Physiognomic types of personalities. Planetary Types. The history of the emergence of physiognomy The essence of the ancient teaching which is called physiognomy

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Introduction

1. History of physiognomy

2. The concept of physiognomy

3. Features of physiognomy

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

You met with a stranger. What kind of character does he have, what actions can he perform, what type of activity is preferable for him, and what can be expected of him at all? You can tell by looking at his face.

The ancient occult science of physiognomy has been trying for thousands of years to prove the existence of connections between the face and the fate of a person. Term "physiognomy" comes from the Greek words "nature" And "knowledge" and means the art of knowing the character of a person, his fate by facial features. There are professions in which, in order to perform duties qualifiedly and achieve mastery, a specialist must have not only specific professional knowledge, but also experience in “reading” a person’s face. These are doctors, lawyers, lawyers and investigators, artists, writers and psychologists.

Ancient scientists tried to determine by the face what was originally destined for a person by fate and what connections exist between his external appearance and the inner world. From epoch to epoch, from one people to another, interest in physiognomy either increased or suddenly disappeared. Some considered it pseudoscience, others bowed before it, but in spite of everything, it still existed and continued to develop.

Physiognomy as a science received its highest development in the East. The Chinese have been developing their methods for studying a person's face for many centuries and have learned to do this without typical mistakes and inaccuracies.

The totality of all facial features and facial expressions in general is a kind of visiting card of the inner world of a person. Facial expression is the result of emotions acting on a person and leaving a "print" on him for the rest of his life. That is, in the face of a person you can read not only feelings, but character and fate.

1 . History of physiognomy

Since ancient times, the human face has attracted scientists, thinkers and researchers. Each of them sought to create their own theory. Unfortunately, all these theories were imperfect.

Physiognomy was studied by the Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras(VI century BC) and scientists of ancient Greece and ancient Rome: eminent doctors Galen(II century BC) and Celsus(I century BC), major thinkers Cicero(I century BC), Pliny Jr.(I century BC), Roman orator Quintilian(I century BC), etc.

One of the most serious works devoted to the study of the human face belongs to Aristotle. He is considered one of the founders of the doctrine of physiognomy. He used it to recognize the spiritual qualities of people in appearance. In his works, for example, there are such words: “If people have large foreheads, then they are slow in their movements; if they have broad foreheads, they are easily subject to madness; if their foreheads are rounded or convex, then they are quick-tempered. Straight eyebrows are a sign of a soft disposition. Rigidity of character is expressed by eyebrows that are rounded towards the nose. If the eyebrows at the same time converge with each other, then perhaps the main character trait is jealousy, low-standing eyebrows are a sign of envy.

Aristotle paid great attention to the eyes. Based on his observations, he made the following conclusions:

1. The state and capabilities of the human psyche can be judged on the basis of an assessment of the structural features of his head and face.

2. In addition, certain features of a person’s face resemble animals, which are endowed with qualities allegedly inherent in them: “a thick nose, like that of a bull, means laziness; a wide nose with large nostrils, like a pig, is stupidity; sharp, like a dog's nose - a sign of choleric temperament; aquiline nose means courage; hooked, like a crow, - alertness; whoever has a wide mouth is brave."

3. It is also possible to establish similarities between an individual and representatives of entire races and nationalities - Ethiopians, Indians, Hittites, etc., then, after analyzing the personal characteristics of different peoples, determine the individual character by the severity of the corresponding external features.

4. If a person's face carries features characteristic of the manifestation of certain emotional states (peace, fear, passion), then it can be argued that this state is actually his individual feature. For example, if a person's face constantly resembles a mask of fear, then he is most likely timid by nature.

The provisions of Aristotle have long served as the basis for the observations of physiognomists-researchers. In the Middle Ages, like many other sciences, physiognomy “went underground”, but starting from the 15th century, it again became the subject of general interest, doctors, clerics, philosophers, and judges were involved in it.

Contribution Leonardo da Vinci in the image and understanding of faces is priceless. He studied facial expressions, gestures and other expressive movements of a person in detail, noting that certain facial expressions are characteristic not only of joy or grief, hatred or sadness, but also of various nuances of these experiences. “The one who laughs does not differ from the one who cries, neither in the eyes, nor in the mouth, nor in the cheeks, but only in the fixed position of the eyebrows, which join in the one who cries and rise in the one who laughs ..., eyebrows and mouth along change differently for different reasons for crying. The portrait of Mona Lisa he created is one of the greatest masterpieces of art. Leonardo da Vinci “depicted that delightful smile, at the sight of which one feels more heavenly than earthly joy…. looking closer, I’m ready to swear that the vein on her neck is beating, ”Visari wrote. The posing lady was entertained by musicians hired by Leonardo, perhaps this explains her legendary smile. In his Treatise on Painting, Leonardo da Vinci recommended that artists always have an album with them so that at any time they can make a graphic sketch of an interesting person’s face that they accidentally encountered. At the same time, he advised paying attention to the emotional experiences of people - joy, sadness, etc., and in this way to accumulate visual material about the human face, human facial expressions, which could later be useful when writing large canvases.

Leonardo da Vinci was the first to correctly explain the relationship between a stable facial expression and repeated movements of facial muscles. For his studies in the field of physiognomy, he chose old people, since their wrinkles and changes in facial features spoke of the suffering and feelings they experienced.

Zurich pastor Johann (Gaspard) Lavater(XVIII) was the most famous physiognomist of his time, a talented researcher and tireless worker, who possessed logical thinking and extraordinary intuition. He owns a ten-volume essay "The Art of Knowing People by Their Faces". Like no one else, he knew how to determine the character and future of a person by his face. His job "Fragments of physiognomy", published between 1775 and 1778, was translated into various languages ​​and used by specialists in different countries over the years.

Lavater studied the psychological characteristics of a person, using the confessions of parishioners at confession, and then compared the data obtained with the characteristics of facial features. Thus, thousands of well-known faces were described, and on the basis of this material, conclusions were drawn about the relationship between the shape of the profile and the internal warehouse of a person. So, he believed that the structure and outlines of the skull and forehead reflect the mental life of a person, and the structure of the facial muscles, the outlines of the nose and cheeks reflect the moral and emotional life; the shape of the mouth and jaw line reveal sensual, animal qualities.

Lavater, defining character traits by the relief of the face and the structure of the skull, claimed to be the founder of a new science: “Faces are as readable as it is inherent in books, the only difference is that they are read in a short time and deceive us less.”

However, Lavater made a number of mistakes that are unacceptable for a serious researcher, and subsequently his works caused serious criticism on the following points: the subject of his observations was not all facial features and their totality, but mainly its lower part and the so-called facial profile; lack of a systematic approach; objective patterns were quite often replaced by the subjective opinion of the author. Nevertheless, Lavater's ideas found their admirers. People from all over the world came to his performances and physiognomic sessions, they sent him portraits, casts and masks. They admired the physiognomist, extolled him, but at the same time they were afraid. For example, Count Cagliostro avoided meeting with him - an adventurer and sorcerer, about whom there were rumors that he was 350 years old and could turn iron into gold. To a large extent, the views of Lavater were shared by the Austrian physician Franz Josef Gall, who created his own interesting theory.

Franz Joseph Gall- a famous Austrian doctor and anatomist studied the brain. He was the first to express the opinion that the features of thinking should be associated with the features of the structure of the brain. In the cerebral hemispheres, he wanted to find "centers" for determining all human abilities.

Gall created detailed maps of the brain, where he indicated the places of concentration of the moral and intellectual qualities of a person. He argued that the shape and location of the bulges and depressions on the skull can determine the character, inclinations and mental abilities of each. With the help of special measurements, he found "bumps of abilities" for music, poetry and painting, "bumps" of ambition, stinginess, courage, motherly love.

He argued that strictly defined areas of the brain are responsible for the mind, emotions and feelings. The severity of certain qualities can be determined by the bulges in the corresponding place on the skull. According to the “bumps” on the skull, Gall and his students judged not only the predominance of certain mental or moral aspirations of a particular person, but also predicted the child’s future life and tried to give advice on what his upbringing should be.

Gall's theory quickly gained popularity, and his ideas played a positive role, as they: stimulated the study of brain tissue; served as a source of a new direction in research on the problem of localization of functions in the brain; contributed to the development of neuropsychology.

Theories of I. Lavater and F. Gall played a certain role in the formation of Cesare Lombroso's theory of the innate criminal type.

Caesar (Cesare) Lombroso- Italian psychiatrist, anthropologist, criminologist, professor at Pavia and Turin universities.

All his life Lombroso worked as a prison doctor and devoted his research to a narrow field of physiognomy - the study and description of the type of so-called "criminal man". He managed to create a classification of the facial features of criminals. Lombroso identified signs for classification by analyzing the features of the appearance of 3,839 people who committed crimes and 383 skulls of executed criminals.

Lombroso suggested that criminals not only differ in appearance from normal people, but also carry the rudimentary (residual) signs of primitive man: the wrong structure of the skull, facial asymmetry, dulled sensitivity, inability to blush, etc. Based on these signs, Lombroso came to the conclusion that it is possible not only to establish the physiognomic type of a criminal person, but also to find the features inherent in certain categories of criminals, for example, thieves, murderers, rapists. Anomalies in the psyche of these people are expressed in vindictiveness, vanity, pride, weakness of reason, underdevelopment of moral feelings, peculiarities of speech, and even a special letter, reminiscent of the hieroglyphs of ancient peoples.

In the book "Criminal Man" (1876) he writes that "murderers for the most part brachycephalic(short-headed, with a large transverse head diameter) with powerful jaws, long ears and glassy eyes; the thieves - dolichocephali(long-headed, longitudinal dimensions of the head significantly exceed the transverse ones) with small eyes; swindlers and arsonists are distinguished by a crooked nose.

The shape of the skull, nose, ears, hair color were observed and measured and served as the basis for the conclusion that the psychophysical characteristics of individual ancestors live in a criminal person by virtue of the law of heredity. The results of these studies are described in the book The Latest Advances in the Science of the Criminal (1890), which was published in Russian in 1892 and was immediately subjected to active criticism by anthropologists. In the same year, the Brussels International Criminal Anthropological Congress was held, at which the inconsistency of the concept of a criminal person as a special type and all the provisions derived from this concept (the characteristic shape of the nose and ears) was recognized.

Thus, the teachings of Lombroso did not find further application. Of course, it would be very easy and convenient to identify criminals by the shape of their eyebrows or nose, but the experience of forensic scientists shows that crimes are committed by people of very different appearance, sometimes even quite pleasant and disposing.

Another of the outstanding scientists who contributed to physiognomy is Charles Darwin. An English scientist, naturalist, founder of the modern theory of evolution, he showed great interest in the expressive movements of humans and higher animals. He outlined his observations and conclusions in the work "On the Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals" (1872). His ideas served as the basis for the creation of various reference books on the psychological interpretation of facial expressions.

He deduced general laws governing the manifestation of emotions throughout the animal world, and created a special branch of science - comparative biology. He wrote that "each individual contracts mainly only certain muscles of the face, following his personal inclinations, these muscles can be more developed and therefore the lines and wrinkles of the face, formed by their usual contraction, can become deeper and more prominent."

Darwin suggested that mimic movements were formed from useful actions, that is, what is now an expression of emotions was previously a reaction that had some kind of adaptive value.

Mimicry is due to innate mechanisms and depends on the type of animal. It follows that facial reactions must be closely associated with certain emotions.

Darwin's theory is only partly correct, since mimic expression is not entirely due to innate factors. This is evidenced by numerous observations and experimental data. A lot of research has been devoted to finding out whether a person is able to correctly recognize the facial reactions of other people. In these studies, three types of material were used: drawings of facial reactions, photographs of the emotions depicted by the actors, and photographs of spontaneous expression of emotions.

The Russian follower of physiognomy was a Russian professor I. A. Sikorsky, in 1861, he wrote the book "General Psychology with Physiognomy", in which he gave a detailed presentation of physiognomy, widely using literary examples and reproductions of artistic paintings.

In his other book, Physiognomy Illustrated, he gave a similar portrait of the killer: "Large ears, overdeveloped lower jaw, thick lips (weakness of the conscious will), weak contraction of the muscles of the face." In the same work, the professor cites the features that distinguish a healthy person from a sick person: a strong tension in the muscles of the body (straightening of the body), tension, vivacity, freshness, originality of mind, straightness of eyebrows, facial expressions of joy. Opposite features, in his opinion, will testify to the weakness, fatigue, sickness of a person.

I. M. Sechenov- the creator of the Russian physiological school - in the book “Reflexes of the Brain” he wrote: “The mental activity of a person is expressed, as you know, by external signs, and usually all people, both ordinary people, and scientists, and naturalists, and people involved in the spirit, judge the first according to the latter, i.e., according to external signs ... Without exception, all the qualities of external manifestations of brain activity that we characterize, for example, with the words spirituality, passion, mockery, sadness, joy, etc., are nothing but the result of more or less shortening of some muscle group - an act, as everyone knows, is purely mechanical.

During the years of existence and development of physiognomy, truly invaluable material has been accumulated, including the connections between facial features and personality traits. Physiognomy determines not so much the actual character and possible behavior, but also how a person in most cases is perceived by an unfamiliar, unprejudiced person who saw him for the first time.

2 . The concept of physiognomy

In a narrow sense, physiognomy is the expression of the face and figure of a person, due to the very structure of the face, skull, torso, limbs, regardless of expressive movements. Facial expressions are considered by physiognomy, allowing to draw conclusions about the emotional manifestations of a person. Kinetics is also separately distinguished, which studies the totality of human body movements in the process of communication, phrenology, which reveals the connections between the human psyche and the structure of the surface of his skull, and so on.

Physiognomy (outdated, prosopology) is an extra-scientific method for determining the type of a person's personality, his spiritual qualities and state of health, based on the analysis of external facial features and his expression.

Types of physiognomy:

The study of non-verbal behavior (facial expressions, bodily motor skills);

The study of the features of the face - physiognomy, body structure.

There are also the following types of physiognomy:

Ethnological emphasizes the close connection of a human being with the environment and the seasons;

Astrological physiognomy, which is based on the connection between some lines of the face and heavenly bodies;

Phrenology is its own system, originally called "extremology", created by F. Gall;

Geometric appeared at the end of the 19th century. and systematized in the works of the French physiologist Eugene Ledot. He divided faces into 5 geometric types, each of which is subdivided into 3 classes; at the same time, each type corresponds to a certain character;

Mimic, the main principle of which is that physiognomic signs are only expressions of emotions and feelings of a person imprinted on the face.

Physiognomy is based on the following basic principles:

The principle of internal and external emphasizes the relationship between the visible and the invisible, points to the relationship of form and content, physical and mental, morphological features of the structures of the face with the internal content of the personality;

The principle of integrity implies that the whole is always more than just the sum of its parts. The stronger the connections of various elements, the greater and better the integrity. Based on this principle, each part of the body can carry information about the whole. But this information will be somewhat incomplete. Therefore, information obtained only on diagnostic data cannot give a complete picture of the personality;

The principle of subjectivity indicates that any information is read by a person only at the level to which he has grown, and with the accuracy and integrity that he is capable of due to his capabilities and competence (development);

The principle of selectivity states that everything that corresponds to the personality - its worldview, values, thinking, orientation, etc. - is perceived faster, better. The subjective assessment of perception is highly dependent on the motivation, interests and needs of the person;

The principle of balance is manifested through the balance and proportions of the physical and mental. Any imbalance testifies to disharmony, internal struggle, conflict with oneself;

The principle of ratios is fundamental when reading information. The ratio of shapes, colors, hard and soft tissues and other signs of parts of the face.

1 Depending on the impacts that have on a person's face: external (cuts, burns, plucking of eyebrows, haircut, cosmetics, defects and deformations of individual organs and areas of the face that can be eliminated by plastic surgery, etc.); internal (tension of the nervous system, depression, stress, overwork; diseases - myxedema (edema), delirium tremens (puffiness, blush).

2 Depending on cultural characteristics: the existence in each culture of specific standards for the perception and evaluation of the appearance of another person, allowing him to be interpreted as a certain type of personality, called the phenomenon of social perception.

3 Depending on the method of identifying the psychological parameters of the human personality in the context of analytical psychology.

4 Depending on attribution errors, leading to social distortion or effects of subjective social perception of a person's face.

Physiognomy interprets character according to facial features in three stages:

1 Bright, special features, as a manifestation of the main specific character.

2 Protruding parts, telling about the possibilities of a person.

3 Symmetry and asymmetry as an expression of individual personality traits.

The asymmetry of the human face is associated with the uneven development of the cerebral hemispheres and structural features of the skull. The presence of asymmetry in a normal human face can be proven by creating images of the same face from two left and two right halves.

In the West, the first physiognomists were Theophrastus and Hippocrates, as well as Aristotle, who is credited with the first systematic treatise in this area - "physiognomica". In the Middle Ages, studies of physiognomy were replenished with the observations of the philosopher John Scott and the artist and scientist Leonardo da Vinci.

Physiognomy has not lost its significance today. Modern research confirms the connection between the internal psychological content of a person and the external features of the structure of the face. Physiognomy is closely related to psychology, it helps to most fully draw up a psychological portrait of a person.

Thus, physiognomy is a unique tool for analyzing facial features with deciphering the individual characteristics of a person. The ability to correctly read the internal state, character and inclinations from the outside can help in various situations of interaction in society: at the first personal acquaintance, when selecting personnel, at important negotiations, etc. face facial expressions gesture physiognomy

You can practice observing traits anytime, anywhere: on the bus, at work, or on the street. You can start with yourself by looking in the mirror. The habit of observing faces and associating their features with certain forms of behavior significantly increases social communication skills.

3 . Features of physiognomy

We judge a person by the first impression of his appearance, and the life experience we have accumulated often allows us to correctly determine the features of character by certain features of appearance. Observations of the relationship between a person's appearance and his character laid the foundation for physiognomy - a system of knowledge that allows you to determine the type of person's personality and his spiritual qualities (both innate and acquired) based on the analysis of the characteristic features of the face and expression.

Typical face shapes and their characteristics . As we know from school geography textbooks, there are three main races: negroid, european And Mongoloid. Representatives of these races differ in skin color, color and structure of hair and eyes, shape and proportions of the head. Accordingly, the laws of physiognomy must be developed strictly within the framework of a certain race or typology of a person, otherwise errors, incorrect definitions and conclusions are inevitable.

"Reading" a face is better to start with determining its shape, but first you need to take into account the invariable factor - race. To describe the shape of the face, geometric shapes are used - circle, oval, rectangle, square, rhombus, triangle, trapezoid.

Face zones . As a rule, during the study, the face is divided into three zones - upper, middle and lower.

intellectual- the upper part of the face, occupies the entire forehead. It starts at the hairline and ends at the eyebrow line. The size and shape of the forehead determine the mental abilities and real understanding of life.

emotional- the middle part of the face. It includes the entire space from the eyebrows to the tip of the nose. It reflects the degree of sensitivity, spiritual depth and inner content.

vital- Bottom part. It starts from the line of the nostrils, includes the lips and chin, carries an idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe energy of a person, his love of pleasure and a tendency to base instincts, and also reveals the desire for profit and self-satisfaction.

face and age . Eyes, nose, ears, mouth around the clock tell us what is happening around. Pay attention to the child's face: he has large, open eyes, who want to see everything in the world. upturned nose tries to feel even the most subtle smells. Mouth, where everything goes. Ears hear the quietest sounds.

But over time, the sharpness of feelings becomes dull, and the person no longer notices everything that previously gave him so much surprise and joy. His brain is used to the influence of the world around him. The human psyche begins to accept changes with difficulty, gradually becomes rigid and this is immediately reflected in the human face. The whole head undergoes changes completely: the skull of the embryo is extended horizontally, and that of an adult - vertically. The proportions of the facial zones become different - in children, the upper (frontal) zone is longer than in adults. The skin of the face changes shape, density, and color.

Each age has its own external manifestations and characterological features. However, aging can be "temporary". If a person is often depressed, then the upper eyelids cover the eyes, which look inward, not outward. If experiences and feelings of a sad nature predominate in a person’s life, then the face eventually acquires a general suffering expression. And vice versa, under the influence of frequent joyful impressions, all facial features are filled with liveliness.

Basic rules for studying the face :

When examining a face, do not stand too close to the person, otherwise your analysis will be biased. The optimal distance is from 50 centimeters to 1 meter. If you stand closer, the person will become nervous, causing the complexion and general spirit to change, and your analysis to become less accurate. Second - the sun's rays should not fall directly on the face of the student. Third, he must be calm and relaxed.

Do not try to analyze the complexion and spirit of a person under the influence of alcohol, as well as sleeping. Emotions, moods, as well as alcohol, strongly affect the complexion and general spirit. From alcohol, rage, discontent and resentment, the face turns red. This is the result of an external influence.

The best time to study the complexion and its spirit is right after waking up. It is believed that it is in the morning that the complexion is the most truthful, since external factors and internal emotions have not yet had time to influence a person.

Head . The head is the most important part of the body. It contains the main organs of perception of information about the outside world. Visual, auditory, olfactory and taste sensations are provided by the work of receptors located in the head. All thought processes are carried out thanks to the work of the brain. Not without reason, many expressive movements associated with the head (tapping or clapping on the forehead, twisting a finger at the temple, etc.) are designed to indicate one or another manifestation of mental abilities: in this way we either reward ourselves for a brilliant decision, or call on the interlocutor properly think, or hint at his lack of intelligence. The size, shape and position of the head can tell a lot about a person. If a person has a well-developed occiput, this means that he has a good memory, is brave enough and smart enough. If the forehead is more pronounced, it is believed that the person is difficult to remember information, has an obstinate disposition.

hoc . The nose always attracts our attention when looking at a person, just like the eyes. The nose is responsible for the functions of breathing, smelling, protecting, collecting information. It grows and changes its shape during most of life, and is finally formed only by the age of 35-40. The appearance of the nose depends on genetic factors and the daily work of the nasal muscles. Active mental activity of a person, mental stress, an abundance of emotions and passions gradually give the nose a thinner outline. If a person leads a serene lifestyle or does little intellectual work, his nose becomes less expressive. This is easy to verify by comparing photographs of a person's face at a young age and in old age.

Brows . Considering a person's face, we practically do not pay attention to the eyebrows, although their shape and position also carry certain information. By the location of the eyebrows relative to the eyes, one can judge the degree of sociability of a person.

Mouth . The mouth carries information about sensuality, softness, suppleness, love, friendship, that is, about the emotional world of a person. In ancient times, before taking someone as a student, the sages subjected his mouth to a thorough examination in order to identify vices and virtues. Purely feminine qualities (softness, amiability, affection, dreaminess and passivity) relax the lips. Excessive development of these character traits (fearfulness, weakness of character, laziness, susceptibility to someone else's influence) opens the lips. A stupid person's mouth is often limply open. The more open the lips, the weaker the mental control, the stronger the instincts.

The size and shape of the mouth can determine the strength of a person's internal energy. Reference points for determining the size of the mouth are vertical lines lowered from the centers of the pupils to the line of closing of the lips. They express reason and madness, strength and weakness, virtue and vice, delicacy and rudeness; are the receptacle of love and hatred, sincerity and hypocrisy, humility and pride, truth and lies.

Lips . The outlines of the mouth are constantly changing. In the first years of life, a person is optimistic and always ready to smile, so the corners of the child's mouth are slightly raised. Depending on how life develops later, natural optimism is fixed in facial features or disappears, and the mouth takes on a shape reflected in ancient Greek theatrical masks: the corners of the mouth turned upward symbolize love of life and optimism, downward - a tendency to pessimism.

Cheekbones. Experts distinguish three types of cheekbones:

- high cheekbones. Cheekbones are high, fleshy and not sharp. They, like two mighty guards, protect a person's face, especially his nose. High cheekbones indicate the exceptional courage of their owner, perseverance, perseverance and authority. However, high cheekbones have their drawbacks. Such people are fighters by nature, often their desire to conquer something takes the form of aggression, and courage develops into adventurism and an unquenchable thirst for power over others. People with high cheekbones are too power-hungry, often aggressive and quick-tempered.

- Cheekbones connected to ears. If the cheekbones are not high, but extended to the ears, this is a sure sign that their owner will be a famous commander. Cheekbones that reach the ears speak of vindictiveness and a penchant for murder. The owners of such cheekbones are born to rule. They don't convince their opponents, they kill them. Power is the meaning of their life, and to achieve this goal they will stop at nothing.

- Low, sloping cheekbones. Cheekbones are low, sloping, marked by moles or wrinkles, testify to the conservatism of their owner, timidity, lack of competitive spirit, a tendency to compromise for the sake of peace. For such people, the most important thing is peace and stability, for which they are ready to give anything. The owners of low cheekbones are peaceful, always happy with what they have, and in every possible way avoid forceful influences. Their philosophy of life is not to drive the wave, but to go with the flow. .

Chin . The chin has long been considered an indicator of stamina, endurance and concentration. The more sloping the forehead and the more pronounced the chin, the more expressive the face.

Forehead protruding forward, - a sign of developed mental abilities. Traditionally, a prominent chin was considered by the people as a sign of a voluptuous nature, and the masks depicting witches and the devil had a sloping chin.

Protruding chin often due to an incorrect structure of the lower jaw and in most cases is associated with a displaced bite, i.e. when biting, the lower teeth are in front or do not completely go behind the upper ones. People who want to demonstrate tough determination or their own superiority (consciously or not) stick their chin out.

double or(which happens rarely) triple chin is, as a rule, the result of excessive consumption of high-calorie foods, sometimes it is a sign of a developed larynx, as, for example, in singers. With a normally developed larynx and a small fat layer, the lower jaw and neck form an almost right angle.

Teeth . Teeth can say a lot about a person's personality. In some cases, it is possible to determine the character traits of a person by their appearance and location in the oral cavity. For example, protruding forward like a rabbit's teeth and a protruding chin testify to the imbalance of character, his weakness. Short, small crumbling and loose teeth indicate a nervous, irritable character.

wrinkles . Each of our feelings or moods manifests itself in one way or another on the face, and often remains forever in the form of wrinkles. Looking at the shape and location of wrinkles, we can conclude which emotions prevail in a person's life.

Eyes . Over 80% of information about the world around a person perceives through the organs of vision - the eyes. The main physiological features of the “mirrors of the soul” are their size and color. Of course, all people experience some kind of feeling, but in people with large eyes, feelings are deeper and expressed more openly. Such people are charming, direct in communication, often laugh. They are sometimes inclined to solve business issues on the basis of their sympathies and affections, and this is not always good for the cause.

eye color . eye color- an innate property due to the specifics of the pigmentation of the iris. It is impossible to characterize a person with an accuracy "up to a millimeter", to determine his psychological type and temperament, guided only by the shade of his eyes. Therefore, the assessment “by eye color” is not of a scientific nature and arose on the basis of everyday observations. The analysis of a person's personal qualities on this basis should be used carefully, preferably in combination with the interpretation of other signs.

Sight . Facial expression is mainly determined by the look, which in turn depends on the position of the eyes and eyebrows, as well as the width of the pupils, the shape of the mouth, nostrils, ears, etc.

The views that people exchange in communication are divided into business, social And intimate.

* In time business conversation it is recommended to look most of the time into a triangle formed by three points - the pupils and the “point” of the middle of the forehead. Experts believe that in this way a serious atmosphere is created, a businesslike mood of the conversation. This is a business look.

* social look more suitable for neutral communication. It is formed if you lower your gaze below the level of the interlocutor's eyes, to his mouth, and look into the projection of the "eyes - mouth" triangle.

* intimate look shifts down to other parts of the interlocutor's body. By the way, women always feel good such views of men, which cannot be said about the latter. Such inattention of men often disappoints the fair sex.

Of course, most observations are not sufficiently substantiated and cannot be considered 100% reliable. Nevertheless, it was on their basis that a special direction of human knowledge - physiognomy - took shape for centuries.

Conclusion

Today, physiognomy can hardly be considered a real science, although it contains some rational moments. Of course, physiognomic constructions require experimental verification and serious scientific justification, and yet, many observations can be considered as interesting material for psychological analysis. There is no doubt that certain mental states (enthusiasm or sadness, fear or anger, shyness or thoughtfulness) give a particular expression to a person.

Physiognomy is an experience-based study of the static external manifestations of a person, which can be interpreted as signs of his characteristic mental characteristics.

A person's face keeps traces of the most frequent, typical experiences and thoughts for him. Moreover, these traits are probably fixed in the gene pool and inherited in the same way as the tendency to certain mental reactions. But it can also be the other way around. If a person, for example, has a “bold aquiline nose”, then those around him will intuitively treat him as a “fighter”. Because of this unconsciously experienced "trust" a fighting behavior can actually be developed, which, in harmony with the external appearance, will be recognized by the environment and as a result of this will be even more intensified. In the same way, a person with highly exaggerated, “clownish” facial features will develop an appropriate attitude, and he, desperate to impress a serious and thoughtful person, will try to extract all the advantages from the image given to him by nature.

Therefore, recognizing all the conventionality and limitations of physiognomic interpretations, one should not make categorical conclusions. Analyzing the face of the interlocutor, do not forget that the above characteristics are not universal.

List of sources used

1 Brown S. The practical art of reading faces / S. Brown. - M.: Eksmo Publishing House, 2003. - 128 p.

2 Goryachev S.M. The language of the subconscious / S.M. Goryachev. - M. : OLMA-PRESS, 2001. - 432 p.

4 Lusher M. Personality Signals / M. Lusher. - Kharkov: JSC "SPHERE", 2000. - 432 p.

5 Parshukova L.P. Physiognomy / L.P. Parshukov. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2004. - 384 p.

7 Ryadchikova Yu.V. Physiognomy and traditional Chinese portrait / Yu.V. Ryadchikova. - M.: Institute of Oriental Cultures and Antiquity at the Russian State Humanitarian University, 2006. - 215 p.

8 Feizov E.Z. Personality in physiognomic projection / E.Z. Feizov. - Cheboksary: ​​Publishing House of ChGU, 2003. - 142 p.

9 Khigir B. Physiognomy / B. Khigir. - M. : Astrel, 2007. - 640 p.

10 Khrisanfova L.A. Ideas about the individual psychological characteristics of a person according to the structural features of his face / L.A. Chrysanphora // Experimental psychology. - No. 4. - 2009. - S. 51 - 73.

12 Shchegolev I.V. Face secrets. Physiognomy for everyone / I.V. Shchegolev. - M.: Publishing house "Peter", 2006. - 160 p.

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Physiognomy (from the Greek physis - "nature", in this context - "the external appearance bestowed by nature", and gnomon - "thought", "ability to know") - a doctrine that has no scientific justification, according to which, after analyzing the external features and expression faces and structural features of the body, you can get information about the spiritual qualities and health of the individual.

Emotional perception of a person's face, identification and interpretation of his appearance have taken place at all times. This is reflected in various folklore works, as well as in the information that fortune-tellers and healers used in their practice. The Bedouins called the art of reading faces qiyafa, the ancient Slavs called humanity, the Muslims called firasat, the Chinese called xianzhenshuo or xiangfa, the Japanese called ninso, etc.

The results of observations, which make it possible to reveal the relationship between the external appearance of a person and his spiritual qualities, were used in the works of ancient philosophers and writers. For the first time the term "physiognomy" is found in the works of the "father of medicine" Hippocrates and the Greek philosopher Aristotle. Nowadays, the following types of physiognomy are distinguished:

Ethnological (from the Greek ethnos - “people” and logos - “teaching”) - deals with the study of the relationship between the appearance of a person and living conditions (surrounding landscape, climate, temperature, etc.). Described in the work of Hippocrates "On the air, waters and localities" and in the works of the Greek philosophers Xenophon, Cicero, Plato;

Astrological (from the Greek astrum - "star", logos - "teaching") - focuses on the connection between celestial objects (stars, planets, signs of the Zodiac) and parts of the face. It is reflected in the works of the Italian philosopher and physician D. Cardano and the natural philosopher and naturalist, German physician K.G. Karusa;

Geometric, based on the works of E. Ledo (France). This physiologist distinguishes and characterizes 5 geometric types of faces (triangular, quadrangular, oval, round and cone-shaped), each of which is also divided into 3 classes (pure or basic, long and short);

Mimic, whose followers (such as P. Camper, C. Bell and G. Duchenne, C. Darwin, I.M. Sechenov, I.A. Sikorsky) claim that a person’s face is imprinted not so much on the features of his character as expressed them emotions and feelings;

Pathological, focusing on the diagnosis of possible diseases (physical or mental) by the appearance of a person. For example, the German psychologist and psychiatrist E. Kretschmer argued that athletic people are prone to epilepsy, and normosthenics (individuals belonging to the picnic type) are more likely to suffer from psychosis and depression;

Ethological (from Gr. Etos - "custom", "habit" and logos - "teaching") - studies various types of human behavior in certain situations (emphasizing gestures, facial expressions, etc.).

In Russian, the word "physiognomy" came from the Greek language. There is no consensus on this matter. Some researchers (in particular, I.A. Sikorsky) believe that the word “physiognomy” was indeed borrowed from the Greek language, and this term is an abbreviation for “physiognomonic” (physiognomonica), which was used in the meaning of “external signs used for recognition”.

According to another version, the word “physiognomy” originally appeared in Russian, borrowed from French (French physionomie - “appearance”, “facial expression”) and for some time was used as a synonym for the word “physiognomy” to refer to the art of recognizing a person’s character traits by features faces. And only with time the word "physiognomy" began to be called a face, and instead of "physiognomy" they began to use the term "physiognomy".

And, finally, there is an opinion that the word "physiognomy" was introduced into everyday life by the Russian writer, poet, historiographer N.M. Karamzin, who mentioned in his work “Letters of a Russian Traveler” the work of the theologian, poet and writer from Switzerland I.K. Lavater "Physiognomic Fragments" and, thus, aroused the interest of Russian authors in this branch of knowledge. However, it should be noted that even much earlier writers (especially prose writers and playwrights), wishing to more clearly reveal certain traits of a character's character, gave their heroes certain external features and features of facial expressions, postures and gestures.

The subject of study of physiognomy is the face of a person. In different periods of time, the term "physiognomy" was given different meanings. In ancient times, the subject of physiognomy (or physiognomonics) was the entire human body (face expression, skin condition, proportionality of body parts, etc. were taken into account), which was positioned as the physiological basis of the character and spiritual qualities of the individual. Moreover, often to justify a particular point of view, researchers of those times cited the characteristic muzzles of animals as an example.

Nowadays, physiognomy has been divided into several areas of knowledge. Gestures and facial expressions are the subject of study of kinesics (from Gr. kinesis - “movement”); eye movement during communication studies oculesics. Physiognomy has really narrowed the range of interests, and is mainly engaged in the interpretation of certain features of the human face. Moreover, within this discipline, separate areas have emerged. For example, forehead lines are studied by metoscopy.

The relationship between the structure of the surface of the skull (according to the Austrian anatomist and physician J.F. Gall, reflecting the structure of the brain, hypertrophy or underdevelopment of areas of which is the cause of the manifestation of certain mental properties of the individual) and the qualities of a person’s character are trying to be discovered by phrenology (from Gr. phren - “spirit” , "reason" and logos - "word", "teaching"). This pseudoscience was very popular at the beginning of the 19th century. and almost forgotten after the development of neurophysiology, scientists proved the inconsistency of the conclusions of J.F. Gall.

Physiognomy takes into account only facial features and congenital marks. Mechanical damage is not taken into account. Wrong opinion. Of course, first of all, when analyzing facial features, their shape, size and location are taken into account, as well as skin color, moles and birthmarks, bulges and dents. However, pimples, warts, scars and bruises, traces of plastic surgeries (rhinoplasty, blepharoplasty, lipofilling, Botox, etc.) and cosmetic procedures (for example, plucking of the eyebrows), as well as lines and wrinkles formed next to them or directly at the site of a bruise, scar, etc.

The most beautiful faces that predict the happy fate of a person are perfectly symmetrical. This is not entirely true. Firstly, perfectly symmetrical faces are extremely rare, as evidenced by a study in which a person's face was divided in half, and its mirror image was added to each of the resulting halves. As a result, not two copies of the subject were obtained, but an image of 2 different people, completely different from the appearance that was the object of the study. Secondly, not always absolutely symmetrical faces are considered the most beautiful - on the contrary, a slight asymmetry is regarded by others as an expression of individuality, while a perfectly symmetrical appearance seems ordinary and uninteresting. And, finally, physiognomists evaluate a symmetrical face in different ways. Some argue that the owners of symmetrical faces are distinguished by good health, are successful, and are attractive to the opposite sex. Others, on the contrary, believe that asymmetry (within the limits of the physiological norm) is a sign of success and energy strength, and the maximum symmetry of features is characteristic of people only on the verge of death.

Studying the appearance of the interlocutor, representatives of different nationalities focus on different parts of his face. It really is. According to studies, Europeans pay the most attention to the visual study of the eyes and mouth of a new acquaintance, while Asians focus on the area of ​​​​the interlocutor's nose. Moreover, both are right - scientists argue that the information genetically embedded in a person is most clearly displayed in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe corners of the mouth (to which Europeans are so attentive) and the tip of the nose (which is the first thing studied by residents of Asian countries).

The vertical wrinkle located in the center of the forehead is a sign of hard fate and poverty. This is not entirely true. The mentioned line, which is called the “hanging needle” by Chinese physiognomists, is indeed positioned as an omen of problems in marital relations and situations that pose a threat to the personal safety of a person on whose forehead there is such a sign. However, firstly, such a line does not predict poverty. On the contrary, it speaks of the intellectuality and success of a person - most often a “hanging needle” can be seen on the foreheads of prominent actors and politicians. Secondly, in the presence of compensatory features (classical shape of the nose, eyes, eyebrows), the effect of the “hanging needle” can be minimized.

Three vertical lines between the eyebrows are a sign that a person can take a high position in society. See what these lines look like. If they are equal, the above statement is true. However, if the mentioned lines are curved, the person most likely has some mental abnormalities, is prone to violence and illegal actions.

If the forehead is crossed by one clear horizontal line, the person will live a noble and happy life. Yes it is. But you should carefully analyze the location of the line. The closer it is to the eyebrows, the greater the risk for a person at a young age to get into an unpleasant situation.

Physiognomy can help form an opinion about a future partner. According to physiognomists, some lines on the face can really indicate the temperament of the individual and how happy he will be in marriage. For example, wrinkles that extend from the outer corner of the eye and are called "fish tail" or "crow's feet" reveal a loving person who is not inclined to be faithful, moreover, cunning and successful in business.

These same lines (if they are already clearly manifested by the age of 20, and some of them are bent upwards) indicate that marriages in the life of this individual will be quite frequent (as well as divorces). An unhappy marriage is predicted by 3 vertical lines located under the eyes of a person, as well as an expanded in the middle and slightly flattened back of the nose, horizontally crossed by fine wrinkles (this feature of the structure of the nose is also a sign of future material difficulties).

In addition, physiognomists recommend paying attention to the ears of a future partner. In a voluptuous nature, prone to adultery, the ears are likely to be flat, small, their inner rim will be turned outward. And a woman with large ears similar to men's with a poorly developed earlobe and a fuzzy relief is most likely prone to same-sex love.

Studying the eyes and interpreting a person's gaze can provide a lot of information about them. Indeed, the eyes can tell not only about character and temperament, but also about intellectual abilities, life experience, acquired and hereditary diseases. For example, if a person’s upper eyelids are constantly swollen, a person has lost his purpose in life, energy and ambition. However, physiognomists argue that information of this kind is best received from a person who has crossed the 40-year mark, since it is from this age that personality traits are imprinted in eyes, gain stability.

An intellectual always has a clear look, such a person is very active, constantly on the move. Not necessary. Firstly, an intelligent person is most often distinguished by unshakable calmness (both emotional and spiritual), therefore, he can give the impression of being very inactive and even sleepy. He may well lose in reaction speed to someone more agile, but his final conclusions are mostly correct, while a more active and mobile opponent does not always assess the situation correctly and acts accurately.

Secondly, a clean and clear eye is not necessarily a sign of giftedness. Many brilliant poets, composers, artists looked at the world through the eyes of an absent-minded dreamer. In addition, even the most talented person can experience moments of fatigue, depression, suffer from any physical ailments - at such moments his gaze becomes heavy, dull and cloudy, but this is not at all evidence of an individual's intellectual failure.

The longer the nose, the more temperamental the person. Physiognomists do believe that a long nose is a sign of a proud, temperamental, active, authoritative and very sexually active individual. The sagging tip of the nose (called the “hanging gall”, which means the so-called “ink nut” - an outgrowth that occurs on the leaves of plants under the influence of bacteria, fungi, etc.), in their opinion, indicates the hypersexuality of the individual, occupying a high position in society. At the same time, this sign exposes a person potentially capable of betrayal.

A hanging forehead and a protruding lower jaw are outward signs of a criminal. This opinion was expressed by criminologist Cesare Lombroso (Italy). However, modern researchers have recognized the failure of this hypothesis, based on an analysis of the appearance of numerous criminals. Some lawbreakers (especially scammers and rapists) are very good-looking, sociable and open - that is why people trust them, not suspecting that such a nice and attractive person intends to encroach on their money or honor.

The larger the skull (and the size of the brain, respectively) - the more gifted the person. There is no direct relationship between the mentioned parameters, according to craniologists (craniology - from the Greek. kranion - "skull" and logos - "teaching"). Usually the weight of the brain of an adult is 1400-1600 gr. The brain of the talented Russian writer I. Turgenev weighed a little more - 2012 grams, the brain of the equally talented and famous French writer Anatole France - 1180 grams, and the brain of Einstein - 1230 grams.

Fair-haired people are calm good-natured people. Blond (as well as fair-haired and dark-blond) people are indeed most often distinguished by a kind-hearted disposition, shyness and shyness, and a tendency to fantasize. However, their desire to hide from the harsh reality in some cases manifests itself either in the form of depression, anxiety and sociopathy, or in the form of aggressiveness and arrogance towards others.

In physiognomy, several different methods for assessing facial features are used. It really is. Many ways to analyze a person's appearance are divided into 2 large groups:

Microanalysis, the purpose of which is to determine the qualities of a person's personality by his appearance;

Macroanalysis (macroperspective) - methods that allow, in the process of analyzing the appearance of an individual, to determine what significant events and at what point in time can occur in his life, as well as to identify the potential level of success of a person in professional activities, personal life, etc.

In the process of diagnosing this kind of person, a person’s face is “zoned”, i.e. is divided into several studied parts in various ways. For example, when diagnosing a state of health, in plastic surgery, topographic division of the face is used. Moreover, different methods are used to study each of the selected parts: iridology focuses on the condition of a person’s eyes, hair is the subject of trichology, auriculodiagnostics is carried out on the auricle, etc.

Astrologers divide a person's face into 7 parts, each of which is under the influence of a certain planet or zodiac sign (for example, the nose is dominated by Mars and Libra, the chin is the sphere of influence of Saturn and Pisces, etc.). In addition, they also use vertical (on the left and right sides) and horizontal (into 3 equal parts) division of the face, etc.

Having studied several treatises on physiognomy, one can easily determine the character and disposition of the interlocutor. Wrong opinion. Firstly, as in any other area related to interpersonal communication and, moreover, the definition of obvious or hidden qualities of a counterpart’s character (especially if he diligently hides them), in physiognomy, even a large amount of information gleaned from books will not replace personal experience . Secondly, it should be borne in mind that it is advisable to analyze some facial features only in people who have reached a certain age (some features are clearly defined only after 40 years). Thirdly, even an experienced physiognomist is not immune from mistakes generated by the subjective perception of others, upbringing, cultural characteristics, beliefs, etc.

For example, the character of the interlocutor is incorrectly assessed due to the effect of beauty (beautiful people, according to others, are kind, wise, healthy, honest, etc., although in reality this opinion is by no means always correct), the effect of stereotyping (manifested in the case of if a person behaved inappropriately at the first meeting), etc.

And, finally, through intensive work on oneself, a person can improve character traits, although external signs will remain practically unchanged and, again, can serve as a source of delusion. A striking example of this is the legend of Socrates: when a physiognomist suspected that the philosopher had bad inclinations, he replied that in his youth he really did not have the best character. However, in the process of self-knowledge and work on himself, he managed to improve his temper.

In China, physiognomy has long been revered as a science. The first mention of the art of determining the character of a person and predicting his fate by appearance (xiangshu, xiangfa and xianzhenshuo) were found in the treatise Zuozhuan, dated to the 5th century BC, and the mentioned “arts” were considered one of the branches of medicine. However, already in the III century BC. some philosophers (for example, Xun Tzu) questioned the practicality and viability of this science.

Physiognomy

(from the Greek physis - nature, gnomon - knowing) - the doctrine of a supposedly unambiguous connection between the external appearance of a person and his belonging to a certain type of personality, due to which the psychological characteristics of this type can be established by external signs. It arose in antiquity on the basis of the idea of ​​the predetermination of the mental (moral) in a person and the bodily by what he was originally prescribed by nature. For centuries, F. served as a prerequisite for many typologies of characters. But they (and attempts to revive the ideas of F. in the 20th century) had no scientific basis (see).

Brief psychological dictionary. - Rostov-on-Don: PHOENIX. L.A. Karpenko, A.V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. 1998 .

Physiognomy

The doctrine of the uniqueness of the connection between the external appearance of a person and the type of his personality, due to which, by external signs, it is possible to establish the psychological characteristics of an individual. It arose in antiquity on the basis of the idea of ​​the predestination of the mental (moral) and bodily in a person by what was originally prescribed for him by nature. For centuries, physiognomy served as a prerequisite for many typologies of characters ( cm. ).

Dictionary of practical psychologist. - M.: AST, Harvest. S. Yu. Golovin. 1998 .

Physiognomy

   PHYSIOGNOMY (from. 623) - the doctrine of the manifestations of individual psychological characteristics of a person in facial features.

Attempts to determine the relationship between the appearance and character of a person were made by Aristotle, who is one of the creators of the doctrine of physiognomy. Predicting the behavioral reactions of a person and the peculiarities of his intellect by external signs, Aristotle attached great importance to his resemblance to animals, which, according to tradition, were endowed with qualities allegedly inherent in them. “The nose is thick, like that of a bull,” Aristotle wrote, “means laziness. A wide nose with large nostrils, like a pig's, is nonsense. A sharp nose, like a dog's, is a sign of a choleric temperament. An aquiline nose means courage, a hooked one, like a crow's, means alertness ... whoever has a wide mouth is brave.

Aristotle also believed that it was possible to establish similarities between an individual and representatives of entire races and nationalities - Ethiopians, Indians, Hittites, etc. external features.

Aristotle also owns an observation that is more like the truth: if a person’s face carries features characteristic of the manifestation of certain emotional states (peace,), then it can be argued without the risk of falling into error that it is this state that is so characteristic of a person that it actually is his individuality. That is, a person whose face constantly resembles a mask of fear is timid by nature, and so on.

Taking the teachings of Aristotle as a basis, his followers began to develop physiognomy. Of these, Polemon (II century AD) and Adamantius (IV century AD) are the most famous.

However, according to some historians, before Aristotle, Pythagoras was engaged in physiognomy, whom some scientists consider to be its ancestor. Consistent conductors of physiognomy were major scientists of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome: the outstanding doctors Quintillian, Helen and Celsus; great thinkers Cicero, Pliny Jr., etc.

Qiyafa was very popular in the Ancient East - the art of the Bedouins, who can read like an open book not only the secrets of the desert, but also the secrets of the human face. So, a man, similar in appearance to a lion, was declared brave, merciful, proud and patient; like a leopard - boastful, vindictive and treacherous. A high forehead in the view of the Bedouins testified to stupidity (!), Receding hairline - to the baseness of the spirit, a narrow forehead - to dexterity. Eyes of medium size spoke of a fair mind and good character, a fixed gaze - of dullness, an absent-minded gaze - of windiness and inconstancy. The Bedouins attached great importance to moles. In the Middle Ages, wealthy Arabs inclined towards "science" chose slaves on the market, relying on these and many other physiognomic principles.

Discussing the true and false essence of physiognomy, the religious teacher 'Abdu'l-Bahá cites a curious parable about a young scientist-physiognomist who diligently studied the science of facial features and expressions in Egypt for six years. Having successfully passed the exams and saddled the horse, the young man returned to his homeland, joyful and proud. The acquired knowledge allowed him to see in everyone he met obvious and hidden character traits, good and bad inclinations. He was especially struck by the face of one stranger, in which he read that he was greedy, cunning and merciless. The young physiognomist was amazed when the stranger with a good-natured smile began to kindly invite him into the house as an honored guest. The inconsistency of what he learned and saw not only excited the young man, but also aroused in him doubts about the fidelity of the Egyptian school of physiognomists. For three days, the hospitable host exquisitely delighted the learned guest with all kinds of dishes and a hookah. However, when parting, the host's face again acquired an evil expression, and the bill unexpectedly handed over to the "guest of honor" turned out to be unimaginably high. I had to give all the money, a bathrobe and a horse to boot. Cleaned to the bone, the young physiognomist set off on his journey... praising the Almighty and his teachers for the fact that the years of study in the Egyptian school were not wasted.

In the Middle Ages, individual views of the physiognomists were shared and to some extent improved by Ibn Sina and a number of leading alchemists, in the Renaissance, by John Dune Scott and Leonardo da Vinci.

Starting from the XV century. physiognomy gained great popularity. It was seriously dealt with by all those who "on duty" were busy "working with people" - clerics, doctors, philosophers, lawyers. Considerable popularity has gained, in particular, face-telling: determining the fate of a person by facial features. Physiognomy at that time was quite authoritative. By that time, she had managed to acquire many new conclusions, which, in terms of reliability, could well compete with Aristotle's maxims. So, the medieval monk Albert the Great believed that “a thick and long nose is a sign of a person who loves everything beautiful and is not as smart as he thinks of himself”, and “whoever turns his head in all directions is a complete fool, fool, vain a deceitful rogue, preoccupied with himself, of mediocre abilities, a depraved mind, quite generous and finds great pleasure in spouting and asserting political news.

At the end of the XVIII century. such formal physiognomy was developed in a multi-volume work by the Zurich pastor Johann Lavater, who first studied the psychological characteristics of a person (partly using the confessions of parishioners at confession), and then compared the data obtained with the features of facial features. The information accumulated in this way served as a pretext for the fact that he began to prove the possibility of determining character traits from the relief of the face and the structure of the skull and to claim the role of the founder of a new science. He wrote: "Faces are as readable as books are, the only difference is that they are read in a short time and deceive us less." However, not everyone shared his enthusiasm. Giving an assessment of Lavater's teaching, Georg Lichtenberg noted that “this theory represents in psychology the same as a very well-known theory in physics, explaining the light of the northern lights by the brilliance of herring scales ... You can try to draw yourself a night watchman by voice. At the same time, you will often be so mistaken that it is difficult not to laugh when you discover your error. Is physiognomy something else?

Having made a splash with the originality of his approach, Lavater made a number of mistakes that are unthinkable for a serious researcher. So, the subject of his observations was not all facial features in their interaction, but mainly its lower part and the so-called facial profile. A systematic method was not derived, objective patterns were replaced by the subjective opinion of the author, and as a result, Lavater's works caused serious criticism.

The insufficient substantiation of physiognomic theories led to a skeptical attitude towards them by domestic scientists, who were proud of their materialistic worldview. At the same time, it was overlooked that many recognized authorities of materialistic science not only did not deny the relationship between the external and the internal, but also substantiated it logically. So, C. Darwin and I.M. Sechenov expressed a reasonable opinion that facial features and especially facial expressions and other expressive movements reflect the functional state of the nervous system and depend on the characteristics of the human psyche.

“What is scientific in the so-called science of physiognomy,” Charles Darwin reasoned, “depends, it seems, on the fact that each individual contracts mainly only certain muscles of the face, following his personal inclinations. These muscles may be more strongly developed, and therefore the lines and wrinkles of the face, formed by their normal contraction, may become more prominent and visible. (Recall that Aristotle suggested something similar in his time.)

Around the same time, I.M. Sechenov in his book “Reflexes of the Brain” wrote: “The mental activity of a person is expressed, as is known, by external signs; and as a rule, all people, both simple, and scientists, and naturalists, and people who study the spirit, judge the former by the latter, i.e. according to external signs... Without exception, all the qualities of the external manifestations of brain activity, which we characterize, for example, with the words: spirituality, passion, mockery, sadness, joy, etc., are nothing more than the result of a greater or lesser shortening of some muscle groups - an act, as everyone knows, is purely mechanical.

Thus, it becomes obvious that the psychological assessment of appearance is not devoid of scientific grounds. Unfortunately, a person who is fascinated by this problem today is faced with many conflicting sources, many of which are not far removed from medieval scholasticism.

Trying to evaluate others on the basis of some particular theory, we run the risk of drawing superficial and one-sided conclusions. The problem is that such a complex object as a person is unacceptable to evaluate in statics, but only in dynamics. Along with the characteristic features of appearance, diverse nuances of behavior, both verbal and non-verbal, are subject to analysis. Only a consistent combination of many external features allows us to make a more or less reliable assessment.

Popular psychological encyclopedia. - M.: Eksmo. S.S. Stepanov. 2005 .

Synonyms:

See what "physiognomy" is in other dictionaries:

PHYSIOGNOMY- (Greek or the science of recognizing natural inclinations by physical properties, from nature, natural inclinations and knowledgeable, insightful), in the science of antiquity and some later eras, the doctrine of the necessary connection between external. human form (and ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

PHYSIOGNOMY- (Greek). The art of determining the character and inner qualities of a person by his appearance and especially by his face. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. PHYSIOGNOMICS ability to judge by appearance and especially by face ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

PHYSIOGNOMY- (Greek physiognomike, physiognomonike, from physis nature and gnomonikos knowledgeable, connoisseur), the doctrine of the expression of a person's character in facial features and body shapes; in a broad sense, the art of interpreting the external appearance of observed phenomena, the doctrine of ... ... Modern Encyclopedia

PHYSIOGNOMY- (Greek physiognomike physiognomonike), the doctrine of the expression of a person in facial features and body shapes; in a broad sense, the art of interpreting the external appearance of observed phenomena, the doctrine of the expressive forms of any area of ​​reality ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PHYSIOGNOMY- and (rarely) physiognomy, physiognomy, pl. no, female (from Greek physis nature and gnomon knowing) (special, psycho). The art of determining the internal state of a person by movements, facial expressions. || The doctrine of the relationship of the mental state of a person with ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Hello dear readers of the Reading Technologies blog!

I will dedicate this article to esotericism.

But not in the sense that we will control fate through thoughts and attract events with energy. No. But we will try to use interesting and useful esoteric knowledge to develop our qualities.

Take, for example, the quality observation.

Indeed, in fact, to be able to observe means to be able to see details in an object / phenomenon that others do not notice.

But how can you notice, let alone distinguish one from the other, if you don’t know what parts the object actually consists of and how it is correctly described. After all, one must not only be able to see, but also know - what you need to see in a particular object of observation .

Typologies

Since ancient times, people have tried to classify similar properties of objects into so-called Typologies .

For example, there are typologies of a person by temperament: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic. According to the type of body structure: asthenic, normosthenic, hypersthenic.

Or division according to the signs of the Zodiac or the year of the Chinese calendar.

Similarly, typical properties were noticed in the lines of the palm - arose palmistry , in the arrangement of objects - Feng Shui , in handwriting - graphology etc.

It was also noticed that people with the same facial features very often have similar character traits. This is how physiognomy.

About it today and will be discussed in our "Book review".

The concept of Physiognomy

Physiognomy- this is a method of determining the type of personality and character of a person, and even fate by external facial features. This is in short.

The first mention of physiognomy is attributed to Aristotle. Even earlier, Hippocrates was also interested in this.

The word physiognomy (from the French physionomie) first came to the Russian language - the art of recognizing a person's character by the features of his face.

Today, a face is called a physiognomy, and instead of " physiognomy"use the word" physiognomy».

Later, from the concept of "physiognomy" stood out kinesics (gestures, facial expressions) phrenology(study of the structure of the skull), oculesica (eye language), etc.

Principles of physiognomy

We single out the basic principles of human physiognomy in order to use them as the foundation for further study.

1. Balance and proportions.

The proportions of some facial features in relation to others are studied. Ideally, they should be balanced.

For study, the face is divided by horizontal lines into 3 parts: upper, middle and lower zone.

2. Zones and forms - this is the second principle.

Each zone controls its own age, for example, the top one will tell about the period from 15 to 30 years and from 64 to 93 years.

The shape of the face is also studied. What are they - oblong, square, triangular or others, which allow you to complement the characteristics of a person.

Interesting research was conducted at the beginning of the 20th century by K. Huter. He also divided the face into 3 parts and showed that the upper part (forehead) determines mental activity, the middle part - sensual and spiritual, the lower part - love for pleasures and benefits.

The Arab physiognomist Abul-Faraj (1226-1286) in the "Book of Entertaining Stories" described a person's appearance and its connection with character.

Some excerpts:

- A strong, courageous person: a slightly oblong face, deep-set eyes, a large forehead, an aquiline nose, coarse hair, thick eyebrows, narrow lips.

- A lover of wisdom: a beautiful face, glowing eyes with power, thin lips.

- Slow person: thick tip of the nose, big ears.

3 . Sis position topic.

In the Chinese face reading system, specific positions on the face are highlighted and they are responsible for a certain age. There are 99 positions in total.

For example, 37 years old - position 37 (pupil of the left eye). The features of this position will characterize a person at 37 years old.

Each position has its own characteristics, and some of them are the most important.

So position 19 (in the forehead) reflects the fate and character inherited from the maternal side. And position 44 is associated with middle age (this is the middle of the nose).

4. Five essential features.

There are five of them: eyebrows, eyes, nose, mouth and forehead.

Other facial features are also studied: a groove on the upper lip, wrinkles, moles, cheekbones, jaws, and chin.

Overall, this is a very interesting way of analysis and introspection. Another reason to look at yourself and escape from the hustle and bustle. And with careful study, this is an opportunity for self-development.

Here's a little help. To broaden your horizons.

And although the physiognomy of the face over the millennia has accumulated a huge array of observations and hypotheses, nevertheless, most of them do not withstand serious scientific verification. Those. not considered scientifically proven.

Although in China Physiognomy was considered a full-fledged branch of medicine.

However, attempts to use physiognomy do not stop. After all, many working in the system " man-man » you need the ability to instantly receive information about the client, partner, interlocutor. This is necessary for teachers and doctors and businessmen and ...., yes, everyone needs it.

After all, few have the gift of clairvoyance, and observant people are sometimes referred to as clairvoyants, because they see what others do not see. Because they know how to see (observe).

This skill is learn to observe and read in the face, I think you can pay attention and time. No magic, just the ability to work with visual information.

Although I do not rule out that long-term studies and experience in the study of physiognomy will allow us to look into the future of man, i.e. read his fate. After all, physiognomy says that this is also possible. There is a chance to check.

Knowing the future, it can be changed if it does not suit you. After all, what is fate , is the track along which a person goes, and since we are all passive and act on the machine (sleep according to Gurdjieff), we are not able to change anything until we wake up.

But waking up and taking responsibility for our own destiny, we can change what does not suit us in this rut ​​and even move to another, more preferable, actually built one.

Now this is some kind of magic, but conscious magic, and not the kind when they “manage energy” without understanding what is behind it and how it will affect.

A. Malovichko has such a phrase “ we can’t figure out even with 2% of our physical essence, but we are trying to work with a completely incomprehensible 98% ».

I am not against energy, I myself have been in this topic for more than a dozen years, but what I understand is that you should not climb over the fence when there is a gate nearby.

Abilities will be given to a person when his condition is ready to receive them. To achieve such a state is a worthy and promising task.

Approaches to the study of physiognomy

I will not impose approaches, but I would single out three levels of its study.

The first level is the quality of observation.

Knowledge of physiognomy allows you to remember the faces of a person. After all, so often we simply cannot describe or remember someone. To do this, you need to know what and how to describe, according to which algorithm.

And here the approaches of physiognomy are very convenient - dividing the face into zones, areas, key features and giving brief characteristics of all this.
This makes it easier to remember and easier to describe.

Second level of knowledge is the ability to draw conclusions about a person's character by analyzing his face.

Third level – read a person's fate.

You can limit yourself to one level, but you can, if you wish, deepen your knowledge and become a real physiognomist.

In any case, the knowledge gained from the study of Physiognomy can be useful in everyday life.

A sincere interest in the study of physiognomy is the possibility of natural memorization, and not that mechanical one like "5 steps to remembering a person's face." After all, showing a sincere interest in studying people's faces, you do not have to strain yourself, everything happens naturally, and memory works much better under such conditions.

Books on physiognomy

Many books have been written for the study of physiognomy. And among them there are those with which you can start an introduction to physiognomy.

I'll start with two - which, in principle, are enough to start with.

Physiognomy. Series "The Fourth Dimension". Compiled by G.M. Novoselov. 1993

This book contains:
Timothy Mar. Face Reading, or the Chinese Art of Physiognomy.
Eldar Razroev. The mirror of one's heart.
G. Durville, A. Durville. Reading in the face of character, temperament and morbid predispositions.
M. Gibadullin. Physiognomy.
F. Thomas. Secrets of the face Physiognomy.

As a source of information for developing the skill of observing faces, the following book is most suitable for this purpose.

Popov S.V. visual observation.2002

In addition to a lot of interesting and useful information that helps in visual observation of a person, the book provides detailed information and guidelines for remembering a person's face, which I spoke about at the beginning - this is the first level of using the knowledge of physiognomy. Practical and most applicable knowledge in life.

I. Lavater. One hundred rules of physiognomy.2008

Johann Caspar Lavater (1741-1801) - Swiss writer, theologian and poet.
From 1769 he collected materials for Physionomics, which was published in 1772-78, with many drawings by the best engravers.
The published work was the quintessence of all physiognomic experience and brilliant insights of Lavater.

Ivan Sikorsky. General psychology with physiognomy. 1912

Ivan Alekseevich Sikorsky (1842-1919) was a Russian psychiatrist and anthropologist.

Fulfer M. The art of reading by faces. 2004
The author is a lawyer with twenty years of law practice, having studied many books on physiognomy, he gained experience in practice by offering “Reading faces with a guarantee” for more than 2 years at various fairs and festivals. This allowed him to gain practical experience.
Then he was invited to various companies, he trained teachers, artists, photographers, psychologists, doctors, lawyers. He was invited as a consultant to select jurors in court. This is a person who has gained practical experience, so reading it is interesting and useful.

Nami Tickle. The face is the mirror of the soul. Physiognomy for everyone. 2010
It is interesting to read how the author of the book came to physiognomy. Many examples and descriptions related to psychology.

Velkhover E, Vershinin B. Secret signs of the face. 2002

Closer to the scientific and systematic presentation. The historical perspective of this science and the deep detailing of the descriptions.

Roshal V.M. Physiognomy. Signatures of life. 2006
We are talking about four signatures: the first is the face of a person, this is what physiognomy does. The second - hands, palmistry is engaged. The third - bumps and bulges on the head, deals with phrenology. The fourth - prints on the body (moles, etc.), is called morphoscopy.
In the book:

Western method of face shape analysis. Hindu method of division into castes. Chinese method of five elements. Fundamentals of classical physiognomy.

Theodor Schwartz. We read faces Physiognomy. 2010
A popular presentation, as examples - the description of the faces of famous personalities.

The book is accompanied by a program on CD PiterFizio, which allows you to make portraits.

Physiognomy. Eldar Razroev. 2005
Having become acquainted with the Typology, Socionics and IIT (the theory of information interaction), the author found much in common with his analysis technique. This is what he described in his book, proposing an eight-sector structuring. On fig. below.

Each sector carries information about the properties of a person in a certain area:
1. Insight. 2. Spirituality.
3. Persistence. 4. Learning.
5. Practicality. 6. Adequacy.

7. Makings. 8. Perspective.

The next block of books - books are also interesting, and although many of the information is repeated, but each has something of its own. It is also useful for expanding knowledge.

List of books in this block:

1. B. Higir. Physiognomy. 2006
2. Angelo Repossi. Physiognomy or the art of determining the character of a person by the features of his face. 2003
3. Francis Thomas. Face secrets. 1993 (The peculiarity of the book is about the connection between physiognomy and astrology).
4. Parshukova L.P., Karlyshev V.M. Shakurova Z.A. Physiognomy. 2004 (A textbook for higher educational institutions in the service sector. It is interesting because it is a textbook. What it teaches students can be read).
5. Parshukova L.P., Shakurova Z.A. Physiognomy: read the face. 2004 (This is already a popular edition by the same authors).
6. S. Panfilov. Physiognomy of human emotions and characters. 2007
7. T. Klipina, V. Leonkin, I. Gribulina. How to read a person's face. Physiognomy accessible to everyone. 2008
8. Jonathan Dee Chinese physiognomy. 2004
9. Kuai Ch. How to learn to read faces. 2003
10 Jonathan Dee We read in the face. How to know the character of a person. 2007
11. Jeffrey Ford. Physiognomy. 2005
12. Khomich E.O. How to read a person's thoughts: physiognomy. 2006
13. Morok A, Razumovskaya K. We read in the face. 2000
14. Schegolev I. Secrets of the face: Physiognomy for everyone. 2006
15. L. Nimbrook. Physiognomy for everyone. 2006
16. Jean Haner. The wisdom of your face. Change your life with the Chinese art of physiognomy. 2013
17. Rose Rosetree. Face reading. The art of seeing people through. 2011 Series: Mentalist.
18. B. Lynn Henry. Face reading. 2003
19. Mente Boy Lafayette. Asian Face Reading Techniques. 2005

Physiognomy brings many interesting impressions to those who approach it with an open mind.

Of course, we can say that this is not scientific, especially since attempts to simulate on a computer the connection between a person's appearance and his character did not give a positive result.

But still, a person is not a machine and observation is not only in the fact that he evaluated a person by formal signs and that's it.

No, he adds to these signs his experience and knowledge in other areas, i.e. has a complete picture of what he sees.

That is why there are people who are insightful and really read a person like a book.

Why not try?

Sincerely, Nikolay Medvedev.

Since ancient times, the idea of ​​​​the face as a "mirror of the soul" has developed. Everything that happens to a person throughout life affects his body, changes it. And since the face is most susceptible to these changes, it is possible to recreate a unique picture of personality from it.

The face is a miniature stage on which all the events of a person's individual life from birth to death are played out.

At all times, people believed that there are general rules by which, by external signs, one can determine the spiritual qualities of a person (congenital or acquired). Thus arose physiognomy, the doctrine of determining the character and mental properties of people by their face.

Its creator is considered to be Pythagoras (about 500 BC). It is known that he accepted or, on the contrary, refused to accept students only after carefully examining them, literally from head to toe. And above the entrance to the school of Plato (427 - 347 BC) an inscription was nailed: "Let no unmeasured enter here."

The doctrine of the lines of the face was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans: Cicero (106-43 BC) wrote: “Socrates had an expression that was constantly unchanged, since there were no changes in his soul that could be imprinted on his face.However, even then physiognomy was treated with skepticism.

A curious anecdote, transmitted by Cicero and other authors, has survived to our times, about how a certain physiognomist Zopyrus found, according to the rules of his art, that Socrates (469-399 BC) was by nature stupid and womanly.

The first physiognomic treatise that has come down to us from the Greeks is attributed to Aristotle (384-322 BC). It says that physiognomists, establishing the rules for determining the character of a person by his face, followed a threefold path:

• comparison of animals and people;
• observation of different races;
• observation" of the expression of sensations and passions.
• Therefore, the original principle that a beautiful face speaks of a good character, and an ugly face of a bad one, in Aristotle is supplemented by a comparison with animals. True, the same treatise speaks of the unreliability of these rules.

Despite some distrust, physiognomy flourished in the ancient world as well. The Roman historian Svetina (between 16070 BC) relates that a certain soothsayer predicted Britannus (c. 41-55 BC) and Titus (39-81 BC) that they will be emperors.

The outstanding physician Hamn (about 130-200 BC) considered physiognomy very useful and necessary, but did not try to substantiate his opinion.

Intensified study begins from the 11th century AD. e. By facial expression, size, shape and color of its individual parts, they try to "define" the character of a person.

Reasoning on this topic is written by the famous physician Avicenna (about 980-1037). In his "Medical Canon" Avicenna writes not very approvingly that "face readers" claim that a person is cowardly, indecisive. However, he does not agree with this, as he believes that certain facial expressions lead to a diagnosis.

Treatises of Albert the Great (1193-1280) and the English physician Michael Scott (died 1201) have come down to us from the 13th century.

In the Middle Ages, there was a separation of physiognomy from science. The reason for this was the ignoring of knowledge that disagreed with the dogmas of the church.

On the face of a person they were looking for an omen of his future fate, palmists tried to find confirmation of the information read along the lines in the palm of his hand by facial features.

Almost all fortunetellers begin to consider physiognomy in connection with astrology, i.e. each person is from birth under the influence of one or another of the constellations or planets.

The so-called planetary classification of human faces was created. For example, the "people of Venus" have a bright mind, an easy and balanced character, a desire for the sublime; they are characterized by great passion, in general - sluggish, low-energy and distrustful of themselves people.

Each part of a person's face, according to the predictors, was also under the influence of one or another planet, one or another sign.

XVI and the first half of the XIII century, this kind of

Compositions. One of them belongs to the Italian scientist, doctor, mathematician, philosopher, astrologer Girolamo Cardano (1501-1576)

He attached to his essay Melamt's treatise on birthmarks, and the essay itself was accompanied by many drawings of a human face, with lines on the forehead. For example, "a woman who has a cross-shaped line on her forehead will be killed by her husband, etc."

At the same time, the Renaissance opened the way for new trends in science and art. The works of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519rj\) appear. In his writings, he guessed the connection between the emotional state of a person and the nature of his facial expressions. In the XII century, an active struggle began with the prophecy of physiognostics. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) pointed out contradictions in the assessment of the face.

The famous French philosopher Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) was skeptical about physiognomy. , but also haughty, not only meek, but also not expressive. " Soon the practice of physiognomists was called charlatanism.

An explosion of interest in physiognomy falls on the end of XIII, the beginning of XIVb; when Klavater's book "The Art of Knowing People by Their Physiognomy" was published, he expressed several original thoughts that it was possible to restore the physiognomy of a person, never seen, by his actions and convictions. He tried to apply this idea to the image of Jesus Christ. In 1775-1777. published an essay on the subject with numerous illustrations.

Karamzin promoted the teachings of Lavater, even Pushkin paid tribute to this teaching of recognizing character by facial features. A 10-volume edition of Lavater's works has been preserved in the Pushkin library. References also appear in Pushkin's works. For example, in "Dubrovsky" Troekurov's servants at dinner "began to deliver plates to the ranks" ... i.e. Lavater analyzes this way: "Each class of society, each profession has its own physiognomy ..."

To the teaching of physiognomy can be attributed such scientists as Darwin, Pavlov and others.

A person's face is only a small section of the head, but is the main characteristic of his appearance. Of the billions of people living on Earth, you will not meet two with exactly the same faces. Academician P.K-Anokhin wrote: “The beauty of the human face, its sparkling individuality, the various manifestations of its expressive play have been a source of inspiration at all times and among all peoples.