Quality grade. Classes of adjectives according to lexical and grammatical features
Adjective- This independent part of speech, which indicates the attribute of the subject and answers questions "Which?", "whose?" (green, bird, cold, kind).
Adjective points to the following signs of the subject:
- item size: narrow, small, low, wide;
- physical properties of an object: hard, cold, liquid, sour;
- the shape and position of the object: top, round, curve;
- abstract properties of an object: smart, cheerful, dreamy, evil;
- spatial characteristics of the subject: southern, Tibetan, Scandinavian;
- temporal characteristics of the subject: early, late, morning, afternoon, winter;
- purpose of the subject: weaving, military, sleeping;
- object material: wood, iron, gold, paper;
- quantitative attribute of an object: double, triple, four-year;
- belonging of the subject: paternal, grandfather, wolf, fish and others item characteristics.
Classification of adjectives.
By value adjectives are divided into three categories:
- quality adjectives;
- relative adjectives;
- possessive adjectives.
Morphological features of adjectives.
Adjectives decline for numbers, genders and cases. The initial form of the adjective is the nominative singular masculine.
Adjective It has degrees of comparison, and also has full and short forms.
Adjective always agrees in gender, number and case with the word being defined.
Classes of adjectives.
As mentioned above, adjectives are divided into three categories: qualitative, relative and possessive.
quality adjective indicates a sign of an object that is available for perception by the human senses (sight, touch, hearing, etc.).
There is a range parameters, by which the adjective indicates the attribute of the subject:
- Item size: big, small, huge, wide;
- Item shape: round, square, flat, straight;
- Physical properties of the item: liquid, viscous, crumbly;
- Item color: white, yellow, red;
- The taste of the subject: sour, sweet, bitter, salty;
- Item smell: fragrant, odorous, stinking;
- Item weight: heavy, light, weightless, weighty;
- Subject temperature: cold, hot, cool, warm;
- Item sound: ringing, deafening, quiet, loud;
- General assessment of the subject: harmful, useful, important and etc.
Features of qualitative adjectives.
quality adjectives have a whole list of features and characteristics, among which are the following:
- Availability degrees of comparison:
bright - brighter - brightest - brightest.
- Availability of long and short forms:
Cheerful - cheerful, kind - kind, fat - fat, single - single.
Note. Adjectives are not declined for cases in short form.
- Ability to form adverbs ending in -e, -o:
Cheerful - fun, good - good, bad - bad.
- Ability to form abstract nouns:
Cheerful - fun, kind - good, evil - evil, young - youth.
- Ability to form compound adjectives repeat:
Kind-kind, sleepy-sleepy, sad-sad.
Relative adjectives.
relative adjective indicates a sign that indirectly expresses relation to other parameters:
- Face: student life, children's nutrition.
- Place: underground river, rural road.
- Material: watermelon candy, wood chair, floral aroma.
- Time: winter hike, evening jog.
- Purpose, action, property: sliding sofa, self-propelled apparatus, ironing board.
There are also many other options that relative adjectives indicate relation to other objects.
Features of relative adjectives:
1. They do not form degrees of comparison: a chair cannot be more or less wooden, or a spoon more or less tin.
2. Relative adjectives can be replaced by synonymous phrases: chicken soup - chicken soup, downy featherbed - downy featherbed.
Possessive adjectives.
possessive adjective indicates belonging to someone and answers the question "whose?"(whose? whose? whose?):
Wolf fur, dog tail, mother's skirt, girl's braid.
Declension of adjectives.
Declension of adjectives- this is a change of adjectives in cases, numbers and genders. As we have already said, the adjective is inextricably linked with the noun, the attribute of which indicates, respectively, is controlled by it. This means that the adjective agrees with the given noun in number, gender and case.
This rule does not apply to short form adjectives - they are not declined by cases, only by numbers and genders.
Adjectives, masculine singular, having the endings -oy, decline in the same way as adjectives in -y:
Dobr th, factory Ouch- kind Wow, factory Wow- kind omu, factory omu etc.
Renowned linguist Yu.S. Stepanov believed that the difference quality And relative meanings of adjectives is one of the most difficult. This division is carried out not even in all languages. In Russian, secondary school students are already learning to distinguish between these categories of adjectives.
As you probably remember, adjectives answer questions Which? which? which? which?
Which? –small yard, school teacher, bear claw.
Which? –wonderful weather, wooden bench, fox face.
Which? –excellent mood, pearl necklace, horse hoof.
Which? – polite students, district competitions, bunny ears.
Each row contains examples. qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. How to distinguish them? As it has already become clear, simply asking a question to an adjective will not give a result, the discharge cannot be determined in this way.
Grammar will come to the rescue semantics(meaning of the word). Consider each category of adjective names by value .
quality adjectives
It is clear from the name that these adjectives mean item quality. What kind of quality could it be? Color(lilac, burgundy, bay, black), form(rectangular, square), physical characteristics of living beings (fat, healthy, active), temporal and spatial signs (slow, deep), general qualities, inherent in an animated object ( angry, funny, happy) and etc.
Also, most (but not all!) quality adjectives have a range of grammatical features, by which they are quite easy to distinguish from other adjectives. These features may not necessarily be a whole set for each quality adjective, but if you find that at least some sign is suitable for this adjective - in front of you is a quality adjective. So:
1) Qualitative adjectives designate a feature that can appear to a greater or lesser extent. Hence the possibility of forming degrees of comparison.
Thin - thinner - thinnest. Interesting – less interesting – most interesting.
2) form short forms. Long - long, small - small.
3) Compatible with adverbs of measure and degree. Very beautiful, extremely entertaining, completely incomprehensible.
4) From quality adjectives can be formed adverbs in -o (-e) And nouns with abstract suffixes -ost (-is), -out-, -ev-, -in-, -from- :magnificent - magnificent, clear - clarity, blue - blueness, blue - blueness, thick - thickness, beautiful - beauty.
5) It is also possible to form words with diminutive or augmentative suffixes: angry - furious, dirty - dirty, green - green, healthy - hefty.
6) Can have antonyms: large - small, white - black, sharp - dull, stale - fresh.
As you can see, there are many signs, but it is absolutely not necessary to use all of them. Remember that some quality adjectives no degrees of comparison some do not form abstract nouns, some cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree, but they fit in other ways.
For example, the adjective bay. This adjective does not fit any grammatical criteria, but denotes color = item quality, means it quality.
or adjective beautiful. Can't say very lovely, but you can form an adverb Wonderful. Conclusion: adjective quality.
Relative adjectives
designate sign through relation to the subject. What kind of relationships can these signs be? Material from which the object is made ( iron nail - iron nail, stone cellar - stone cellar, velvet dress - velvet dress); place, time, space (today's scandal - the scandal that happened today; intercity bus - a bus between cities; moscow region - region of moscow); appointment(parent meeting - meeting for parents, children's shop - shop for children) and etc.
Signs et 
and not temporary, but permanent, That's why all the features inherent in qualitative adjectives do not have relative ones. This means that they do not form degrees of comparison(can't say that this house is wooden, and that one is more wooden), incompatible with adverbs of measure and degree(can't say very gold bracelet) etc.
But phrases with relative adjectives can convert, replacing the adjective. For example, villager - villager, milk porridge - porridge with milk, plastic cube - plastic cube.
We hope that it has become clearer to you how to distinguish between qualitative and relative adjectives. And we will talk about possessive adjectives and some traps in the next article.
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§1. General characteristics of the adjective
The adjective is an independent significant part of speech.
1. grammatical meaning- "sign of the subject."
Adjectives are words that answer the questions: what?, whose?
2. Morphological features:
- constants - rank by value, for qualitative ones: full / short form and degrees of comparison,
- inflected - case, number, in the singular - gender.
3. Syntactic role in a sentence: for full forms of quality adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives - a definition, for short forms of quality adjectives - part of a compound nominal predicate.
§2. Morphological features of adjectives
The adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or immutable). Others, on the contrary, are non-permanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a quality adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different genders. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to variable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, linguists refer to constant features. Different permanent signs are expressed in different ways. For example:
sweeter - comparative adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending,
less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet,
sweet - a short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. has a null ending, while the full form sweet has an ending -y.
Non-permanent signs: case, number, gender (in the singular) are expressed by endings: sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, etc.
§3. Ranks of adjectives by meaning
Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:
- quality: big, small, good, bad, funny, sad,
- relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
- possessive: fox, wolf, father, mother, fathers.
Quality adjectives
Qualitative adjectives denote features that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question: Which?
They have:
- full and short forms: good - good, cheerful - cheerful
- degrees of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.
Most quality adjectives are non-derivative words. The stems of quality adjectives are generating stems from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad.
The meaning of quality adjectives is such that most of them enter into relationships
- synonyms: big, large, huge, huge
- antonyms: big - small.
Relative adjectives
Relative adjectives correlate in meaning with the words from which they are formed. Therefore, they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden ← gold, tomorrow ← tomorrow, forest ← forest, spring ← spring. The signs expressed by relative adjectives do not have different degrees of intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Answer the question: Which?
Possessive adjectives
These adjectives express the idea of belonging. They, unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms.
Suffixes of possessive adjectives: fox - -iy- [iy '], mother's - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-.
Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the above examples, it can be seen that in the initial form (im.p., singular, m.r.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings -
oh, oh, oh.
Forms im.p. and v.p. possessive adjectives. and plural as in nouns, and the rest as in adjectives:
Singular
Im.p. zh.r. - a: mother, fox, m.r. -:, mother, fox cf. - oh, e: mom, fox.
Rod.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - wow, his: mother's, fox.
Data p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - oh, him: mother's, fox.
Win.p. zh.r. - y, y: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. R. - as im.p. or r.p.
Tv.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - th, them: mother's, fox.
P.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - om, eat: mother's, fox.
Plural
Im.p. - s, and: mother's, fox.
Rod.p. - oh, them: mother's, fox.
Data p. - th, them: mother's, fox.
Win.p. - as im.p. or v.p.
Tv.p. - s, them: mother's, fox.
P.p. - oh, them: mother's, fox.
Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are due to the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:
- fox nora is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning - relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
- bitter medicine is a quality adjective, and bitter truth is relative (corresponding to bitterness)
- light bag is a quality adjective, and light life is relative (corresponding to ease)
§4. Full and short forms of quality adjectives
Qualitative adjectives have both forms: both full and short.
In full form, they are inclined, i.e. change by numbers, by gender (in singular) and by cases. Full adjectives in a sentence can be an attribute or part of a compound nominal predicate.
Late at night they left the house.
Late is a quality adjective, positive. degree, complete, in the form of singular, f.r., tv.p.
In the short form, adjectives are not declined. They do not change by case. Short adjectives change by number and gender (singular). Short forms of adjectives in a sentence are usually part of a compound nominal predicate.
The girl is sick.
Sick - a quality adjective, put. degree, short form, singular, female IN modern language in the role of definitions, short adjectives are in stable lexical combinations, for example: beautiful girl, in broad daylight.
Do not be surprised:
Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much.
Relative and possessive adjectives have only the full form. Please note: for possessive adjectives with the suffix -in- in im.p. coinciding with it form v.p. ending - as in short forms.
§5. Degrees of comparison
Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how the language expresses that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And the language conveys this content.
The degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of comparison. They do it systematically. Three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.
- Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: high, cheerful, warm.
- Comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, higher, more cheerful, warmer, less high, less cheerful, less warm.
- Superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.
It can be seen from the examples that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is transmitted either with the help of suffixes: higher, more fun, highest, funniest, or with the help of words: more, less, most. Therefore, comparative and superlative degrees of comparison can be expressed:
- simple forms: higher, highest,
- compound forms: higher, less high, highest.
Among the simple forms in Russian, as well as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from a different base.
- good, bad - positive degree
- better, worse - comparative degree
- best, worst - superlative
Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change in different ways:
- Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
- Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, the change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
- Superlative degree (simple): highest, highest, highest - varies by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.
- Superlative degree (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.
Adjectives in a simple comparative form in a sentence are part of the predicate:
Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. Anna is older than Ivan. She used to be taller, but now Ivan is taller.
The remaining forms of comparison are both in the role of a definition and in the role of a predicate:
I approached the older guys.
The guys were older than I thought.
I turned to the older guys.
These guys are the oldest of those who are engaged in the circle.
test of strength
Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.
Final test
Is an adjective an independent part of speech?
What adjectives can express signs expressed to a greater or lesser extent?
- quality
- relative
- Possessive
Which adjectives are characterized by lexical relations of synonymy and antonymy?
- For quality
- For relative
- For possessive
Are relative adjectives derived?
Which full adjectives have a special set of endings?
- Quality
- Relative
- Possessive
Do adjectives in full form change by case?
What forms of adjectives are characterized by the syntactic role of the attribute?
- For full
- For brief
Do all adjectives change by case?
- Not all
Do all adjectives change by gender?
- Not all
Do adjectives in the superlative change in case?
Can comparative or superlative degrees be expressed in one word?
Can adjectives move from one class of meaning to another?
Right answers:
- quality
- For quality
- Possessive
- For full
- Not all
- Not all
In contact with
Stefanova Larisa Mikhailovna, teacher of Russian language and literature, State Educational Institution of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Republican Education Center", Syktyvkar, Republic of Komi
Ranks of adjectives by meaning
Textbook: " Russian language, 6th grade. Authors Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A., Trostentsova L.A. Textbook for educational institutions in two parts. Moscow, "Prosveshchenie", 2015.
The purpose of the lesson: the formation of the concept of the ranks of adjectives.
Tasks:
Ogurgling:
- to introduce students to the categories of adjectives, their distinguishing features;
developing:
- to form in students the ability to determine the category of adjectives;
- develop students' spelling and punctuation skills;
educational:
- educate interest in the Russian language as an academic subject.
Cognitive UUD:
- ability to work with information;
- use of sign-symbolic means, general solution schemes;
- execution of logical operations (comparison, analysis, generalization, establishment of analogies).
Regulatory UUD:
- drawing up a plan and sequence of actions;
- self-control, correction of knowledge, skills and abilities;
- awareness of the quality and level of assimilation.
Communicative UUD:
- the ability to express one's thoughts, to build an oral statement, taking into account the sphere and situation of communication, to participate in a conversation, discussion;
- the ability to draw conclusions, generalize, argue your point of view.
Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, screen, lesson presentation created in Power Point 2003.
During the classes:
Organizing time.
Blitz survey on the topic "Adjective name":
What questions does the adjective answer?
What is the general grammatical meaning of adjectives.
How do adjectives change?
What syntactic role do adjectives play in a sentence?
What degree of comparison does an adjective have? How are they formed?
Message about the topic and purpose of the lesson.
- Guys! Today we will continue our acquaintance with the adjective. Write down the topic of the lesson. slide 1.
Observation of linguistic material.
Exercise: write out phrases like “adj. + noun”, determine the gender, number and case of adjectives. Slide 2.
Winter came and covered the badger mink with a deep snowdrift.
badger mink
deep snowdrift (m. p., singular, tv. p.)
snowdrift
Compilation of clusters.
Slide 3. Qualitative adjectives.
What adjective denotes a sign (quality) of an object that can be in this object to a greater or lesser extent?
Which adjective has degrees of comparison?
Which adjective is shortened?
What adjective can be combined with the adverb VERY?
Which adjective forms complex adjectives by repetition?
What adjective form adjectives with the prefix NOT?
All of the above features are inherent in the adjective DEEP. This is a quality adjective.
What signs (qualities) can denote quality adjectives?
Slides 4-11 are shown, examples are given:
color - red ball,
size - tall house,
shape - round apple,
age - young man,
the inner qualities of a person - a brave knight,
the state of mind of a person is a cheerful girl,
taste - sour lemon,
qualities that give a general description of the subject - an interesting book.
Slide 12. Relative adjectives.
Which of the adjectives denotes such a feature of an object that cannot be more or less? Indicates the material from which the object is made? It has no degrees of comparison, a short form and does not combine with the adverb VERY? ( SNOW)
Absolutely right guys. This is a relative adjective.
Relative adjectives can denote the material from which the object is made, consists, spatial, temporal signs of the object, characterize the object by action.
Slides 13-16. Meanings of relative adjectives (examples):
material - earthenware jug,
time - winter day,
place - mountain river,
action - swimming pool.
Slide 17. Possessive adjectives.
And we have one more adjective left - BADGER. This is a possessive adjective.
Why do you think possessive adjectives got their name? What questions do possessive adjectives answer and what do they mean? (Possessive adjectives indicate that something belongs to a person or animal and answer the questions WHOSE? WHOSE? WHOSE? WHOSE?).
What suffixes do possessive adjectives have? (-OV (-EV), -IN (-YN), -IY).
5. Primary fastening. Development of skills and abilities of students.
Exercise 1. Write down the sentences by inserting the missing letters and denoting spellings in place of the gaps. Read expressively excerpts from the poems of Russian poets; remember their names and authors. Find adjectives, determine their category.
1. Ripe lingonberries,
The days have become colder ...
And from the birds ... his cry
In the heart ... it became sad ... her.
(K. D. Balmont "Autumn")
2. It smelled of winter cold
In fields and forests.
Lit up with bright purple
Heaven before sunset.
(I. A. Bunin "The First Snow")
3. Under the blue skies
In ... magnificent carpets,
Fucking in the sun, the snow lies.
(A. S. Pushkin "Winter Morning")
Checking the execution of the task. Slides 18-20.
Task 2. Work with the textbook. Execution of ex. 341 (p. 17). Slide 21.
Determine the category of the resulting adjectives. Prove your opinion. (These are qualitative adjectives, since they form complex adjectives by repetition).
Task 3. Form adjectives from these nouns, make phrases like “adj. + noun"; determine the category of adjectives. slide 22.
fox - ... (fox hole - possessive);
stone - ... (stone house - relative);
happiness - ... (happy child - quality);
bear - ... (bear's lair - possessive);
evening - ... (evening twilight - relative);
running - ... (treadmill - relative);
sea - ... (sea coast - relative);
mother - ... (mother's umbrella - possessive).
Checking the execution of the task. slide 23.
Say the words LI WITH BL , MEDVE AND NYA. What sounds do you hear in place of the highlighted letters? What is the function of b? (Dividing b)
Task 4. Work with the textbook. Execution of ex. 350 (p. 22). slide 24.
Punctuation in direct speech (passing repetition). Work according to the schemes:
6. Summing up the lesson. Reflection. Evaluation of students' work in the classroom by the teacher. Self-assessment using the “Unfinished Sentence” technique (slide 25):
1) Today at the lesson I learned (a) ...
2) I was ... (difficult, difficult, easy, interesting, etc.).
3) I learned (as) ...
7. Homework. Ex. 344, 349.
Slides 26-27. Used Internet sources.
Ranks of adjectives
quality adjectives denote qualities, properties that can manifest themselves to a greater or lesser extent and be perceived by the senses. May be non-derivative (tall, smart, sad) and derivatives ( remote, cocky, caring). Qualitative adjectives have grammatical and lexical and derivational features. With some exceptions, they may have:
- full and short forms: smart - smart, short - short;
- degrees of comparison: kind - kinder - kindest; light - lighter - the lightest;
– forms of subjective assessment: green - green, heavy - heavy;
- the ability to combine with adverbs of measure and degree: very beautiful, very unpleasant;
- the ability to form adverbs of measure and degree: easy – easy, distant - far;
- the ability to form abstract nouns: new - novelty, beautiful - beauty.
Relative adjectives indicate a sign through relation to another object, action, circumstance, etc. It's unchanging constant sign, which cannot manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent, is indicated indirectly, through motivation, by another word. Relative adjectives do not have the grammatical and lexical and derivational features characteristic of qualitative adjectives. They are always derivative and are motivated by the generating word: pine(related to pine) triple(consisting of three).
Possessive adjectives designate various meanings belonging to a person or animal: swan, fathers, mother's. According to inflectional and derivational features, they are represented by two groups: 1) adjectives with suffixes –ov (-ev), -in (-yn): fathers, mother, sisters; 2) adjectives in -th, -ya, -e, -other, -sky: dog scent, bear den, swan cry, Turgenev estate.
The boundaries between the lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives are permeable - adjectives can, when changing meanings, move from one category to another: wolf tail(possessive) - wolfish appetite ( quality ), iron nail ( relative ) - The Iron Lady ( quality ), beaver house ( possessive ) -beaver collar ( relative ).
When changing the lexical meaning, some additional grammatical characteristics may be acquired. For example, cardiac muscle (muscle of the heart) the relative adjective has no degrees of comparison; a warm person (kind, sympathetic) quality adjective, can have degrees of comparison: There was no person more cordial than him, they gave us the most cordial welcome.