Ecological problems of the Crimean Federal District. Crimean State Medical University named after

Cars and various heat sources contribute most of all to the unfavorable ecology of the Crimea. The most environmentally polluted cities of Crimea are Sevastopol, Simferopol, Kerch.

In the above-mentioned large cities are located: Simferopol CHP, Sevastopol CHP, Kerch CHP, Saki CHP. All these heat sources contribute to the pollution of the atmosphere of the peninsula with nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide.

Also, a large role in the deterioration of the ecology of the Crimean peninsula belongs to road transport, which accounts for up to 80% of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. There are more than six thousand kilometers of roads in Crimea. Heavy metals enter the soil from car exhaust pipes. At the same time, the forest belts planted along the roads are cut down, and in fact they not only decorated the roads, but also played protective functions. Pollution by vehicles increases many times in summer due to the arrival of vacationers, while the formaldehyde released into the air remains in the surface layer for a long time. A particularly unfavorable situation is observed in Kerch, Armyansk, Krasnoperekopsk.

Environmentally friendly transport in the Crimea is trolleybuses. They travel in cities and between them (Sevastopol-Alushta-Yalta).

Chemical industries are also located in Crimea. These are the Saki chemical plant, the Crimean soda plant, the Perekop bromine plant, the Crimean Titan, chemical production in Simferopol, Aquavita LLC (Alushta), Polivtor OJSC (Krasnoperekopsk). Chemical industry facilities emit sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and other harmful substances into the air. By the beginning of the 1990s, the chemical industrial production reached its highest volume, and emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere amounted to a maximum of −565 thousand tons. AT last years due to the decline in production volumes, the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere decreased to 122.5 thousand tons. and below.

The unsatisfactory ecological situation in Crimea is also associated with industrial and household waste. In the experience of waste management, Ukraine has lagged behind developed countries for several decades. This is confirmed by the fact that the total volume of annual waste accumulation with a population of about 45.8 million people exceeds the corresponding total indicators of countries Western Europe with a population of about 400 million people by 3-3.5 times. The situation in 2011-2012 is characterized by the further development of environmental threats associated with waste - their formation, accumulation, storage and disposal. Specific indicators of waste generation average 220-250 kg / year per capita, and in large cities they reach 330-380 kg / year, respectively, and tend to increase.

In the private sector, as a rule, due to the lack of a proper waste collection system, 12,000 small spontaneous dumps are formed annually, which cannot be reliably accounted for - in total, 35 billion tons of waste are stored in such dumps and landfills.

For decades, military installations and ships have polluted the waters of the Black Sea. Experts say that ships and coastal units of the Black Sea Fleet daily discharge more than 9,000 m3 of untreated waste into the sea. For example, in the Sevastopol Bay, the concentration of oil products is 180 times higher than the MPC.

All these problems need to be addressed.

Fortunately, in the Crimean forests there are many trees that heal the air: oak, hornbeam, pine, beech, juniper grow. The close proximity of the sea coast also makes a positive contribution to the improvement of coastal areas.

Sources: http://www.ukstech.com and http://environments.land-ecology.com.ua

Soils were formed over hundreds and thousands of years. The most fertile soils are chernozems.

The largest reserves of black earth in the world are concentrated in Ukraine.

In Crimea, chernozems occupy almost half of the area of ​​the peninsula.

These soils are used in agriculture on the Crimean peninsula.

Soil destruction by wind

Soils are constantly being destroyed by the force of the wind. To prevent this from happening, the soil must be properly cultivated, planted forest belts.

Soil destruction by quarries

Soil destruction occurs due to quarrying for the extraction of building materials: building stone, wall blocks, crushed stone.

During the extraction of building materials, quarries disfigure the area, destroy fertile soils, destroy animal habitats, and disturb the water balance of rivers and springs. Explosion mining and open transportation lead to a large air dusting.

Soil pollution with chemical and toxic waste

great danger to ecology of Crimea are all kinds of waste:

it pest control chemicals and plant diseases, weeds;
- chemical waste from the Titan plant and soda plant in the North of Crimea.
- this is toxic waste - batteries and mercury lamps.
- this and municipal solid waste- everything that is thrown into the trash cans.

Soil pollution with household waste

The big problem now is plastic container: bags, bottles that decompose up to two hundred years in the ground (an example of the decomposition time of waste is given in table No. 1 of the appendix).

Garbage, not sorted, is taken to landfills, which occupy vast territories and pollute the soil, water, and air. There trash is on fire and emit substances harmful to humans.

Recycling and reuse of waste

What is waste? What we no longer use (for example, we brought milk from the store in a bag - we drank the milk, and the bag is "waste"). However, if this bag gets recycled and turns into a new bag into which milk is poured, then we use it again. This means that "waste" will turn into new "resources".

That's what it is reuse of waste.
However, when we buy milk in a glass bottle, such a bottle, after drinking the milk, is washed and the milk is poured again.

It - waste recycling without processing. If, on the other hand, we buy milk from a farmer who comes to our yard and pour milk into our own can, then we do not produce waste at all.

Here are three ways - a waste-free life, reuse and reuse after recycling, make up basis for environmentally sound waste management. But at the same time, the waste should not be mixed.

As soon as we mixed the waste - it turned into garbage.
If the waste is collected separately, these are resources.

Organic and inorganic types of waste

In fact, we have only two types of waste - organic (food) and inorganic. Organic waste simply needs to be returned to nature - buried in the ground.

Inorganic waste must be recycled or reused. Already now in many places there are special containers for collecting plastic, glass, iron cans.

Planned construction of a waste processing plant, which is urgently needed in the Crimea. A large number of trees and shrubs are planted.

Topic: Ecological problems of the Crimean biosphere.

Target: define the main environmental problems that have developed in the Crimea; to consider the main causes and trends of aggravation of the environmental situation; analyze the activity of negative factors on the deterioration of the environmental situation; to form the main ways out of the ecological crisis.

Equipment : a physical map of the Crimea, pictures depicting plants and animals listed in the Red Book, a workbook, ed. Suprychev.

Lesson type: learning new material.

During the classes.

1. Organizational moment

2. Actualization of knowledge.

3. Learning new material.

Plan

3. The state of the animal and plant world

Introductory speech of the teacher : The rational territorial distribution of agricultural and industrial enterprises is of great importance in solving the environmental problems of the Crimean region.
Crimea is threatened with biodiversity loss. This means not only the preservation of individual species of animals and plants, but also natural landscapes and ecosystems. An important place in solving this problem should belong to the system of protected areas. As for the coastal strip, here it is necessary to streamline the parking of unorganized tourists, create a system of campsites and tent camps, and local authorities to exercise strict control over the preservation of the environment.
1. Ecological situation in Crimea .

Crimea is characterized by a wide variety of natural conditions and landscapes, which are associated with its geographical position and complex geological and geomorphological structure. The diversity of landscapes was promoted by long-term anthropogenic impact, which led both to the degradation of many natural landscapes and the formation of completely new anthropogenic landscapes. Currently, natural, poorly transformed landscapes occupy only 2.5% of the Crimean territory. These are mountain broad-leaved forests, mountain forest-steppe on yayles, salt marshes and halophyte meadows of the Sivash region and the Kerch Peninsula. Most of the territory of the peninsula (62%) is developed for constructive landscapes: arable land, gardens, cities, roads, etc. The rest of the territory (35.5%) is represented by secondary landscapes.

The main features of the modern flora and fauna in the Crimea were formed about 5 thousand years ago. At this time, people moved from gathering and hunting to agriculture and animal husbandry. For many centuries, economic pressures did not lead to a significant change in landscapes.

Until the 19th century, in the Plain Crimea, the inhabitants were engaged in cattle breeding, and in the mountainous part and on the southern coast they grew grapes, wheat, apples, pears. But in the XIV - XVII centuries. and here cattle breeding was greatly developed, which led to the deforestation of large areas and the expansion of pastures due to them. At the beginning of the XIX century. the forest area in the Crimea was 361 thousand hectares, and in 1913 it was already 318 thousand hectares, in 1929 it was only 274 thousand hectares. The Crimean forests suffered greatly during the Great Patriotic War - by 1946 their area was reduced to 210 thousand hectares. In recent decades, thanks to reforestation, the area of ​​forested territories has increased and at present the total area of ​​Crimean forests is 338 thousand hectares.
A significant impact on the natural environment occurred with the commissioning of the North Crimean Canal. The area of ​​irrigated land in Crimea has reached approximately 20% of all cultivated land. However, due to the poor technical condition of the canal, about half of the water is lost, and this caused an increase in the level of groundwater, flooding of land, and salinization of the soil. Irrigation led to a qualitative change in landscapes: rice fields appeared, the area of ​​gardens, vegetable and row crops increased. New settlements arose, the population of agricultural areas grew.
Rivers, reservoirs and coastal waters of the Black and Azov Seas are polluted by industrial and domestic wastewater.Sewage treatment facilities have insufficient capacity, as a result, in 1996, 230 million m3 of wastewater was discharged into open water bodies, of which 106 were polluted, and 124 million m3 were treated to a standard. More than 42 million m3 of municipal solid waste has accumulated on the territory of Crimea.
Modern natural conditions in the Azov-Black Sea basin developed approximately 4-6 thousand years ago. However, the presence of relic organisms and the specific conditions of speciation determined a rather high - more than 10% - endemism of the fauna of the basin. It is home to more than 1200 species of algae and higher plants, 2100 invertebrates, 192 species of fish and 4 species of mammals. Already at the beginning of the 20th century, the impact of anthropogenic loads on the coastal ecosystems of the Crimea was noted, mainly due to the intensive catching of valuable fish species.The regulation of river flow in the 1950s had a very detrimental effect on the hydrological regime and the structure of the biological communities of the Sea of ​​Azov. An increase in the salinity of the sea waters has led to the suppression of many species of benthic fauna - the main food for fish valuable in nutrition.Pollution of the river waters of the Danube and the Dnieper, in turn, determined the eutrophication of the shallow northwestern part of the Black Sea and regular deaths in the summer.Anthropogenic pollution of the waters washing the Crimean peninsula caused the suppression of brown algae and increased development of green algae, the mass reproduction of the comb jelly - a new "tenant" of the sea, the voracity of which led to a noticeable decrease in zooplankton, and finally, water bloom.In recent decades, near the southern coast of Crimea, the area of ​​the most massive representative of brown algae, cystoseira, has decreased by 40%. Nevertheless, against the background of significant general pollution of the Azov-Black Sea basin, the southern and western coasts of Crimea turned out to be in a relatively favorable position due to the peculiarities of water circulation.The greatest damage to the Crimean coastal waters is caused by local local sources of pollution, and the water areas of bays and gulfs with poor water exchange are the most affected.Less damage was caused to aquatic ecosystems near open shores. In general, the environmental problems of Crimea are associated with a complex of reasons of a socio-economic and natural resource nature, which are reflected in the nature of nature management.
In general, all environmental problems can be grouped into several groups:

Atmospheric, associated with air pollution;

Water - with depletion and pollution of waters;

Land - with violation and alienation of land, depletion of subsoil;

Soil-geomorphological - with erosion, deflation, waterlogging, salinization;

Landscape - with deterioration and loss of natural and recreational qualities and attractiveness;

Biological - with the degradation of flora and fauna.
2.Ecological problems of Crimea

The environmental problems of the Crimea in connection with the peculiarities of its organization as a natural and economic object must be considered at three levels:

regional (Crimea as a whole);

subregional (administrative regions, large cities, natural regions such as the South Coast and the Crimean Mountains);

local (elementary natural and anthropogenic objects, small settlements).

For Crimea, the main environmental problem - further decrease in the efficiency of nature management and increased anthropogenic pressure on the natural environment, occurring against the background of a discrepancy between the natural resource potential available in the region and the type of its functional use.

The decrease in the efficiency of nature management is expressed as follows:

Preservation and further activation of long-term trends in environmental pollution and deterioration in public health;

The continuing irrational use of natural resources in violation of the normative indicators of use and reproduction;

Further reduction of controllability of the system of regional nature management.

The ecological situation in Crimea can be assessed as tense, characterized by the deterioration of the state of individual components of the environment in comparison with the standards, but has not yet become irreversible.

Against the background of the ecological situation in the region as a whole, there are a number of problems within the Crimean Peninsula associated with the peculiarities of the anthropogenic impact on the natural environment within administrative districts and large cities.

The main regional problems of Crimea include:

Deterioration of the quality of hydro-mineral resources (Saksky, Leninsky districts, the cities of Evpatoria, Feodosia, the water area of ​​​​Lake Sivash);

Pollution of surface water bodies on land (R. Salgir, Churuk-Su);

Pollution of the coastal zone of the sea (Kerch and Kamysh-Burun bays, the Kerch Strait, the resort water use zone of Yalta, Karkinitsky Bay);

According to the geographical location and nature of the runoff, the Crimean rivers can be divided into four groups:

the rivers of the northern slopes of the Crimean Mountains flowing into the Sivash (Salgir, Vostochny Bulganak, Indol, Chorokh-Su, etc.);

the rivers of the western slopes of the Crimean Mountains flowing into the Black Sea (Western Bulganak, Alma, Kacha, Belbek, Chernaya);

the rivers of the South Bank (Uchan-Su, Derekoika, Otuz, etc.);

rivers originating on the watershed plateau of the Tarkhankut Upland, flowing into the Black Sea (Chatyrlyk, Kamarchik).

The main local water sources are small rivers, which on the peninsula take on the entire pressure of anthropogenic impact, as a result of which most of them have degraded, lost their economic importance and turned into dirty collectors.

The causes of degradation of small rivers can be grouped into four groups:

1. Deforestation and plowing of soils within the catchment area, which violated the regime of river feeding. The forest in the watershed contributes to the enhancement of groundwater nutrition. Moist forest air, less deep freezing of the soil, the presence of forest litter that accumulates water, prolonged snowmelt in the forest area and other factors contribute to the replenishment of the groundwater flow from the watershed to the rivers, and even out the supply of clean water to the rivers.

2. Inadmissible plowing of steep slopes, gullies, protected areas, near ravines and channels of the hydrographic network, which violated the erosion resistance of soil and soil, is washed into rivers. Intense erosion of plowed steep slopes and gullies has been especially noticeable in the last two decades. In many places, especially in the upper part of the slopes, red glades of underlying clay are already visible from under a thin layer of chernozem. In the thalweg of the beams, water flows down from the slopes. When ravines are plowed up, the soil within the thalweg, which is not protected by sod and tall vegetation, is eroded, and the ravine turns into an intensively growing ravine. Soil erosion products overload river flows, part of the sediment is deposited in the bedrock channels of the rivers and silts them up. These processes cause a chain of other inevitable changes: a decrease in the carrying capacity of the root channel, deterioration in the drainage of floodplains, salinization and waterlogging, and a change in water-regulating vegetation.

3. Chemical, bacterial, thermal and other types of river water pollution affecting phyto- and zoobiocenoses, on which the limiting factor of channel formation depends - the state of aquatic and coastal vegetation. Water pollution leads to the depletion of water resources, to the loss of optimal regimes of rivers, to the formation of new objects with processes alien to nature and man. Rivers are not only withdrawn from a number of highly productive, but also become dangerous objects of nature (water that is harmful to health, harmful phyto- and zoobiocenoses). 4. Irrational development of floodplains, which violated the optimal energy state of the flow during the flood. Under natural conditions, the strong flow of the stream along the floodplain was hindered by meadow and forest shrub vegetation. Most of the spring runoff took place in the natural root channel, washing and deepening it. Under these conditions, the water level in low water was lower than in the silted channel, and this ensured good drainage of the floodplain. The exit to the channel through the aquifers underlying the floodplain was washed out, and the loss of pressure due to seepage of floodplain groundwater into the channel turned out to be insignificant.

Violation of land during the development of mineral deposits in an open way (Saksky, Leninsky, Bakhchisarai, Simferopol, Krasnogvardeisky districts); ----

The increasing impact of motor transport on the atmosphere of Crimean cities;

Deterioration in the quality of agricultural land associated with an increase in the proportion of saline (Leninsky district), waterlogged (Krasnoperekopsky, Dzhankoysky, Nizhnegorsky districts) and eroded lands (Saksky, Pervomaisky districts).
3. State of flora and fauna

The fauna of the Crimea is original, but not rich (about 400 species of vertebrates). Brown hare, fox, hedgehog, lizards are found everywhere, in the mountains - Crimean deer, Crimean roe deer, badger, stone marten, etc. Birds in the steppe are inhabited by crane, bustard, quail, in the mountains - falcons, owls, woodpeckers, black vulture , wild pigeon, etc. Waterfowl are numerous on the Sivash and lakes: martyns, mallards, ducks. In different years, mouflon, teleutka squirrel, wild boar, pheasant were acclimatized in Crimea. An important feature of the animal world of Crimea is its uniqueness. Of particular concern is the need to preserve rare, relic and endemic animals that are reducing their numbers and habitats under the influence of economic activity. Many of the endangered species of Crimean living organisms are listed in the Red Book. The share of Crimea in this Book is extremely large, and this is a consequence of the active centuries-old human impact on the unique, vulnerable wildlife of the peninsula. So, out of 382 representatives of the animal world, listed in the Red Book, about 200 species are distributed in the Crimea, and more than 60 of them - only within the peninsula.

In the 20th century, more than 50 species of native plants and animals disappeared in Crimea. The number of the Crimean red deer over the past decade has decreased by 4 times. Among the "Red Book" animals are the bat, the giant evening bat, the Dalmatian pelican, the white-tailed eagle, the Mediterranean gecko, the leopard snake, etc. In recent years, the anthropogenic pressure on natural zoocenoses (except for hunting fauna) has somewhat decreased. This is due to a decrease in production activity, primarily agricultural production. An example is a significant increase in the number of bustards in the Leninsky district. However, anthropogenic factors associated with the long-term consequences of economic activity - the use of pesticides, cutting down forest belts, the high proportion of farmland, etc. - continued to have a serious impact on the state of the fauna of the Crimea.One of the last (the Uchan-Su River) habitats of the red freshwater crab, which falls into the flood zone of the General reservoir under construction, is under threat. Of the 300 species of birds in the region, about 20% of them are registered in landfills and solid waste landfills.

Over the past few years, there has been a spontaneous next wave of destructive impact on the existing fragile ecological complex of the Plain Crimea. Massive deforestation of forest belts by the population without their renewal and overgrazing of livestock are noted, which can lead to unforeseen consequences for the ecosystem. One of such consequences may be further impoverishment of the fauna of the Plain Crimea and a change in the faunal potential of the territory. The presence on the territory of Crimea of ​​a significant number of habitats of rare and in need of protection of species of animals predetermines the need for various types of restrictions on economic activity.

The natural flora of Crimea is very rich. It has 2775 plant species .

Plants of the Crimean flora compose a diverse and in many ways unique vegetation cover. On a relatively small area of ​​the peninsula, there are desert, steppe, forest communities, and the vegetation of the southern coast of Crimea is close to the Mediterranean. Such a huge floristic richness of the small Crimean region (22 times less than the total area of ​​Ukraine) is associated with its unique border, cross and semi-isolated geographical position. The area of ​​forests in the Crimea reaches 338 thousand hectares. The slopes of the Crimean Mountains are predominantly occupied by oak (55.7% of the area of ​​all forests), pine (17.5%), beech (12.1%) and hornbeam (5.6%) forests. Average age of stands is 71 years. There are 250 endemic plant species in Crimea, which make up 9.7% of the flora of the peninsula, and in general, 65% of the species of the entire flora of Ukraine grow in Crimea. Relic plants grow in the forests of the South Coast: juniper high, evergreen small-fruited strawberry, pistachio pistachio, a number of evergreen shrubs - Pontic needle, Crimean cistus, red pyracantha, shrub jasmine, etc. There are a lot of medicinal and wild fruit plants (1157 species: valerian, St. John's wort , capers, barberry, dogwood, etc.). In the Plain Crimea, steppe vegetation is widespread under the feather-grass-fescue-forb and wormwood steppes.

The natural vegetation cover has been severely disturbed by human activities - most of the land in the plains and a significant proportion of the areas in the foothill and mountainous areas are plowed up or used for pastures and hayfields. On the plowed steppes there are fields of wheat, corn, rice paddies, vegetable plantations, vineyards and orchards. Horticulture and viticulture are developed in the valleys, plantations of essential oil crops and tobacco are located. The flora of Crimea has a number of common features with the flora of the territories surrounding the Mediterranean, Black, and Aegean Seas. Most of the Crimean species grow in the territories of the Mediterranean countries.

Almost every tenth species of the Crimean flora is endemic, and almost all of them are associated with the Crimean Mountains. The largest number endemics is characteristic of yaila - over 60% of the plants growing here are endemic, of which 40% are found exclusively on Crimean yaila, many of which are historically young. This indicates that the Crimean Mountains are one of the centers of speciation. However, in many places the yayl vegetation has been disturbed as a result of excessive grazing.

The condition of the Crimean forests is unsatisfactory . The unsystematic logging carried out in the past has led to a reduction in forest areas and the exposure of mountain slopes. Industrial logging has led to the degradation of forests, primarily oak forests, to the replacement of tall forests with secondary formations and arbitrary plant communities.Poor condition of beech forests , which were exploited in smaller sizes than oak and pine, but now they have accumulated a lot of overmature trees with unsatisfactory renewal under their canopy of young growth.

A special place belongs to the protection of forests from fires . Every year, 20-25 fires happen in the mountain forests and on the yayls of the Crimea due to the fault of people. Extinguishing forest fires in mountainous areas is fraught with great difficulties, in particular with the problem of water delivery. In addition, extinguishing fires is complicated by the frequent change in wind direction in the mountains, the dryness of the Crimean forest and, especially, its coniferous plantations, and the steepness of the forest mountain slopes. Weak material and technical equipment of the forest industry, outdated machinery and equipment, lack of funds for fire fighting equipment makes the problem of forest fires one of the most acute for forestry and creates a real threat to the forests of Crimea, valuable from a recreational and aesthetic point of view.
4. Summing up. Conversation on the following questions:

- Is it possible to protect the species diversity of the Crimea?

- Will we be able to use natural resources without limits?

- What conditions of environmental safety must be observed by each person?

- Why does a person protect himself by protecting the environment?

5. D / Z. - prepare projects according to the options on the topic: “The impact of productive forces on the environment”, “Pollution of water resources”, “Industrial waste”, “Household waste”, Impact on the atmosphere”, Mineral resources of Crimea and their rational use”, “Protection of reserves and reserves of Crimea”

Literature sources:

Textbook "Crimea Studies" Grade 8, ed. A.V. Suprychev.

Workbook "Crimea Studies" Grade 8, ed. A.V. Suprychev.

The natural body - the soil - is the most important component of the biosphere.
In the material world, the soil was formed as a result of the combined action of two basic forms of matter - abiogenic and biogenic.
Having appeared in nature, the soil immediately became the habitat of many animals, the highest of the lowest plant organisms. Soil without them can neither be in its natural state nor in the process of being used for agricultural production.
The role of the soil is also determined by the fact that it is the custodian of energy resources.

Crimea has different soils. From north to south, there are soils of the chestnut zone - dark chestnut and chestnut soils of varying degrees of solonetzization and salinity; chernozem zone - southern and ordinary piedmont chernozems; brown, gray-brown and gray-brown soils of dry subtropics.

The soil cover of the region undergoes great changes as a result of its use in agricultural production. Positive phenomena include the creation of ANTHROPOGENIC SOILS, that is, all planted soils used for perennial plantings (vineyards, orchards). Reclamation of solonetzes has made it possible to create anthropogenic soils in the Crimea on an area of ​​more than 6,000 hectares. All of them have better indicators of composition and properties than in their natural state. Significant areas of solonetzes and solonchaks, used in the Crimea for rice, have positively changed the indicators of their composition and properties.
However, the negative impact on the soil and the deterioration of the ecological situation, unfortunately, exceeds the positive impact of man.
The soil deteriorates in the following main directions: dehumification, development of water and wind erosion processes, secondary salinization and alkalinization, flooding (waterlogging) and pollution.

The process of DEHUMIFICATION (loss of humus - soil humus) means a decrease in its content in soils. Over the past 50 years, in the soils of the Crimea, the humus content in the 0-40 cm layer has decreased everywhere, but in different areas in different ways. The greatest losses were in the farms of the Leninsky district, where they reached 30-35% relative. What are the main causes of dehumification? This is the lack of balance between the flow and arrival of organic matter. Firstly, in the Crimea, more is spent than is brought in. The minimum dose of organic matter (manure) per 1 kg should be at least 10 tons annually. Secondly, humus is lost in the process of WATER AND WIND EROSION. Soil destruction in the Crimea as a result of erosion processes occurs throughout the region. In some areas, water erosion is more pronounced, for example, in Bakhchisarai, Belogorsk, Simferopol, in some others - wind (deflation). The latter include Leninsky, Dzhankoysky, Chernomorsky, Saksky and other areas.

In order to prevent, first of all, wind erosion, it is necessary to change the system of soil cultivation in the Crimea and their use. The introduction of soil-protective tillage technology using flat-cutting tools and stubble conservation is an indispensable element of this process.

SECONDARY FLOODING AND SALTINATION (bogging) is the result of improper use of irrigated waters. The area of ​​such lands in the Crimea is more than 60 thousand hectares and, unfortunately, tends to grow.

To combat SECONDARY SALT MATTER in the Crimea, it is necessary to regulate the composition of absorbed cations by introducing calcium-containing neutral chemicals (gypsum, etc.).

POLLUTION of soils in the Crimea is associated with the appearance in them of various chemicals and long-term preservation of them during the cultivation of cultivated plants. These substances include many herbicides, insectofungicides, and some mineral fertilizers.
They have a negative impact on the zoo- and phytopopulation of Crimean soils: they lead to a decrease in their number, which, in turn, adversely affects the development of cultivated vegetation, its productivity and composition.

The lack of soil cover in Crimea, its negative changes will lead to irreparable consequences in the life of a Crimean. The time has come to think seriously: by how much to increase the amount of arable land available in the region? Is it necessary to convert all pastures to improved ones? Perhaps it would be more expedient to focus on preserving a certain amount of land in a natural state? These are not only environmental issues, but also economic ones.

One of the most important issues of conservation of the land fund in the Crimea is the RESTORATION of lands after their industrial use. They require immediate development. Not everywhere reclamation should provide for the creation of arable land. In a number of areas, these should be forests (for example, in the Bakhchisaray district), cultivated pastures (Saki district and others). In part, they can also be used for perennial plantings - fruit crops, as well as forest crops. The technology of cultivation of a number of fruit crops on such lands was developed by scientists of the State Nikitsky Botanical Garden.

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Despite ongoing environmental measures, the overall environmental situation in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea remains unfavorable. The main factors of a negative impact on the quality of the environment in Crimea are anthropogenic pollution of atmospheric air, surface and groundwater, resort resources, the accumulation of toxic and household waste, and the poor condition of sewage treatment facilities. Significant sanitary and hygienic problems in Crimea are associated with a shortage of drinking water and its pollution due to the poor sanitary and technical condition of water supply networks. The problems of water supply are sharply exacerbated during the holiday season due to the influx of recreants, especially unorganized ones, while the shortage of drinking water in the resort areas reaches 70-80%. The lack of sufficient water supply and sanitation limits the development of new promising resort areas for the purpose of recreational relief and improvement of the ecological state of the traditional Crimean resorts.

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An analysis of the dynamics of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere of Crimea shows that since 1998, an increase in emissions into the atmosphere begins, mainly due to vehicle emissions. In the cities of Yalta, Simferopol and Yevpatoria, motor transport accounts for 70-80% of emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air, the amount of which increases significantly during the holiday season due to the influx of non-resident vehicles.

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Topical for the Crimea are the problems of water disposal. Along with the lack of centralized sewerage systems in many areas, which creates an epidemiological hazard for the population and leads to heavy pollution of water bodies and soils, significant difficulties are due to the inefficient operation of existing sewage treatment facilities. Crimea is one of the regions with extremely difficult water supply conditions; its own water sources can only satisfy the demand by 28%. At the same time, at 100 underground water intakes, increased mineralization is observed, exceeding GOST by 3-4 times (Razdolnensky, Chernomorsky, Saki and other areas), which is a risk factor for cholelithiasis and urolithiasis in the population. In many areas of Crimea, there is a significant pollution of groundwater with nitrogenous compounds, including nitrates, which is associated with a large use of fertilizers in agriculture, as well as with organic soil pollution.

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In addition to general environmental problems that are also typical for other regions of Ukraine, it must be taken into account that the Crimea is a unique combination of the most important resort resources, while their quality largely determines the health-improving potential and the significance of resorts in general. Significant anthropogenic pollution of resort resources is noted in Crimea - pathogenic microbes, pesticides, heavy metals, oil products, surfactants, phenols, radionuclides, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and biphenyls were found in coastal sea waters, therapeutic mud and mineral water sources. Due to microbial contamination of coastal sea waters in Crimea, 11 beaches are constantly closed by the Sanitary and Epidemiological Service, and many other seaside beaches are periodically closed.

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Thus, at present, the priority environmental problems of Crimea are the following: - significant anthropogenic pollution of atmospheric air, surface and ground waters and soil, - ensuring efficient water supply and sanitation in many areas, - accumulation of a large amount of toxic industrial, agricultural and household waste in settlements and recreational areas, - chemical and microbial pollution of resort and recreational resources in the absence of a reliable monitoring system for such pollution, - significant recreational and environmental overload of traditional resorts against the backdrop of significant problems in the development of new promising resort areas.