What is subject and predicate. Types of predicates in Russian What does the predicate mean

However, not everyone fully understands what this mysterious definition means. Let's try to fill in the gaps in our knowledge and understand in detail, the predicate and the subject. What parts of speech can they be expressed in? And in what cases are they separated in a letter such as a dash?

Definition

To understand what a predicate and a subject are, it is necessary to understand their definitions.

Subject who? or what? and denoting the subject that is being discussed in the sentence. Warm weather prevailed throughout the region. In this example, the word "weather" acts as a subject (that is, the subject of speech), and the grammatical features that the other main member of this sentence, the predicate, depend on it.

Predicate- this is one of the main members of the proposal, answering the questions: what to do? what? what's happening? who it(or what) subject? It denotes an action that is performed by the subject of speech, its state or sign. In the above example, the verb " established". From the subject, he received such features as the singular and the feminine ending.

Ways of expressing the subject and predicate

This is one of the most difficult questions in this topic. Indeed, in order to understand what the predicate and the subject are, it is necessary to be able to correctly determine them in speech.

Subject

The subject of a sentence can be expressed in the following parts of speech:

• Noun or pronoun (in I. p.). Good weather has set in.
• Adjective, numeral or participle (in I. p.). Seven do not wait for one.
• Composite structures:
• numeral + noun: There were a lot of people in the room;
• adjective + preposition + noun: The best of the athletes did not come to the start of the competition;
• pronoun + adjective or participle: Something light rustled in the air;
• noun + preposition + noun: Elena and her husband came to visit friends.
• Infinitive. Smoking is injurious to health.

Predicate

The predicate in a sentence can be expressed by the following parts of speech:

• verb (simple or compound). Marina dreams of becoming a biologist.
• Noun. Victor is my only love.
• Adjective or participle. How rich is the nature of the Ural Mountains!

Dash between subject and verb

The table below clearly shows in which cases the main members
sentences are separated in writing by this punctuation mark.

It should be remembered what the predicate and subject are, as well as the fact that when they change places in a sentence, they change their functions. My best friend is Julia. Julia is my best friend.

Predicate- the main member of a two-part sentence, denoting the action or sign of what is expressed by the subject.

Predicate has a lexical meaning (names what is reported about the realia named in the subject) and grammatical meaning (characterizes the statement from the point of view of reality or irreality and the correlation of the statement with the moment of speech, which is expressed by the forms of the mood of the verb, and in the indicative mood - and time).

There are three main types of predicates: simple verb, compound verb and compound nominal .

Simple verbal predicate, ways of expressing it

Simple verb predicate(PGS) can be expressed one word and ambiguously .

PGS- one word :

1) a verb in conjugated form, that is, the form of one of the moods; in these cases, the predicate agrees with the subject: He read / reads / will read / would read / let him read / this book.

2) verbal interjection or infinitive; there is no agreement between the predicate and the subject: And the hat bam right on the floor. As the music starts, the boy will immediately dance.

PGS- phrase :

1. PGS - phraseologically free , but syntactically related phrase - may have the following structure and typical meaning:

1) repetition of the verb form to indicate the duration of the action:
I go, I go, but the forest is still far away.

2) repetition of the verb form with a particle so to indicate an intense or fully implemented action:
That's what he said.

3) repetition of the same verb in different forms or single-root verbs to enhance the meaning of the predicate:
He does not sleep himself and does not let others.
I can't wait for spring.

4) a semantic verb with an auxiliary verb form that has lost or weakened its lexical meaning and introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence:
And he take it and say / know yourself sings.

5) two verbs in the same grammatical form to denote an action and its purpose:
I'll go for a walk in the garden.

6) a verb with a particle was, introducing the meaning of a failed action:
I was going to the cinema, but didn't go.

7) design with the value of the intensity of action:
All he does is sleep.

2. PGS- phraseological unit denotes a single action, inseparable in meaning into an action and its material object, in most cases this phraseological unit can be replaced by one verb: take part, come to your senses, fall into a rage, sound the alarm, have the opportunity, have the intention, have the habit, have the honor, have the right; to express a desire, to burn with desire, to acquire a habit, to consider oneself entitled, to consider it necessary etc.:

He attended the conference(=participated).

Compound verb predicate(GHS) has the following structure:
pre-infinitive part + infinitive.

Infinitive expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate - calls the action.

Pre-infinitive part expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, as well as an additional characteristic of the action - an indication of its beginning, middle or end (phase meaning) or possibility, desirability, degree of commonness and other characteristics that describe the attitude of the subject of the action to this action (modal meaning).

Phase value expressed by verbs become, start (start), accept (accept), continue (continue), stop (stop), stop (stop) and some others (most often these are synonyms for the above words, characteristic of the colloquial style of speech):

I started/continued/finished reading this book.

modal value can be expressed

1) verbs to be able, able, want, wish, try, intend, dare, refuse, think, prefer, get used to, love, hate, beware, etc.

2) a linking verb to be (in the present tense in zero form) + short adjectives glad, ready, obliged, must, intends, capable, as well as adverbs and nouns with a modal meaning:

I was ready / willing / able to wait.

Both in the pre-infinitive part and in the position of the infinitive, a phraseological unit can be used:

He is eager to participate in the conference(= wants to participate)
He wants to attend the conference(= wants to participate).
He lit with eagerness to take part in conference(= wants to participate).

The complication of CGS occurs due to the additional use of a modal or phase verb in its composition:

I started to want to eat.
I felt that soon I could start to want to eat.

A special type of GHS is presented in sentences, the main members of which are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form: to be afraid of wolves - do not go into the forest. The auxiliary part of such predicates is not typical for compound verbs: it is represented by the linking verb to be, which occurs in compound nominal predicates. In addition to being, the auxiliary part can also be represented by the verb mean, for example:

Not to come means to offend.

The predicates expressed are not compound verbal predicates:

1) the compound form of the future tense of the imperfective verb in the indicative mood: I will work tomorrow;
2) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive that occupies the position of an object in the sentence in the case of different subjects of action in the conjugated form of the verb and the infinitive: Everyone asked her.underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to sing (everyone asked, but she should sing);
3) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, which in a sentence is a circumstance of the goal: He went outside for a walk.

It is easy to see that in all these cases the conjugated form of the verb before the infinitive has neither phase nor modal meaning.

Compound nominal predicate

Compound nominal predicate(SIS) has the following structure:
nominal part (bundle) + nominal part.

Nominal part expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.

Indicative part expresses the grammatical or grammatical and part of the lexical meaning of the predicate.

Indicative part happens:

1) abstract: the verb to be (meaning "to appear" and not "to be" or "to have"), which expresses only the grammatical meaning of the predicate - mood, tense, person / gender, number; in the present tense, the abstract connective appears in the zero form: He is a student / was a student.

2) semi-significant (semi-abstract): verbs to appear (appear), to be, to appear (to appear), to introduce themselves (to appear), to become (become), to become (to be done), to stay (to remain), to be considered, etc., which express the grammatical meaning of the predicate and complement the meaning expressed by the nominal part; these verbs are usually not used without a nominal part.

For example: He turned out to be a student. She seemed tired.

3) significant (full-valued): verbs of movement, state, activity go, walk, run, return, sit, stand, lie down, work, live, etc.

For example: We returned home tired. He worked as a janitor. He lived as a hermit.

Significant and semi-significantbundle when determining the type of the predicate, it can be replaced by an abstract one.

The nominal part can be expressed in one word and ambiguous.

Single-word noun expression :

1) a noun in the case form, more often in the nominative case. / instrumental.

For example: He/was a teacher. The skirt was in a cage.

2) an adjective in full and short form, in the form of any of the degrees of comparison.

For example: His words were smart. He became taller than his father. He is the tallest in the class.

3) full or short participle: Letter was not printed .

4) pronoun: This pencil is mine!

5) numeral: He was eighth in line.

6) adverb: The conversation will be frank. I felt sorry for the old man.

An ambiguous expression of the nominal part:

1) a phraseologically free, but syntactically related phrase may have the following structure:

a) a word with a quantitative meaning + a noun in the genitive case.

For example: The boy was five years old.

b) a noun with words dependent on it, if the noun itself is not very informative, and the semantic center of the statement is located precisely in the words dependent on the name (the noun itself in this case can be thrown out of the sentence almost without loss of meaning).

For example: He is the best student in the class.

2) phraseological unit: He was the talk of the town.

The linking part can also be expressed by a phraseological unit:

He looked gloomy and distracted - phraseologism in the connective part;

A compound nominal predicate, like a compound verb, can be complicated by introducing a modal or phase auxiliary verb into it.

For example: She wanted to appear tired. He gradually began to become a specialist in this field.

The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main members of the proposal

The grammatical basis of a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.

The grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meanings of the sentence. They are connected with the meanings of moods and tense of the verb-predicate.

Troops move to the front.

(The action is actually happening and takes place in the present tense).

Yesterday he came to us.

(The action actually happened, but in the past tense).

Would you talk to your mother, Ivan!

(The action is not realized in reality, but desired by the speaker).

The subject and predicate are called the main members of the sentence, because all the minor members in the sentence directly or indirectly extend them.

We show the dependence of the minor terms on the main ones in the following diagram:

The astonished Varenukha silently handed him an urgent telegram..

The subject as a member of the sentence. Subject forms

The subject is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?

The subject in Russian can be expressed in different ways, sometimes in "unusual" forms. The following table will help determine the correct subject.

The main ways of expressing the subject.

Predicate as a member of a sentence. Predicate types

The predicate is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject of a special connection and has a meaning expressed in questions, what does the subject of speech do? what happens to him? what is he? what is he? who is he? and etc.

The predicate in Russian is simple and compound. A simple (simple verbal) predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

Compound predicates are expressed in several words, one of them serves to connect with the subject, while the semantic load falls on the others. In other words, in compound predicates, lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.

(Verb was colonel

(Verb started serves to connect with the subject, on the word work the semantic load of the predicate falls.)

Among compound predicates, there are compound verbal and compound nominal predicates.

Learn more about predicate types. Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

It can be expressed in the following forms of the verb:

We emphasize that in the case of you will be expected tomorrow, the simple verb predicate is expressed by the compound form of the future tense of the verb wait.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of two components - an auxiliary verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an indefinite form of the verb that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here it began - this is an auxiliary verb, and gnaw is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

(Here I don’t want to - this is an auxiliary verb, and to offend is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

The role of an auxiliary verb can be a combination of some short adjectives (should, glad, ready, obliged, etc.) and a linking service verb to be in the form of one of the moods (in the present tense, this link is omitted).

(here the linkage will be omitted).

So, let's imagine the structure of the compound verbal predicate by the formula:

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate consists of two components: a linking verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here the connective verb will become, and the nominal part is expressed by the adjective viscous.)

(Here the connective verb will be, and the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by the noun handball player.)

Let's represent the structure of the compound nominal predicate by the formula:

The nominal part of the compound nominal predicate is expressed by the following parts of speech: noun, adjective (full and short, different forms of degrees of comparison), participle (full and short), numeral, pronoun, adverb, word of the category of state, verb in indefinite form.

In Russian, at least four main types of one-component sentences can be distinguished.

The main types of two-part sentences

Knowing the main types of two-part sentences, it is easier to find grammatical foundations in them.

The main types of one-part sentences

Secondary members of the sentence: definition, addition, circumstance

All members of the sentence, except for the main ones, are called secondary.

Secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis, but spread (explain) it. They can explain other secondary terms as well.

Let's demonstrate this with a diagram:

According to their meaning and role in the sentence, secondary members are divided into definition, addition and circumstance. These syntactic roles are identified by questions.

Valued (to what extent?) high- circumstance.

appreciated (what?) canvases- addition.

Canvases (whose?) his- definition.

Complement as a member of the proposal. Types of add-ons

The addition is a minor member of the sentence that answers the questions of indirect cases (i.e. all except the nominative) and designates the subject. The complement usually spreads the predicate, although it can also spread other members of the sentence.

I enjoy reading (what?) magazines. (Here the addition of the logs extends the predicate.)

Reading (what?) magazines is an exciting activity. (Here, the addition of logs propagates the subject.)

Supplements are most often expressed by nouns (or words in the function of nouns) and pronouns, but can also be represented by an indefinite form of the verb and phrases that are integral in meaning.

He shaved in the campaign (with what?) With a bayonet. (Here, the addition of a bayonet is expressed by a noun.)

This is understandable only to connoisseurs of (what?) Beauty. (Here the complement of the beautiful is expressed by the adjective as a noun.)

And I will ask you (about what?) to stay. (Here the object to remain is expressed in the indefinite form of the verb.)

He read (what?) many books. (Here, the addition of many books is expressed by a combination that is integral in meaning.)

Additions are either direct or indirect.

Direct objects are transitive verbs and denote the subject to which the action is directly directed. Direct objects are expressed in the accusative case without a preposition.

I don’t know when I will see my relatives now (v. p.).

These furnaces used to melt steel (vp).

All other additions are called indirect.

Play the piano (p. p.).

I put the bread on the table (c.p. with a preposition).

I was forbidden to worry (expressed in the indefinite form of the verb).

2. In order to correctly identify the predicate in a sentence, one must remember that

The predicate depends on the subject and answers questions what does the subject do? what is the subject? what happens to him? who is the subject? what is an object?

- predicates are simple and composite.

- phraseological unit: He Participated in in conference(=participated).

Note:

- A simple verbal predicate is most often expressed in one word (verb), but can consist of two words if the verb is used in the future compound tense ( will read) or in the form of an imperative mood (let them read).

- Common mistakes should be avoided when isolating a simple verbal predicate:

often students forget to include in the composition of the predicate particles LET, COME ON, WOULD, forming the forms of the imperative and conditional (subjunctive) mood: May the sun always shine(Predicate LET SHINE.) Let's talk about it tomorrow. (Predicate LET'S TALK.) I wouldn't go.(The predicate WOULD NOT GO.)

mistakenly include secondary members in the predicate: seeds ripen in fruits.(In this sentence, it is impossible to single out a combination of words as a predicate "ripe in fruit" because "in fruits" - circumstance of place.)

2) Compound verb predicate:

- auxiliary verb + infinitive: He started talking excitedly.

A) beginning, end or continuation + infinitive: He started coughing. She is keeps laughing. We finished doing an exercise. I stopped running in the morning.

B) auxiliary verb with meaning tendencies, habits+ infinitive: I want a lot of travel. You could speak not so loud? We we try Good to study. She is seeks a lot of train.

b)auxiliary verb with meaning thoughts, feelings+ infinitive: He afraid to be late for the exam. We we don't like a lot of travel. They are thought to come in time.

- short adjective (HAPPY, READY, MUST, OBLIGATE, CAPABLE, INTEND, AGREE, HAVE TO) + infinitive: I happy to visit at the conference. We ready to be on duty in the dining room. She is agree to leave for him married. They are you need to live far from home. You must immediately leave.

- NECESSARY, NECESSARY, NECESSARY + infinitive: Gotta wash hands before eating. to me need urgently leave. To you must pass work by the deadline. Rules You don't need to learn, just practice.

Note:Common mistakes should be avoided when isolating a compound verb predicate:

- often students incorrectly define the boundaries of the compound verbal predicate and instead of the entire predicate, emphasize only one part of it: They will start preparing for the competition.(In this sentence, only one word cannot be singled out as a predicate. "begin" since it does not name the main action that the subject performs "they", but only indicates the phase of its flow (beginning of execution). The predicate will be a combination of words "begin to prepare": auxiliary "begin" expresses grammatical meaning (indicates that the action will take place soon), and the infinitive "prepare" - lexical, that is, directly names the action.)

- the infinitive is not included in the predicate, but is a minor member, if

A)the infinitive and the auxiliary verb denote the actions of different persons: Everyone asked her to sing something.(Subject "they" performs only the action named by the verb "asked"(everyone asked, but she should sing). Infinitive "sing" in this case will be addition.)

The infinitive-complement depends on predicates with a specific meaning - the meaning of the will: ask, order, persuade, beg: pleads about what? come to visit; proposed what? go to the disco.

1) simple verb the predicate can be expressed:

- verb in the form of the indicative, imperative or conditional mood: She is sings. She is will sing. She is sing. Let she is sing! Come on, sing! I would sing you.

- infinitive: Live - Motherland serve. How the music will play, little boy right away dance.

B) the infinitive depends on the verb of motion: He came to find out information about the upcoming transfer exams.(Infinitive "to know", used with the verb of motion "came" is a condition of the goal.

to the infinitive, you can ask the question WHAT? The desire to wander attacked him. (Hunting(which?) wander. Before us is the infinitive in the role of an inconsistent definition.)

So, the infinitive in a sentence can be part of a compound verbal predicate, or it can act as a secondary member of the sentence. To determine the syntactic role of the infinitive, it is necessary to ask a semantic question to it. If this can be done, we have before us - a secondary member of the sentence (circumstance, addition, definition), if not - part of the compound verbal predicate.

3) Compound noun predicate

Linking verb + nominal part (noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, participle, adverb): A taskturned out to be difficult.My father -doctor.

The linking verb expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate.

The nominal part expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.

2. linking verb TO BE in the form of one of the moods (WAS, WILL BE, WOULD BE, LET WILL BE) + nominal part: Let will be kind you have a mind and a heart will be smart.

Note:in the present tense, the linking verb BE appears in the zero form: He student. He was a student. He will soon will be a student.

B) Linking verb TO BE, TO SEE, TO BECOME, TO BECOME, TO BE, TO STAY, TO BE, TO BE RECOGNIZED, TO LOOK + nominal part: The plot of the novelturned out to be original.She isis the mistressthis machine. On the streetit gets cold.His character has also changed.became heavy and irritable.

3. linking verb with meaning movement, position in space+ nominal part: Autumncame rainy.Heleft reassured.

Ways of expressing the nominal part

Note:Common mistakes should be avoided when highlighting a compound nominal predicate: often students incorrectly define the boundaries of a compound nominal predicate and instead of the entire predicate, emphasize only one part of it: Comedy plotturned out to be original.

In this sentence, only one word cannot be singled out as a predicate. "turned out" since it does not give an exhaustive description of the subject "plot". It is important that the plot was new, unusual. The predicate will be a combination of words "turned out to be original": linking verb "turned out" expresses a grammatical meaning (indicates that the event was in the past), and the adjective "original" - lexical, that is, directly characterizes the subject.