The most dangerous diseases and pests of forest plantations. Insect pests of the forest

The forest is an invaluable wealth, a place of life for animals, birds and other living creatures. However, like any living organism, it is not protected from factors such as diseases and pests of the forest, which can cause significant damage. Trees can become sick and die as a result of damage by forest pests and diseases.

Diseases of the forest are caused by fungi (for example, chaga mushroom on a birch), viruses and bacteria. Pathogens can enter the tree through cuts, broken branches, cracks in the bark. If a large area of ​​the bark is damaged, if water and fungus spores enter, the wood begins to rot, and this leads to the death of the tree.

Forest pests are insects, mites, some species of rodents and lagomorphs that damage various parts, tissues, organs of trees and shrubs. Such actions cause significant damage to vegetation: reduced growth and fruiting of plants, disruption of the process of renewal and growth, premature death and damage to wood.

The most common forest pests are insects. In accordance with the habitat, the nature of nutrition, as well as the nature of the damage caused, insect pests can be divided into the following groups:

• Pests of foliage and needles (needles and leaf-eating (primary) attacking healthy plants);
• Stem (secondary), attacking weakened trees;
• Root or living on the soil;
• Pests of fruits and seeds;

Consider what pests and diseases of the forest exist:

Pests of foliage and needles

This species is especially diverse and numerous, it includes representatives of various orders of forest insects that feed on foliage and needles. Periodic outbreaks of mass reproduction occur under special favorable conditions. Each such outbreak has a duration of seven generations of pests and is divided into four phases:

1. Initial (the number of pests is increasing at an insignificant pace);
2. An increase in the number (there is a formation of foci of pests);
3. Outbreak (insect pests in the maximum amount cause enormous damage);
4. Crisis (flare fading);

During an outbreak, pests of the forest - beetles multiply massively and in the shortest possible time spread over vast territories (thousand hectares of forest), so the damage can be calculated in whole plantations.

Pine pest. Young larvae gnaw needles on the sides, leaving the middle untouched, this leads to drying, yellowing and twisting of the needles.

With mass outbreaks of sawfly breeding, it is able to damage pine plantations over vast areas.

Control measures: for the destruction of larvae of younger ages, plantings are sprayed with insecticides.

Pine moth

Damages Scotch pine. Moth caterpillars that feed on needles, growing up, eat whole pine needles, are harmful. Damaged trees become weakened, depleted, and can be damaged by secondary pests.

Control measures: Pollination of pine plantations with special preparations (organophosphorus or pyrethroid compounds).

Pine cocoon

It harms Scotch pine, sometimes other conifers.

Young needles serve as food for caterpillars of the first ages, they eat the needles on the sides and top; older caterpillars gnaw coniferous needles along the entire length. Eating needles - for a tree means weakening, and as a result, the settlement of pests by beetles.

Control measures: insectivorous birds (cuckoos, jays, orioles) are attracted to plantations; with a large number, they carry out spring treatments of the forest litter with biological products and insecticides.

Gypsy moth

Pest of most hardwoods.

Caterpillars most often harm fruit trees, from which they move to oak, linden, hornbeam and many other species. Mass breeding outbreaks often occur in oak plantations. Trees after damage can be restored, but if a drought was noted during a critical period, both individual oaks and huge oak plantations die.

Control measures: treatment of deciduous plantings with insecticide preparations.

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stem pests

Wood pests belonging to this group are quite numerous: beetles, hymenoptera and butterflies. Stem pests of the forest live and develop under the bark, harm the wood of the trunk and branches, gnaw through passages in living layers. Such actions lead to the complete drying of trees or partial death (branches and tops).

Forests affected by drought, flooding and fires are at risk, so the mass reproduction of pests directly depends on the viability and sanitary condition of plants, trees and plantings. Damage to trunks, pests of the forest, as a rule, do not colonize healthy trees; they mainly affect weakened trees that are dying, freshly dead or old deadwood.

The fight against stem pests is carried out mainly by preventive measures: mixed crops are created, breeds are selected according to local climatic and soil conditions, which are more resistant to pests and diseases; observance of the felling system and sanitary rules.

Today, it is already widespread method of therapeutic and chemical means of combating pests and diseases of trees with the help of injections.

bark beetle typographer

Beetles mainly live on lying, sick and weakened trees. During mass reproduction, healthy trees are also populated. For additional nutrition, young beetles eat away the bast of the tree. The bark beetle makes winding passages in the trunk. One generation of beetles develops during the year.

Polygraph fluffy

A beetle from the bark beetle family, most often inhabits free-standing spruce trees with a smooth bark of medium thickness, they settle densely along the entire length. Young beetles, pupae and larvae hibernate in the bark of trees. Depending on the climatic zone, it develops in two to three generations per season.

longhorn beetles

An extensive family of beetles: beetles tetropiums, black coniferous beetles;

Pests: oak, beech, hornbeam, walnut, rarely linden.

Most varieties of barbels are oligophages (they feed on plants close to each other), conifers infect some species, and deciduous species infect others.

Additional food for young beetles is the pollen of flowers, the juicy bark of young shoots, foliage or tree sap. To search for food, they fly to plants. They are active at night.

Barbels usually settle in old trees with thick trunks, sometimes they choose oak stumps for housing.

Protective Measures: Insectivorous birds, especially woodpeckers, are attracted to the plantations to control barbel beetles.

Oak motley barbels

They damage oak, hornbeam, pear, less often chestnut, beech, and other hardwoods.

Settled in harvested wood, logging residues and stumps. They prefer to live in sparse and well-lit plantations; First of all, they settle in weakened and drying out trees.

Control measures: a selection of green trees is used, monitoring the timely removal of harvested wood; insecticides are used in areas of mass reproduction.

Root pests

Root pests include a large number of insects. Forest pests mainly damage the roots of the larvae of these insects ( May beetles, wireworms, dark beetles), as well as some other species that live in the soil. Adult insects, developing in the soil, come to the surface in order to mate and search for additional food. After a while, the females burrow into the ground, lay their eggs and die. Most root pests cause significant damage in nurseries and young plantings.

Pests of seeds, fruits and cones

This group of pests includes insects. (moth butterflies and leafworms, flies, mosquitoes, weevils), some species of animals that feed on cones and fruits of trees, which prevent the renewal of tree species.

The fight against such pests is difficult due to the fact that most of them lead a hidden lifestyle inside fruits and seeds.

tree diseases

It should be noted that some tree species are resistant to certain diseases. Immunity to the disease is based on the fact that the pathogen cannot reproduce and infect a tree with a certain chemical composition of foliage and wood. However, the main factor is the age and condition of the tree, as well as the activity of the pathogen.

Diseased trees can be identified by their appearance:

• The foliage has a characteristic curl, swelling and folds;
• Shoots are twisted, growths appear on them;
• Shoots and branches are crowded;
• Discharge from wounds and cracks: resinous (coniferous trees), gum (drupaceous trees);

In this article, we got acquainted with the most common pests and diseases of the forest. These problems are dealt with by specialists in phytopathology and entomology, who are engaged in the preservation of the forest as an invaluable wealth for future generations.

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This is interesting - is the bark beetle typographer the most dangerous pest of the forest?

FOREST PESTS

Forest pests are organisms that damage various parts, organs and tissues of trees and shrubs. As a result, the growth and fruiting of plants is reduced, renewal and growth are disturbed, they die off and, first of all, wood is damaged. The vast majority of forest pests belong to the class of insects, in lesser degree some types of ticks and vertebrates, especially rodents and lagomorphs, are harmful. As part of the forest fauna, pests organically enter the forest community. In virgin (natural) forests, their vital activity does not lead to any destructive consequences and does not harm the existence and renewal of forest vegetation. But forest pests prevent a person from leading rational use forests, therefore they are also called pests of forestry. In each ecological and economic group there are mass species that periodically reproduce in large numbers over a large area and cause significant harm; types of limited distribution, forming local centers of mass reproduction; species capable of causing damage, but not carrying out potential harmfulness in a given territory under existing conditions. According to the nature of forest damage harmful organisms they can be divided into two groups: focal (concentrated, concentrated) and diffuse (scattered, dispersed) damage. In turn, each of these groups, according to the degree of territorial distribution, is divided into large-scale and local damage.

The vast majority of tree pests are insects. Depending on the habitat and nature of nutrition, the nature of the damage caused, forest pests are divided into specialized groups - pests of foliage and needles (needle- and leaf-eating (primary)), attacking healthy plants; stem (secondary), attacking weakened trees; root, or soil-dwelling; pests of fruits and seeds.

PESTS OF FOLIAGE AND NEEDLE

Needle- and leaf-eating pests are especially diverse and numerous; include representatives of various orders of forest insects that feed on leaves (needles). Foliage and needles are damaged mainly by butterfly larvae (caterpillars), less often by sawfly larvae, in isolated cases by beetles (from the leaf beetle family) and some other insects. In the larval and adult stages, they lead an open lifestyle (only some in the larval phase live inside the leaves), so they are directly influenced by various climatic factors. Some of the needle- and leaf-eating insects (butterflies, sawflies, weavers) are characterized by large fluctuations in numbers; for others (leaf beetles, elephants, blisters, etc.) - more moderate; they form foci mainly in young plantations, parks and shelterbelts. Under favorable conditions, forest pests periodically give outbreaks of mass reproduction. Each outbreak usually takes 7 generations of pests and consists of 4 phases: initial (the number of pests increases slightly), increase in numbers (foci of pests are formed), outbreaks themselves (forest pests appear in mass and strongly eat tree crowns), crisis (the outbreak fades). During an outbreak of mass reproduction, needle- and leaf-eating insects are able to spread over hundreds of thousands of hectares in a relatively short time and cause severe damage to forests, causing loss of growth, severe weakening and subsequent drying out of trees or entire plantations. Tree species tolerate crown eating in different ways. The most sensitive to this damage are dark coniferous species - fir, cedar pine and spruce, in which the loss of 70 - 80% of needles leads to the inevitable death of the tree. Scotch pine, as a rule, safely tolerates a single full overeating, and larch - twice. Deciduous species are much more resistant.

The causes of outbreaks of leaf and needle-eating insects are still not entirely clear. Needle-eating insects usually damage a somewhat weakened tree stand more severely; for leaf-eating insects, this has not yet been proved. Outbreaks or at least rises in the number of many tree pests (for example, gypsy moth, pine cutworm, pine moth, pine sawfly) are repeated at intervals of 10–12 years and are strictly timed to certain phases of the 11-year cycle of solar activity, however, the mechanism of this phenomenon is up to still unknown. In terms of their effect on plants, sucking insects - aphids, coccids, psyllids, etc. - are in many ways similar to leaf-eating pests.

silver hole (Phalera bucephala)

Phalera bucephala

Phalera bucephala larva

pine cocoon moth (Dendrolimus pini)

Dendrolimus pini

Dendrolimus pini

In the prewar years, in a number of regions of the Republic of Bashkortostan (Kugarchinsky, Buraevsky, etc.), the caterpillars of this pest, having destroyed the leaves of trees, moved to the grain fields. Over the past century, outbreaks of its numbers have been noted at least 10 times. In 1961, more than 250 thousand hectares of plantations of the republic suffered from the gypsy moth. A strong outbreak of this species was also noted in the late 1970s. Butterfly flies in July-August. Eggs laid in the butt end withstand frosts up to 60 o. FROM

gypsy moth

Among these pests, the most dangerous is the Siberian silkworm (Siberian cocoonworm) - a butterfly of the cocoonworm family. This is a large butterfly (in females, the wingspan is 60-80 mm, in males - 40-60 mm), the color of which varies from light brown to black. Occurs from the Urals to Primorye. Eggs (200-800 per clutch) are laid by the female on needles, branches and trunks of trees. After 2-3 weeks, caterpillars up to 7 cm long appear, feeding on needles and hibernating under the forest floor. In the spring they rise to the crown and eat the old needles, and in the fall they again go to winter. In the spring of the third year, the caterpillars feed on the Siberian cocoon moth most intensively and pupate in a cocoon in June. A month later, butterflies emerge from the chrysalis. Outbreaks of mass reproduction occur after 2-3 dry years and last 7-10 years. The outbreaks occur in forests thinned by cuttings and fires.

STEM PESTS (XYLOPHAGES)

Stem pests are very numerous, they belong to the orders of beetles (mainly bark beetles, barbels, borers, weevils), hymenoptera (horntails) and butterflies (wood borers, glass-cases). Drillers, grinders, etc. are of less importance. As a rule, they lead a hidden lifestyle, only adult insects live openly (in bark beetles, they spend most of their lives inside tissues). They develop under the bark and in the wood of the trunk and branches, gnawing passages in the bast, cambium and in the living layers of sapwood (often having a shape characteristic of each species), often causing the trees to dry out or lead part of it (branch, top) to die off. Many make deep moves in the trunks, depreciating the wood. Such insects pose a formidable danger to forests affected by drought, flooding, fires, gas or dust emissions, leaf-eating pests, and other adverse factors. Pseudobark beetles, borers, grinders, and some other beetles are incomparably less important. Mass reproduction depends on the viability of trees, plantations and their sanitary condition. The most important feature of stem pests is that, as a rule, they do not settle on healthy trees. Their species can populate either weakened, but still alive, often outwardly healthy trees, or dying or freshly dead (including freshly cut), or old dead wood. In plantations with poor sanitary condition or located near the centers of mass reproduction of secondary pests, even quite healthy trees are often colonized by them.

Stem pests are very dangerous for artificial forest plantations and plantations in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, often suffering from a lack of moisture. Control measures are mainly preventive: forestry measures that increase the biological stability of plantations (creation of mixed crops with undergrowth, selection of species that are resistant to diseases and pests in accordance with local climatic and soil conditions, the correct choice of felling system, compliance with sanitary rules, etc.) , timely cleaning of felling sites from

logging residues, etc. Effective laying of hunting trees in plantations, for which they use fallen by wind, storm, snow, diseased and severely weakened trees, which attract pests flying in spring (a month before the start of summer) and summer (immediately before the start of summer or when the first beetles appear). After being colonized by pests, trapping trees are debarked during the period when insects develop under the bark and they do not penetrate either into the wood or into the thickness of the bark, and the bark is burned or scattered in open places with the bast up. Significant distribution begin to receive medical-chemical means of struggle.

bark beetle

two-spotted borer (Agrilus biguttatus)	Agrilus biguttatus larva	pine blue borer (Phaenops cyanea)	gray long-horned beetle (Acanthocinus aedilis)	Acanthocinus aedilis	Acanthocinus aedilis larva
short root barbel (Spondylis buprestoides)	Spondylis buprestoides larva	pine black barbel (Monochamus galloprovincialis)	coniferous big horntail (Urocerus gigas)	Pine weevil (Hylobius abietis)

ROOT PESTS

A significant part of insects belongs to the root pests of the forest. The roots of plants are usually damaged by their larvae - the larvae of beetles and other lamellar beetles, click beetles (wireworms), dark beetles (false wireworms), as well as some other species that live and lay eggs in the soil, where all their development takes place. Adult insects, born in the soil, come to its surface only for additional feeding and mating. Mature females for laying eggs again burrow into the soil and then die. Most root pests cause particular damage in nurseries and young stands. Survival, growth, development, and number of root pests depend not only on soil conditions, but also on the characteristics of the vegetation cover. Predatory insects, other soil invertebrates, as well as mammals and birds, have a serious influence on fluctuations in their numbers. Mainly beetles. lamellar (beetle), and above all May beetle, most often develop in non-renewed clearings and subsequently greatly and for a long time make it difficult to grow trees on them. Among other agaric beetles, the June beetle (Amphimallon solstitialis) was noted, damaging the roots of coniferous and deciduous trees. It is common in clearings and clearings of forests.

PESTS OF CONES, FRUITS AND SEEDS

These include an extensive group of insects (butterflies - leafworms and moths, dipterans - flies, mosquitoes, beetles - weevils, etc.) and some other animals that feed on the tissues of the reproductive organs. The biological features of these pests are determined by the specifics of the ecological niche they occupy. During the feeding period, they lead a hidden lifestyle and develop in accordance with the phenological phases of forage species. Populations of these pests are formed only in plantations that have entered the period of regular fruiting. Many types of pests have adapted to the conditions of periodic fruiting of trees, i.e. alternation of seed years with low-yielding or lean years. The number of insect species from different families and orders annually destroy a significant part of the cones and fruits on the trees (almost completely with a low yield). They damage the generative organs of tree species and often cause great damage to forestry, thus significantly hindering the renewal of tree species. In addition to insects, other animals also damage trees, but their role, with a few exceptions, is small. Ticks sucking leaves and shoots cause galls to form on them. In some cases, mice, voles and hares cause harm to forest nurseries and young forest crops.

The fight against these pests is difficult, since most of the time they lead a hidden lifestyle inside the seeds and fruits.

NURSERY AND YOUNG PESTS

The group of pests of nurseries and young stands includes a large number of species that differ greatly in the type of food and the nature of the harm caused, lifestyle and environmental features. According to their ecological and economic features and lifestyle, they can be divided into two main subgroups: harmful soil-living insects (root pests) and pests of above-ground plant parts. With the growth and development of young tree species different types and groups of pests successively replace each other, but often they can harm together.

Protection of the forest from pests is carried out through the application of systems of measures carried out under the control and with the participation of a specialized forest protection service. Against these pests, which pose a great threat to nurseries, forest crops and field-protective plantings, preventive and extermination control measures are used. The preventive ones include forestry and silviculture, the destructive ones are chemical (mixing seeds with insecticides before sowing, introducing insecticides into the soil and treating seedlings, seedlings and cuttings with them, aerial dusting of plantations against adult beetles, etc.) and some physical and mechanical control measures. In relation to specific cases, systems of measures are developed on the basis of data from special surveys.

LITERATURE

1. Forest entomology, 4th ed., M. - L., 1961;

2. Vorontsov A.I., Biological bases of forest protection, M., 1963;

3. Surveillance, accounting and forecasting of mass reproductions of needle- and leaf-eating insects in the forests of the USSR, ed. A.I. Ilyinsky and I.V. Tropina, M., 1965;

4. Khramtsov N.N., Padiy N.N., Stem pests of the forest and their control, M., 1965;

5. Rudnev D.F., Chemical means of forest pest control, M., 1966.

6. Vorontsov A.I. Forest entomology, 4th ed. M., 1982; Animal world of Bashkortostan, 2nd ed. Ufa, 1995; Forests of Russia: encyclopedia. M., 1995.

animals that damage forest trees and shrubs. The vast majority of V. l. belongs to the class of insects, some types of ticks and vertebrates, especially rodents (Mouse-like rodents) and lagomorphs (Hares), are less harmful. Depending on the nature of nutrition, V. l. subdivided into needle- and leaf-eating (primary), attacking healthy plants; stem (secondary), attacking weakened trees; root, or soil-dwelling; pests of fruits and seeds.

Stem V. l. very numerous, belong to the orders of beetles (mainly bark beetles, barbels, borers, weevils), hymenoptera (horntails) and butterflies (woodworms, glass cases). As a rule, they lead a hidden lifestyle, only adult insects live openly (in bark beetles, they spend most of their lives inside tissues). Gnawing passages in the bast, cambium and wood, often cause the trees to dry out; many make deep moves in the trunks, devaluing the wood. Mass reproduction depends on the viability of trees, plantations and their sanitary condition. Stem pests usually inhabit weakened trees. In plantations with poor sanitary condition or located near the centers of mass reproduction of secondary pests, even quite healthy trees are often colonized by them. Control measures are mainly preventive: forestry measures that increase the biological stability of plantations (creation of mixed crops with undergrowth, selection of species that are resistant to diseases and pests in accordance with local climatic and soil conditions, the correct choice of felling system, compliance with sanitary rules, etc.) , timely cleaning of felling sites from logging residues, etc. Effective laying of trapping trees in plantations, for which they use fallen by wind, storm, snow, diseased and severely weakened trees, which attract pests flying in spring (a month before the start of summer) and summer (immediately before the start of summer or when the first beetles appear). After being colonized by pests, trapping trees are debarked during the period when insects develop under the bark and they do not penetrate either into the wood or into the thickness of the bark, and the bark is burned or scattered in open places with the bast up. Significant distribution begin to receive medical-chemical means of struggle.

To root V. l. include the larvae of beetles and other lamellar beetles, click beetles (wireworms), dark beetles (false wireworms), as well as some other species that live and lay eggs in the soil, where all their development takes place. Against these pests, which pose a great threat to nurseries, forest crops and field-protective plantings, preventive and extermination control measures are used. The preventive ones include forestry and silviculture, the destructive ones are chemical (mixing seeds with insecticides before sowing, introducing insecticides into the soil and treating seedlings, seedlings and cuttings with them, aerial dusting of plantations against adult beetles, etc.) and some physical and mechanical control measures. In relation to specific cases, systems of measures are developed on the basis of data from special surveys.

Fruit and seed pests, which include a large number of insect species from different families and orders, damage the generative organs of tree species and often cause great damage to forestry. The fight against these pests is difficult, since most of the time they lead a hidden lifestyle inside the seeds and fruits. See also Pests of agricultural plants.

Lit.: Forest entomology, 4th ed., M. - L., 1961; Vorontsov A.I., Biological bases of forest protection, M., 1963; Supervision, registration and forecast of mass reproductions of needle- and leaf-eating insects in the forests of the USSR, ed. A. I. Ilyinsky and I. V. Tropin. Moscow, 1965. Khramtsov N. N., Padiy N. N., Stem pests of the forest and their control, M., 1965; Rudnev D. F., Chemical means of forest pest control, M., 1966.

N. N. Khramtsov.

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