape, material, appearance);
- support the natural interest and curiosity of children;
- develop an emotional environment;
- develop creativity and imagination when decorating plates
For parents:
- involve parents in the cognitive sphere of the child;
- to stimulate the creative activity of parents through joint creativity with children;
- to promote the establishment of partnerships between teachers and parents in matters of upbringing and education of children.
For educators:
- to ensure the implementation of educational, developmental and training tasks through the development of educational areas by children;
-create conditions for independent and joint activities of children with adults within the framework of the project being implemented;
- contribute to the establishment of friendly relations between teachers and specialists of preschool educational institutions and parents in the process of developing and implementing the project.
Project Products
For kids:
-acquaintance with riddles about a plate;
- painting paper plates with elements of Khokhloma painting, Gzhel;
- molding dishes from salt dough, painting;
-didactic game cut pictures "Dishes";
-the history of the appearance of plates (conversation)

For educators:
- development of a thematic project on the topic
-selection and recommendations for reading literature with children;
For parents:
-exhibition of art and crafts made by children
in independent and joint activities with parents;
Stages:
Preparatory:
- determine the object of study;
-create a problematic situation (at dinner, one of the children did not have a plate).
- collection of exhibits.
Research:
- acquaintance with different types plates
- where did the plate come from (Conversation)

Creating a product by project:
Final:
- generalization of the results of the work;
- organization of an exhibition of salt dough plates painted by children.

Abstract of the lesson on familiarization with the outside world

the topic "Where did the plate come from"

Purpose of the lesson:

To acquaint children with the history of dishes, with the process of its transformation by man.
Tasks:

Exercise children in the use of adjectives denoting the material from which the object is made.
To consolidate knowledge about materials (stone, glass, wood, metal, ceramics, plastic).
Activate the cognitive activity of children.
Develop curiosity, thinking, creative imagination.
To educate children in independence and accuracy when working with plasticine.

Equipment:

A variety of plates arranged as in an exhibition, a picture depicting an ancient man by a fire, large leaves of a plant, flat stones, cereals, plastic plates, multi-colored plasticine, modeling equipment.

Lesson progress:

Today we are going to the exhibition. Do you know what an exhibition is? An exhibition is a display, a display for many people to see. Repeat the word "exhibition" and remember it.
And now we're going to the cymbal exhibition.

Examining the exhibits

Which plates do you like the most? Why? What surprised you?

You wondered why a stone and a leaf of a plant appeared on the plate exhibition. Listen and everything will become clear to you.

"Plate from a leaf"

A long time ago, when there were no houses, no kindergartens, no shops, when people still lived in caves, this story happened. Somehow the ancient man wanted to eat. He killed a wild boar on a hunt, roasted meat on a fire. (Show picture). And then he thought: what should he put the meat on? Hold it hot in your hands, put it on the ground - what will happen to the meat? Meat gets dirty. The man thought and decided to pluck a large leaf from some plant in order to put meat on it. And so he did. So the first plate was a leaf. But is such a plate convenient? Let's do an experiment.

Take the leaves, sprinkle grits on them and try to pretend that you want to eat from the leaves? What's happening? Everything crumbles. Is it good to eat from a leaf? Why is everything falling apart? The leaf is flat and small.

"Plate of stone"

That's ancient man It was uncomfortable to eat from such a plate. We need to come up with something else. I looked around and saw many stones. I chose the flattest one. Here is approximately. (Showing a flat stone). Then for two whole days he chiseled the stone so that a recess appeared in it. Was it easy for him to chisel a stone? Try it yourself.

Experimental activities of children

Children are invited to try to make a hole in the stone with another stone.
Did you manage to make at least a tiny depression in the stone? Is this job easy or hard?

It was hard for the ancient man. But when the stone plate was ready, the man put meat on it, sat down and was glad that he now had such a convenient plate.

Dynamic pause "We were at the exhibition"

We were at the exhibition
Learned a lot.
(Step in place)

Well all considered
And, of course, they wised up.
(Spread your arms to the sides, touch your head with your index finger)

But it's time for us to rest.
Warm up - again on the road.
To begin with, we are with you
We only turn our heads.
(head rotation)

We also rotate the body.
We can do this, of course.
(Turns right and left)

And now we squat
We understand very well -
Legs need to be strengthened
One, two, three, four, five.
(squats)

Finally stretched
Up and to the side. Have caved in.
(Pull up and to the side)

But after a while, the person began to like this plate less. Why do you think? Take the stone in your hands. What is his weight? Heavy. Hands get tired of holding such a plate, because there were no tables then.

"Plate made of wood"

Then the man decided to make dishes from something lighter - from wood. He took a wooden chock and hollowed out a recess in it. It turned out to be a convenient plate. It is good for everyone, but only wooden plates of fire, water and sun are afraid. Let's think about why? Why is a wooden plate afraid of fire? Wood burns quickly and well. Why is a wooden plate afraid of water? From water, the tree swells and loses its shape. And why is a wooden plate afraid of the sun?

A lot of time has passed. Man has learned to build houses, sew clothes, and much more. And the man wanted the objects with which he surrounded himself to be not only comfortable, but also beautiful. It was then that it occurred to a person to decorate a plate with patterns. These are some beautiful painted plates. (Display).

« Clay plate»

The more time passed, the more skillful a person was. Man began to use clay to make plates. (Display). Clay plates were not afraid of fire, water and sun, but were fragile. How do you understand this word? Brittle means very fragile, easily broken. Repeat the word "fragile" and try to remember. Most of the plates in your house and in kindergarten made from clay.

"Plate of metal"

A man learned to make metal products, he immediately made metal plates. (Display). Such plates are light, durable, do not burn, do not beat. But they get very hot when there is hot food in them.

« Glass plate»

When a person learned to make glass, he began to make plates from it. (Display). What can you say about glass plates? What are they? Glass plates are beautiful, graceful, festive. But they have a serious drawback. Which one do you think? They are fragile and break easily.

"Plastic bowl"

Over time, man mastered the production of plastic. Many items were made of plastic. Including plates. (Display). How good are these plates? They are lightweight and unbreakable. But from hot such plates can melt. Therefore, hot food should not be eaten from plastic dishes.

But why did a person come up with so many different plates? Human life is varied, different plates for different occasions. Nowadays, people very rarely use wooden plates and do not use plant leaves as plates at all. But he uses all the other plates, but in different cases. Let's play.

Didactic game "Which plates to take"

I will offer you a case, a situation, and you offer me plates that will suit it.
What to take plates for a festive feast? Glass.
Which plates are suitable for a summer house or a picnic? Plastic.
And what plates will tourists put in a backpack when they go on a long trip?
Metal.
What plates do we use daily?
Clay.

The teacher asks not only to name the material, but also to justify his proposal.

Today we saw a lot of different plates. All of them are made by masters. Let's treat these people with respect and take care of their work. How exactly can we protect their work? Carefully handle the plates, wash them, do not beat them.

Reflection:

At the end of the lesson, children answer the questions proposed by the teacher:

What have we learned about plates?

What was the most interesting?

What other exhibition would you like to visit?

It seems to be dishes - you don’t even notice them in the frantic pace of modern life. It's too trifle, too many different problems and worries a person now has to think about it. All this is understandable, but imagine what our life would be like without dishes. How would we eat borscht or meat in French? What did they eat there! How would we prepare food? Except perhaps over a fire, on a spit, whole carcasses of meat. Doubtful pleasure, isn't it? Therefore, let's talk about dishes, about its yesterday and today.

A long time ago

So, when did the history of dishes begin? Approximately 6-7 thousand years ago. Naturally, there was no talk of any beautiful porcelain plates or elegant wine glasses in those distant times. There were already elephants, but there were no china shops yet. Everything was just beginning, and the beginning of this “everything” was found not just anywhere, but in mother earth. It's about clay. It was from her, of course from her, that the first samples of dishes were made by hand. They came out clumsy, ugly and fragile. But still they were. The process, as they say, has begun: it was clay bowls that became the prototypes of modern plates, pots, and pans.

Gradually, people realized that not every clay is suitable for dishes. Others crack when dried or fired. Over time, the most suitable varieties were selected. Naturally, the production of utensils developed in those regions where there was a sufficient amount of good "ware" clay.

The next stage of utensil production was the practice of adding various other substances to clay. With their help, they increased the strength of the finished product, changed its color, making it more pleasing to the eye. Such clay (with additives) was called "ceramics". Then everything, in general, went on increasing: the firing technology improved, new materials for making dishes were found - this contributed to a gradual increase in its quality.

Ancient Greece and Rome - it was here, perhaps, that ceramic dishes reached their peak. On small and large dishes, ancient masters depicted various gods, scenes from their lives, and the adventures of heroes. In the same period, the division of dishes into everyday, ceremonial and decorative appeared. In addition to ceramics, they began to make pewter, as well as silver and gold dishes.

Do not forget about porcelain (it is also ceramics). In his homeland, in China, the first porcelain products appeared around 600 AD. A lot of time passed, only in the XIV century porcelain came to Europe. Naturally, not in supermarkets, but only to the noblest and richest persons. Porcelain was very expensive, and dishes from it for a long time remained more like an interior decoration, a wonderful trinket, which, among other things, speaks of the good financial situation of the owner. Only at the beginning of the 18th century in the Old World were they able to make their own high-quality porcelain. It began to be supplied to the royal courts, and gradually it became quite widespread, although it remained the privilege of the nobility. Next, we will analyze the history of individual items of dishes, cutlery and kitchen utensils.

Plate

The history of dishes is impossible without plates. It seems natural to us. Meanwhile, the plate did not appear on people's tables immediately, at least not along with food. At first, the tables themselves were partly plates. For example, in Europe, in the 8th century, and not just anywhere, but at royal feasts, food was laid out in special recesses hollowed out in oak tables. Food was taken with the hands and sent to the mouth. Later (around the 13th century), food from the recess on the table was already transferred to large round pieces of bread. It was, as it were, an individual portion, and a piece of bread was a prototype of a plate. And only from the XIV century in France they began to use something similar to modern plates. They were then made of tin and wood. Wealthy French, however, could afford metal tableware. Plates then were not round, but a quadrangular shape, which is familiar to us.

In the ancient Russian expanses, food, at least from the 11th century, was served on common dishes. They were made of different materials: wooden, clay, tin, sometimes steel (but this is later, of course, and not in all regions). In rich boyar houses one could see silver and gold dishes, most often, however, made abroad. Especially a lot of it was at the royal feasts. There are cases when foreign ambassadors present at such feasts simply stole royal dishes, hiding them in their bosoms. Ivan the Terrible, on this occasion, ordered to buy copper dishes in England, but, so that the ambassadors would not be offended, silver-plated or gilded.

In general, the first written mention of the use of individual plates in Russia during a meal dates back to the time of False Dmitry I. In Domostroy it was said that when preparing for dinner, one should “inspect the table, white tablecloth, bread, salt, liars (small spoons ), collect the plates.

Of the plates in Russia, they not only ate. They, for example, the kings rewarded their subjects. One way or another, individual utensils (plates, spoons) began to enter the everyday life of Russian wealthy persons only in the 17th century, and only from the 18th century did plates become an integral attribute of a meal. In the 1740s, the secret of the production of hard porcelain was discovered in Russia, which, of course, helped the further “promotion” of the plate among the people. However, the lower strata of the population sometimes ate with their hands, right from the table even at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century.

Today there are many types of plates. Firstly, they are divided according to their purpose: there are deep soup plates, dinner plates for “second” courses, small, snack bars, and patties. Secondly, according to the material from which they are made: ceramics, glass, porcelain, wood, metal, plastic, paper. Separately, it is worth noting decorative plates that serve to decorate interiors.

A spoon

The spoon has been known to mankind for a very long time. In Europe, in ancient times, spoons were wooden, but, for example, in Greece, seashells of a suitable shape were often used. Actually, the use of shells as spoons was common long before the Greeks. The Egyptians made spoons from ivory, wood, and even stone. The Romans - often made of bronze and silver (just like the ancient Greeks).

For the Middle Ages, horn and wooden spoons are characteristic. In the 15th century, they were also made from brass, tin and copper. The wealthiest part of the population (in the same Europe), of course, preferred silver or gold spoons.

In the 16th century, the handle of the spoon becomes flat, while the scoop takes on the shape of an ellipse (previously it was rather round). Even later, during the 18th century, the ladle becomes narrower (so food gets into the mouth more easily). The spoon acquired its modern form, when the bowl-shaped part is wider at the base and narrower at the end, in the 1760s.

In Russia, spoons have also been known for a long time. They are mentioned, for example, in The Tale of Bygone Years. Often they were carried with them. Those who are richer had a special case for this. The rest could simply plug the spoon into the belt or the top of the boot. There were a great many types of spoons in our country. It is enough to open Dahl's dictionary to be convinced of this.

Knife

Of course, the knife is perhaps the most ancient cutlery. Naturally, at first it was not any cutlery. It's just that every man, the earner, had a knife. First, stone, and then, as everything and everything developed, it came to metal. They wore a knife, for example, behind a belt, in a special sheath. They used it for various purposes: cut off a piece of meat, defend themselves in a fight, or even attack someone with a knife on a high road. In general, until a certain time, no one made a distinction between a household knife, a combat knife, a hunting knife, or a table knife.

Only in the 16th century, gradually, special knives began to be used during meals. However, they still looked like daggers - their end was sharp. Apparently, to fight back if a neighbor encroaches on your portion. By the way, according to one of the legends, it was precisely in order to avoid dinner quarrels that Napoleon allegedly ordered the ends of table knives to be rounded. Eh, how many people have died during meals in three centuries? Do not overread!

There are many types of modern knives. We are only interested in those that are related to the preparation or absorption of food: kitchen and dining rooms. We have already talked about them in sufficient detail in one of the materials. The first group is quite large: there are knives for meat, bread, butter, cheese, etc. Table knives - those that are included in the group of cutlery, along with a spoon and fork. About the latter - a few words further.

The first forks, with two more prongs, appeared, apparently, somewhere in the Middle East in the 9th century. They were completely straight, and not curved in the toothed part, as they are now. Therefore, with their help, it was only possible to prick food, not scoop it up.

After a couple of hundred years, the fork "made a journey" - it came to Byzantium, and then to Italy. There she came to the court, to the table, if you like. In the 16th-17th centuries, not a single self-respecting aristocrat could do without a fork at the table, even if he was impoverished and impoverished.

In England, the fork began to come into use only in the 18th century. So unhurried distribution of it at the local meals was greatly facilitated by Catholic Church, who declared our heroine "excessive luxury."

But Marina Mnishek brought the fork to Russia. During the wedding feast on the occasion of her betrothal to False Dmitry I, she took it out and used it for its intended purpose. Of course, the unseen taka brought shock and awe to almost all the boyars present, not to mention the clergy. Until the 18th century, the fork in Russia was called "horn" or "wilts".

The fork owes its modern form, curved in the prong part, to the Germans. All in the same 18th century, the first such samples appeared in Germany. In addition, she added teeth - there have been four of them since the classic fork.

Plates, spoons, knives, forks - all this, of course, is good. But without a pan in which food is cooked, so that later it can be laid out on a plate and absorbed with the help of cutlery - "and neither here nor there."

Everything is simple here. First, of course, there was a pot. Clay, then ceramic. It was in the pots that they cooked porridge and soups, and also simply boiled water. They stewed meat, fish, vegetables, baked various products.

Naturally, in view of the fact that the pots were multi-purpose products, they were made by potters of different sizes, and therefore capacity. There were pots for many buckets, huge ones, and there were also quite small ones that could hold several glasses of liquid.

Another difference is the exterior finish. Those pots in which food was served on the table were decorated richer. And ordinary, oven, most often left without decorations at all. Interestingly, the closer to our time, the less Russian craftsmen (and foreign ones too) paid attention to decorating pots. In the first place was the strength of the pot. If, however, it happened that the pot cracked, it was not thrown away, but, when possible, it was braided, for example, with birch bark and used to store various products.

Alas, no matter how good the pot was, the culinary needs of the population in different countries became more and more sophisticated - he could no longer fully satisfy them. It's time for pots (from the French Casserole). A saucepan is a metal container known to all of us for cooking (cooking) food. You can cook in a saucepan over an open fire or in the oven. Normal saucepan - with handles and with a lid. The thicker the bottom of the pan (within reasonable limits), the better - in such utensils, food burns less.

Now in the kitchens you can see cast iron, aluminum pans, stainless steel pots, enameled and non-stick. The shape of the pot may depend on what kind of dish it is primarily intended for (for example, an oval duckling).

No matter how hard you try, it’s hard to imagine a full-fledged kitchen without a frying pan (and more than one). Therefore, a few words about her.

It is hardly worth explaining to our readers what a frying pan is. Its history is naturally connected with the same clay pot. Actually, the first frying pans were also clay. Even now, in the cuisines of many peoples, the use of these for the preparation of certain dishes is provided (for example, roasting smoked meat among the Abkhaz before serving it on the table). The logic of development, modification of the frying pan and achieving its modern look, I think, is also clear.

Nowadays, clay pans are found only in national restaurants. They have long been replaced by metal ones. A frying pan is a relative of a pan, and therefore, like it, it can be cast iron, aluminum, stainless steel, with a non-stick coating. Frying pans are also divided according to their purpose: for grilling food, pancakes, for fish, Chinese "wok" ...

A frying pan can be without handles at all, with one or two. As a rule, it is completed with a lid, which can be metal or glass (transparent).

To be continued

This article talks about the most interesting and fascinating facts about the history of dishes, cutlery, basic utensils. Next, you will find materials that describe in detail the various types and types of things mentioned here, the pros, cons, the purpose of this or that utensil or utensils, and the rules for caring for them.