In the autumn of 1611, after the failure of the first militia, the Nizhny Novgorod headman, merchant Kuzma Minin began to raise funds to create a second people's militia. More than once, Kuzma Minin spoke to the people of Nizhny Novgorod with a call to rise to fight against foreign invaders, for the liberation of the Russian state, for the Orthodox faith, not to spare their lives, but to give all the gold and silver to the maintenance of the military people. They heard in Nizhny Novgorod the appeals of their headman, people hastily began to collect money for the creation of a second militia. The amount of tax for these purposes amounted to one fifth of the total property of each citizen. Kuzma Minin was engaged in organizational activities in the second militia, collecting money for its maintenance. The military affairs of the second militia were handled by an experienced governor, Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. By the time the liberation campaign of the second militia began, in February 1612, many Russian cities and lands declared their support for the movement of Minin and Pozharsky. The people of Dorogobuzh, Vyazma, Kolomna, Aramzas, Kazan and other cities willingly joined Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky.

In the spring of 1612, the second militia, led by Dmitry Pozharsky, moved to Yaroslavl. In Yaroslavl, a provisional government of Russia was created - the "council of all the earth." The militia stayed in Yaroslavl for four months.

In the summer of 1612, bloody events broke out in Moscow and on the outskirts of it. The Poles sent reinforcements to Moscow, in the form of a whole military corps under the command of Khodkevich. It is good that Trubetskoy's Cossacks, after the defeat of the first militia, remained not far from Moscow. Cossack hundreds more than once saved the position of the army of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky. The militias managed to withdraw Khodkevich's detachments from Moscow during fierce battles. The battle formations of the advancing Poles were overturned, and they turned into a flight, leaving behind artillery and the entire supply of provisions. Chodkiewicz's flight largely predetermined the fate of the Polish garrison in the Kremlin. On October 26, 1612, the Poles capitulated. The army of Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin connected with the detachments of Trubetskoy's Cossacks in the area of ​​the Execution Ground, and together entered the Kremlin through the Spassky Gate. Muscovites celebrated the victory. The confusion is over.

In 1613, Mikhail Romanov was elected king at a meeting of the Zemsky Sobor. It was from him that the glorious three hundred year history of the Romanov dynasty began. The accession of the Romanovs was one of the main events Russian history 17th century.

Consequences of Troubles:

1) a new period of Russian history - the Romanovs came to power (new dynasty). Power was legitimate;

2) the role of the Boyar Duma and Zemsky orders is being strengthened;

3) class boundaries were temporarily erased;

4) a blow was dealt to parochialism (a system for obtaining important government positions on the principle of ancestry. The principle of ancestry included 3 parameters: - the earlier the ancestors enter the service of the Moscow princes, the better; - the more merit, the better; - the more noble and ancient the family , all the better);

5) economic ruin, the deepest economic crisis;

6) Russia has lost large territories in the North-West and West of the country:

In 1617, the Stolbovsky peace treaty was signed between Russia and Sweden (volost Karelu, Yam-Koporye; Staraya Russa, Novgorod, Gdov, Ladoga were returned and the Swedish indemnity was paid - 20 thousand silver);

In 1618, Russia and the Commonwealth signed the Deulino Truce for 14.5 years, according to which Russia lost Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov and Smolensk lands. Vladislav retained rights to the Russian throne. There was an exchange of prisoners of war;

7) the morality and morality of society was at a low level;

The second national or second zemstvo militia - arose in September 1611 in Nizhny Novgorod to fight the Polish invaders. It continued to actively form during the journey from Nizhny Novgorod to Moscow, mainly in Yaroslavl in April - July 1612. It consisted of detachments of townspeople, peasants of the central and northern regions of Russia. The leaders are Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. In August 1612, with part of the forces remaining near Moscow from the First Militia, they defeated the Polish army near Moscow, and in October 1612, they completely liberated the capital from occupation by the invaders.

In the specific conditions of the Time of Troubles, the zemstvo liberation movement acquired various organizational forms on the lands occupied by large formations of the Polish-Lithuanian troops and in those cities and counties that opposed the pro-Polish policy of the Moscow government. Undoubtedly, the factor of the presence of detachments of foreigners on a significant part of the Russian territory was of decisive importance on the nature and scale of the struggle in these places with intervention and interventionists. The Russian people inhabiting them used the methods of guerrilla warfare more widely (tactics of ambushes and raids), rallied into detachments of the so-called "shish", whose military organization resembled that of the Cossacks. Curious reports about the actions of the "shisha" against the Poles were preserved in the diary of Samuil Maskevich, who served in the Kremlin garrison and took part in the campaigns of the interventionists for provisions in Rogachevo and the Volga. “The Muscovites (“shishi”. - V.V.) guarded us,” Maskevich wrote, “learning through scouts that the comrades had gone to the colo, and that we were standing without guards, they raided us in broad daylight, partly on horseback, some on skis. Below he adds: "We had barely moved a mile or two from the hetman's camp, when the shishi attacked us and won the victory without difficulty: for the Muscovites who were with our carts immediately turned over to their own; while others blocked the way with wagons."

In the notes of N.G. Ustryalov to this edition of Samuil Maskevich's "Diary" about "shishs" it is said that they are "freemen who do not recognize anyone's superiors except their chieftains." This opinion appears to be erroneous. "Shishami" were mainly peasants of Russian villages and villages devastated by the Poles, experiencing quite understandable hatred for every foreigner. The organization of the rebel forces, similar to the Cossack, was a distinctive feature of all popular movements of the 17th century. Ustryalov N. G.; "Diary of Maskevich 1594-1621"; internet article.

The election of the king

After the capture of Moscow, the Russian co-rulers Pozharsky and Trubetskoy decided to convene representatives from the cities (7 people from each) to select a new king. In January 1613, elected representatives from all classes, even peasants, gathered.

The question of choosing a sovereign from among foreign rulers was resolved in the negative. However, none of the Russian candidates immediately met with unanimous support. Four candidates were nominated: Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky, Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky, Dmitry Timofeevich Trubetskoy and Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Contemporaries accused Pozharsky that he campaigned strongly in his favor.

The elections were very stormy. There is a legend that Patriarch Filaret demanded restrictive conditions for the new king and pointed to his son as the most suitable candidate. Mikhail Fedorovich was indeed chosen, and undoubtedly, he was offered those restrictive conditions that Filaret wrote about: “Give full play to justice according to the old laws of the country; do not judge or condemn anyone by the highest authority; without a council, do not introduce any new laws, do not aggravate subjects with new taxes and not to make the slightest decisions in military and zemstvo affairs. Kozlyakov V.N.: "Mikhail Fedorovich"; internet article.

The election took place on February 7, but the official announcement was postponed until the 21st, in order to find out in the meantime how the people would accept the new king. With the election of the king, the troubles ended, since now there was a power that everyone recognized and on which one could rely.

“At that time, few people saw the future tsar in the young steward. After the deposition of Tsar Vasily Shuisky in 1610, there were too many contenders for the royal throne. Except for Prince Vladislav (in favor of whom, as we remember, Mikhail’s father, Metropolitan of Rostov and Yaroslavl Filaret ), there was also the Swedish prince Karl-Philip, supported by Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky himself and the zemstvo "council of all the earth" in Yaroslavl in 1612. The restless leader of the Cossacks Ivan Zarutsky acted on behalf of the son of Marina Mniszek - "prince" Ivan Dmitrievich, or "Vorenka ", as he was called in official documents. Members of the Boyar Duma were not averse to repeating the accession attempts that Boris Godunov and Prince Vasily Shuisky had succeeded in. The boyar Prince Vasily seemed the most realistic Russian candidate

Vasilyevich Golitsyn, but he was detained in the Commonwealth. In his absence, many boyars had chances for the kingdom, especially those who were not compromised by cooperation with representatives of the Polish king in Moscow - for example, one of the leaders of the Zemstvo militia, boyar Prince Dmitry Timofeevich Trubetskoy. attempts to seize power: the dissatisfaction of the ataman Zarutsky, chosen by the king, the attempts of the Swedes to organize an attack on Moscow, the rebellion of the Cossacks, etc.

It became easier for the Russian people to liberate Moscow, but, realizing that Trubetskoy alone would not be able to do this great deed, they elected Dmitry Ivanovich Pozharsky as governor, supported in Nizhny Novgorod by the townspeople and especially Kuzma Yuryevich, who promised money for the soldiers. He donated all his property, then began to collect money from the cities for the maintenance of a considerable army, which, together with Pozharsky, led to Moscow. 85

Fearing the boyars of Pozharsky, Zarutsky went to Kolomna, from there to Mikhailov with Marina Mnishek, and finally disappeared after the battle with the Russians in Astrakhan.

On August 12, Prince Pozharsky approached Moscow with 700 cavalry soldiers, located between the Tver and Nikitinsky gates. 86 On August 30, 1612, he retook the White City. 87

§§2. Battle of the Moscow River.

On September 1, the hetman, having received only a small auxiliary army, came to the capital, wanting to help the besieged and deliver them the necessary food. Despite the numerical superiority of the Russian troops, in the ensuing battle, the Poles defeated the Russian forces, drove them to the Moscow River, pursued them, hitting them with shots. The besieged, intending to divide the Russian army, made a sortie, but the Russians overturned the enemy with heavy losses for him. 88 The hetman, realizing that without preparations he would not be able to win, withdrew to the camp near the Novodevichy Convent. Taking care of the besieged, he divided his army into two parts, since the enemy had two troops: the army of Pozharsky and the army of Trubetskoy. One part of the hetman's army fought Pozharsky's forces for a long time, and finally took possession of the battlefield. The other part also achieved success. 89 In the Wooden City, part of the Russian infantry sat down in the ditches, the Poles, unable to overcome them with fire, began to fight with hand weapons (sabers). The Russian archers ran, the Poles cut them down. 90 But the Russians decided to attack the hetman's camp, which caused him to retreat with the carts, despite a long skirmish. Muscovites celebrated their victory. On September 7, the hetman, having suffered significant losses, with the remaining 400 horsemen, promising to return to the besieged Poles, moved to Poland.

§3. Liberation of Moscow.

The doomed were left alone with a terrible famine and an enemy besieged on all sides. 91 After the destruction of the Kremlin with red-hot cannonballs, Pozharsky invited the proud Poles to surrender. 92 October 4, he began to shoot at the tower with cannons. 93 On October 15, 1612, under his command, they began to dig to Kitay-gorod; the besieged, noticing this, with the last of their strength moved to the wall, broke into the tunnel and killed the Russians, after which they returned to the fortress. On November 1, the Russians attacked Kitay-gorod, trampled the Poles, and killed their prominent commanders. On November 6, the besieged agreed to surrender on the condition of saving their lives. The next day, November 7, the Russians triumphantly entered the Kremlin. On December 8, Sigismund III, who finally went to the aid of the Poles, near Volok learned that the Russians had captured the capital. Unable to take Moscow, he withdrew his troops and returned to Poland. 95

Thus ended the long-awaited liberation of Moscow from foreign invaders. The path to achieve this goal was difficult, but the efforts of the Russians were crowned with success. Could the Poles, who began the siege of Smolensk in 1609, even imagine that this siege would return to them like a boomerang, only they and their brothers would be besieged in the very center of Russia - Moscow ... Fate severely punished them, forcing them to endure terrible hunger and deprivation. showing heroism and true love to their homeland, the Russian people liberated their capital from foreign invaders, putting an end to the tragic period of their history. And although Russia had to endure many upheavals of the Troubles that had not yet ended, she found the strength in herself to do, in my opinion, the main thing - to cleanse the heart of her country from the Polish-Lithuanian interventionists, which contributed to the restoration of Russian statehood.

- Tsarevo Zaimishche - Klushino - Mozhaisk - Moscow (1611) - Volokolamsk - Moscow (1612)- Moscow battle

Second people's (Nizhny Novgorod) militia, second zemstvo militia- militia, which arose in September 1611 in Nizhny Novgorod to fight the Polish invaders. It continued to actively form during the journey from Nizhny Novgorod to Moscow, mainly in Yaroslavl in April - July 1612. It consisted of detachments of townspeople, peasants of the central and northern regions of Russia, non-Russian peoples of the Volga region. The leaders are Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. In August 1612, with part of the forces remaining near Moscow from the First Militia, they defeated the Polish army near Moscow, and in October 1612, they completely liberated the capital.

Prerequisites for the creation of the second militia

The initiative to organize the Second People's Militia came from the craft and trade people of Nizhny Novgorod, an important economic and administrative center on the Middle Volga. At that time, about 150 thousand males lived in the Nizhny Novgorod district, there were up to 30 thousand households in 600 villages. There were about 3.5 thousand male residents in Nizhny itself, of which about 2.0 ÷ 2.5 thousand townspeople.

Disastrous situation in the Nizhny Novgorod Territory

Nizhny Novgorod, in terms of its strategic position, economic and political significance, was one of the key points in the eastern and southeastern regions of Russia. In the conditions of the weakening of the central government, the hostage of the interventionists, this city became the initiator of a nationwide patriotic movement that engulfed the Upper and Middle Volga regions and neighboring regions of the country. It should be noted that the inhabitants of Nizhny Novgorod joined the liberation struggle a few years before the formation of the second militia.

They used Greek manuscripts for cooking, finding a large and priceless collection of them in the Kremlin archives. Boiling parchment, they extracted from it a vegetable glue that deceives their painful hunger.

When these sources dried up, they dug up the corpses, then began to kill their captives, and with the intensification of feverish delirium, they reached the point that they began to devour each other; this is a fact beyond the slightest doubt: the eyewitness Budzilo reports incredibly terrible details about the last days of the siege, which he could not invent ... Budzilo names faces, notes the numbers: the lieutenant and haiduk each ate two of their sons; another officer ate his mother! The strong took advantage of the weak, and the healthy took advantage of the sick. They quarreled over the dead, and the most amazing ideas of justice were mixed with the strife generated by cruel madness. One soldier complained that people from another company ate his relative, when in fairness he himself and his comrades should have eaten them. The defendants referred to the rights of the regiment to the corpse of a fellow soldier, and the colonel did not dare to stop this strife, fearing that the losing side of the lawsuit would eat the judge out of revenge for the sentence.

Pozharsky offered the besieged a free exit with banners and weapons, but without looted treasures. They preferred to eat prisoners and each other, but they did not want to part with money. Pozharsky with the regiment stood on the Stone Bridge at the Trinity Gates of the Kremlin to meet the boyar families and protect them from the Cossacks. On October 26, the Poles surrendered and left the Kremlin. Budilo and his regiment ended up in Pozharsky's camp, and everyone survived. Later they were sent to Nizhny Novgorod. Strus with the regiment came to Trubetskoy, and the Cossacks exterminated all the Poles. On October 27, a solemn entrance to the Kremlin was appointed for the troops of princes Pozharsky and Trubetskoy. When the troops gathered at the Execution Ground, Archimandrite Dionysius of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery performed a solemn prayer service in honor of the victory of the militias. After that, to the sound of bells, the winners, accompanied by the people, entered the Kremlin with banners and banners.

: In 25 tons / under supervision

- Tsarevo Zaimishche - Klushino - Mozhaisk - Moscow (1611) - Volokolamsk - Moscow (1612)- Moscow battle

Second people's (Nizhny Novgorod) militia, second zemstvo militia- militia, which arose in September 1611 in Nizhny Novgorod to fight the Polish invaders. It continued to actively form during the journey from Nizhny Novgorod to Moscow, mainly in Yaroslavl in April - July 1612. It consisted of detachments of townspeople, peasants of the central and northern regions of Russia, non-Russian peoples of the Volga region. The leaders are Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. In August 1612, with part of the forces remaining near Moscow from the First Militia, they defeated the Polish army near Moscow, and in October 1612, they completely liberated the capital.

Prerequisites for the creation of the second militia

The initiative to organize the Second People's Militia came from the craft and trade people of Nizhny Novgorod, an important economic and administrative center on the Middle Volga. At that time, about 150 thousand males lived in the Nizhny Novgorod district, there were up to 30 thousand households in 600 villages. There were about 3.5 thousand male residents in Nizhny itself, of which about 2.0 ÷ 2.5 thousand townspeople.

Disastrous situation in the Nizhny Novgorod Territory

Nizhny Novgorod, in terms of its strategic position, economic and political significance, was one of the key points in the eastern and southeastern regions of Russia. In the conditions of the weakening of the central government, the hostage of the interventionists, this city became the initiator of a nationwide patriotic movement that engulfed the Upper and Middle Volga regions and neighboring regions of the country. It should be noted that the inhabitants of Nizhny Novgorod joined the liberation struggle a few years before the formation of the second militia.

They used Greek manuscripts for cooking, finding a large and priceless collection of them in the Kremlin archives. Boiling parchment, they extracted from it a vegetable glue that deceives their painful hunger.

When these sources dried up, they dug up the corpses, then began to kill their captives, and with the intensification of feverish delirium, they reached the point that they began to devour each other; this is a fact beyond the slightest doubt: the eyewitness Budzilo reports incredibly terrible details about the last days of the siege, which he could not invent ... Budzilo names faces, notes the numbers: the lieutenant and haiduk each ate two of their sons; another officer ate his mother! The strong took advantage of the weak, and the healthy took advantage of the sick. They quarreled over the dead, and the most amazing ideas of justice were mixed with the strife generated by cruel madness. One soldier complained that people from another company ate his relative, when in fairness he himself and his comrades should have eaten them. The defendants referred to the rights of the regiment to the corpse of a fellow soldier, and the colonel did not dare to stop this strife, fearing that the losing side of the lawsuit would eat the judge out of revenge for the sentence.

Pozharsky offered the besieged a free exit with banners and weapons, but without looted treasures. They preferred to eat prisoners and each other, but they did not want to part with money. Pozharsky with the regiment stood on the Stone Bridge at the Trinity Gates of the Kremlin to meet the boyar families and protect them from the Cossacks. On October 26, the Poles surrendered and left the Kremlin. Budilo and his regiment ended up in Pozharsky's camp, and everyone survived. Later they were sent to Nizhny Novgorod. Strus with the regiment came to Trubetskoy, and the Cossacks exterminated all the Poles. On October 27, a solemn entrance to the Kremlin was appointed for the troops of princes Pozharsky and Trubetskoy. When the troops gathered at the Execution Ground, Archimandrite Dionysius of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery performed a solemn prayer service in honor of the victory of the militias. After that, to the sound of bells, the winners, accompanied by the people, entered the Kremlin with banners and banners.

: In 25 tons / under supervision