home » Plants » E10-E14 Diabetes mellitus. Diabetes: types and causes of their development, course and manifestations, how to treat, possible consequences Who is at risk for prediabetes

E10-E14 Diabetes mellitus. Diabetes: types and causes of their development, course and manifestations, how to treat, possible consequences Who is at risk for prediabetes

Indicators of glucose content in the bloodstream reflect the state of human health. If he has a blood sugar of 10, then there is a serious threat of irreversible processes that lead to hyperglycemia. When it flows into a chronic form, diabetes mellitus is diagnosed.

Experts warn that blood testing should be done regularly, especially if the patient is at risk for prediabetes. These are people with poor heredity, older people, patients suffering from obesity and arterial hypertension, women who have experienced gestational diabetes while carrying a child. But even at fairly high values, one should not despair, and one should not panic. The main thing is to follow the recommendations of the doctor and adhere to a certain diet.

Blood sugar 10 - what does it mean

When the test result showed a sugar level of 10.1 and above, how to deal with it and what to do is of interest to the victim. If a person has never had diabetes before, then the causes of hyperglycemia may lie in:

inflammatory or oncological process occurring in the pancreas;
stress or psycho-emotional stress suffered on the eve of blood donation;
taking certain medications: steroids, oral contraceptives, hormones, diuretics;
malnutrition and addiction to bad habits (alcoholism, smoking);
lack of physical activity, hypodynamia;
diseases affecting the endocrine system;
ailments occurring in the tissues of the liver;
hormonal failure, for example, during menopause or during pregnancy;
development of type 1/type 2 diabetes mellitus.

To confirm or refute the diagnosis, doctors refer the patient to a second test, which is taken on an empty stomach, and also use additional studies, revealing postprandial glycemia (after an average meal), level,. Thanks to these data, it is possible to track how much the sugar concentration rises after eating, how the pancreas works, and whether insulin is absorbed by cells and tissues. An examination by a neurologist, oncologist, ophthalmologist is mandatory.

Important! With values of the level of sugar concentration of 10.2 - 10.5 and higher, the sooner medical assistance is provided, the sooner the patient will be prescribed therapy that reduces the likelihood of severe complications that do not exclude death.

Should I be afraid

Experts believe that each organism has its own critical threshold for sugar content. Border values are 5.5-7 mmol / l. If the numbers exceed the level of 10.3, ketoacidosis may develop, and then coma.

Symptoms of hyperglycemia include:

impotence, lethargy, general weakness;
constant sleepiness;
nervousness, irritability;
attacks of cephalalgia and dizziness;
sensation preceding vomiting, gagging;
thirst and dry mouth;
pain, cramps, numbness in the limbs;
peeling,;
marked deterioration in visual acuity;
frequent urge to urinate;
poor wound healing.

Hyperglycemia, in which blood sugar 10 is recorded, is considered a dangerous condition, due to which metabolic processes are disturbed:

protective functions of the body are reduced. A person often suffers from viral and infectious diseases, which are difficult and long, leaving behind consequences and complications;
disorders of the activity of the reproductive system begin - for example,;
toxins and toxic substances are released that poison the entire body.

The more pronounced the symptoms of diabetes, the higher the risk of developing its complications:

diabetic coma. Occurs due to a sharp jump in blood sugar levels. It is manifested by a violation of breathing, a sharp decrease in blood pressure, falling into a heavy deep sleep, the smell of acetone when exhaling -.
Hypoglycemic coma. It can be triggered by a sharp decrease in sugar levels, which is no less dangerous. A similar condition can develop due to the abuse of alcohol and the use of sugar-lowering medications. The patient's heartbeat and breathing are disturbed, the body temperature drops, anuria sets in, reddening of the face is observed, consciousness is disturbed, the glucose content in the bloodstream rises to values of 15-26 units -.
Ketoacidosis. In this condition, metabolic products accumulate in the blood. In difficult cases, a person may lose consciousness -.
Hyperosmolar coma. The reaction to sugar 10.15, 20 mmol / l, which leads to dehydration of the body -.

In all these cases, a person needs emergency medical care, hospitalization and intensive care.

What to do with high sugar levels, for example, if they reach 10.8 units, the specialist says. If you do not take therapeutic measures, complications develop that affect the nervous, urinary, cardiovascular system, and visual organs.

The most progressive, chronic pathological processes to which hyperglycemia leads are:

gangrene;
arthropathy;
damage to peripheral nerves;
retinal damage.

What to do if the sugar level is above 10

With a sugar content of 10.4 and above units detected on an empty stomach, they first find out what type of diabetes mellitus belongs to. If this is the first type, then sugar-lowering medications are prescribed, for example,. The beta cells of the pancreas have lost the function of producing the hormone insulin, which will now have to be administered regularly to prevent the development of critical situations.

In the second type of diabetes, the results of 10.6 and above signal that this is an extremely neglected condition, in which pathologies of vital organs begin to develop, the digestive system is disrupted, blood vessels are severely affected, and there is a high probability of developing atherosclerosis, heart attack, stroke.

The specialist can apply several types of therapy by prescribing:

the use of drugs that make tissues and cells more susceptible to the produced insulin;
regular, but moderate physical activity: light running, swimming, walking, cycling;
strict adherence to the dietary table, in which you need to give up easily digestible carbohydrates - flour, sweets, potatoes, etc .;
avoidance of stress and maximum psychological comfort;
treatment of chronic diseases.

With a sugar of 10.7 mmol / l, only complex treatment will stabilize the patient's condition and significantly improve blood counts. When all attempts at therapy do not give the desired effect, the patient is offered insulin therapy. If hyperglycemia occurred due to stress, or a strong psycho-emotional overstrain, then they review the menu and, if possible, eliminate irritants.

When sugar rises during insulin therapy, and a person is already regularly injecting the drug, the cause of high blood sugar levels may be hiding in:

incorrectly selected dose of medication;
improper diet and non-compliance with the scheme of administration of the drug (it must be taken before meals, not after);
violated the rule of storage of opened ampoules;
gross violation of the technique of drug administration.

A patient suffering from insulin-dependent diabetes must be informed about how injections should be carried out, and they are told in detail about other nuances of treatment. For example, the skin before an injection is not wiped with an alcohol solution, as it worsens the effect of a sugar-lowering drug and can provoke a jump in the concentration of sugar in the bloodstream, reaching a value of 10 or more units -. After administering insulin, it is recommended to wait a few seconds, and only then remove the needle, otherwise droplets of medicine may leak out.

Injections in one area of the body are not carried out, since, once in the resulting seal, insulin is absorbed much more slowly. When mixing different types of medication, their compatibility must be taken into account. If the dosage was calculated incorrectly, it is better to contact a specialist for dose adjustment. You can’t do this on your own, otherwise you can provoke hypoglycemia.

Today I am publishing another article from my first blog. This article is very relevant today, because. The number of people with high blood sugar is constantly increasing.

How to keep blood sugar without chemicals.

Today I want to talk about how my wife and I keep blood sugar at the same level.

A bit of history.

After the celebration of the New Year 2011, on January 3 or 4, I began to feel dryness in my throat, and I was constantly thirsty.

Considering that I do not drink alcohol at all, for me it was some kind of new unpleasant sensation. I told my wife about the problem. She advised to measure blood sugar, because. at one time she faced the same problem. When I measured sugar with a glucometer, I was extremely surprised by the result, the number 10.6 was on the screen, this is at a rate of no more than 5.5. I began to think from what it was suddenly such a misfortune, and remembered that my mother had diabetes, and this disease, as we know, is hereditary, and of course, the use of all kinds of New Year's goodies affected.

And so, I earned increased sugar. The question arose: “What to do? How to reduce it and keep it normal? First of all, I excluded from my diet:

1. Anything that contains sugar.

2. White wheat bread.

3. Potatoes.

4. Pasta.

5. Rice and semolina.

I am against the use of all kinds of chemicals, so I began to look for folk advice on lowering blood sugar. There were many recipes, but I settled on one and have been successfully using it for more than a year now.

Here is the recipe:

Take 150-200 ml of milk curdled milk (you can use kefir, but curdled milk is more useful), add a tablespoon of ground buckwheat to it, mix everything well and leave this mixture overnight. Eat the composition in the morning on an empty stomach. You can have breakfast in an hour. Using yogurt with ground buckwheat daily in the morning, I normalized sugar in a week and have been maintaining it at 5.0-6.5 for a year and a half. In addition, this remedy strengthens blood vessels and lowers cholesterol levels, and is also useful for constipation.

Sugar fluctuations occur because I eat almost everything, but foods containing carbohydrates, of course, I eat with caution. Replaced regular sugar with fruit sugar (fructose).

Here she is:

In the morning on an empty stomach I eat 150-200 ml of yogurt with buckwheat, this serves as the first breakfast. An hour later I eat one large or two small apples, you can add a couple of tangerines or an orange, this serves as a second breakfast. During the first half of the day I drink two, sometimes three glasses of green tea with jasmine. I usually have lunch at 12-13 o'clock. Lunch is normal, no restrictions. After lunch, during the afternoon until 17:00, I drink a couple more glasses of green tea with jasmine. I have dinner at 18, maximum at 19 o'clock. After this time, I don't eat anything anymore. But you can still eat an apple and an orange. Yes, who does not like jasmine tea can drink plain green tea, but only good quality.

Now a little about each product separately.

A sour-milk dietary product that can be obtained from whole or skimmed pasteurized, sterilized or baked cow's milk by fermenting it with a starter prepared on pure cultures of lactic acid bacteria. I prepare curdled milk from natural milk, the shelf life of which does not exceed 5 days, with a fat content of 3.2-3.8. I ferment with a tablespoon of natural sour cream. At room temperature. Yogurt is ready within a day.

Why is yogurt so useful? Mechnikov, a famous Russian biologist, noticed that peasants in Bulgaria often drink yogurt and live longer, and the signs of aging are not as pronounced as in other people. Later, upon closer examination, he discovered that a special microorganism was present in yogurt, later called the bulgarian stick. It actively produces lactic acid, which is harmful to putrefactive bacteria. These bacteria secrete substances that poison a person and his internal environment. Contains polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids - valine, arginine, leucine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, tryptophan, methylalanine. It contains starch, dietary fiber, sugars, vitamins A, C, E, K, B vitamins, numerous macro- and microelements. In addition, it slightly slows down aging, and besides, it is the only natural product that really restores nerve cells.

Buckwheat has unique beneficial properties. Firstly, buckwheat is the champion among cereals in terms of iron content. It also contains calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iodine, zinc, fluorine, molybdenum, cobalt, vitamins B1, B2, B9 (folic acid), PP, vitamin E. Buckwheat surpasses all other grains in protein content, and these proteins are easy digestible. But buckwheat carbohydrates, on the contrary, are digested for quite a long time, therefore, after eating a buckwheat dish, a person feels full for a long time.

As it is sung in folklore: "Buckwheat porridge is our mother, and rye bread is our father!" The benefits of buckwheat were clear even to our dense ancestors! It was simple Russian food - cabbage soup, porridge, rye bread that was the basis of their heroic health.

The high dietary properties of buckwheat have been confirmed by the latest research by scientists. Buckwheat is useful for diabetics and obese people, since buckwheat contains less carbohydrates than other cereals.

Buckwheat helps the heart and liver, helps to remove excess cholesterol from the body, removes toxins and heavy metal ions from the body, saturates the blood with iron.

Even such a formidable disease as anemia is perfectly treated with buckwheat. To do this, grind buckwheat in a coffee grinder into flour. To cure anemia, it is enough to eat 2 tbsp one to three times a day. spoons of such buckwheat flour, washed down with a cup of milk. This treatment is carried out until the hemoglobin level is fully restored. The benefits of buckwheat are also explained by the fact that it contains a lot of routine, and this substance thickens and strengthens the walls of blood vessels. Therefore, buckwheat is an indispensable product on the table of those who suffer from hemorrhoids or varicose veins. Important! Traditional medicine recommends using only non-roasted buckwheat for medicinal purposes. You can distinguish fried cereals from non-fried ones by color - non-fried cereals are lighter.

Green tea. Green tea was drunk in China 5,000 years ago, around the time when tea trees began to be cultivated. Healers prescribed it as a cure for depression, loss of strength, weakness and other ailments. Green tea is a perennial evergreen shrub up to 10 m high. The leaves are alternate, oval, leathery, smooth, dark green. Flowers white, solitary. The fruit is a box. Seeds are round, dark brown. Blooms from August to late autumn. Fruits in October-December. The beneficial properties of green tea are due to the many substances it contains: polyphenols, catechins, alkaloids, vitamins, amino acids, pectins, trace elements and plant pigments.

The beneficial properties of green tea are due to the many substances it contains: polyphenols, catechins, alkaloids, vitamins, amino acids, pectins, trace elements and plant pigments. found that people with a healthy cardiovascular system do consume green tea statistically more than their peers in the same age group. Green tea with jasmine prevents the development of cancerous tumors. Women who regularly drink green tea have a 90% lower chance of developing breast cancer. Jasmine also has a positive effect on vision. And very recent studies have shown that mental abilities in older people who prefer green tea, in fact, last longer. A rather vivid illustration of the benefits of green tea is the so-called "Asian paradox": despite heavy smoking, many older people in Asia suffer from cardiovascular and cancer diseases much less often than Europeans. In green tea, they found a substance that can fight AIDS.

Green leaf tea is brewed with water that has not boiled over, cooled to a temperature of 80-85 ºС at the rate of one teaspoon per 200 ml mug.

Apples. It is well known that apples are good for our health. An old English proverb says: "Whoever eats an apple a day does not have a doctor." Almost the entire vitamin complex is represented in apples: A, B1, B2, B3, B, C, E, PP, P, K. They are rich in fructose, amino acids, iron, calcium and a lot of microelements so necessary for human life. Apple lowers blood cholesterol levels. It's all about pectin and fiber. One medium-sized apple with skin contains 3.5 g. fibers, i.e. more than 10% of the daily fiber requirement for the body.

An apple without a peel contains 2.7 g. fibers. Insoluble fiber molecules attach to cholesterol and help remove it from the body, thereby reducing the risk of vascular blockage and heart attacks. Apples also contain soluble fibers called pectins, which help bind and flush out excess cholesterol produced in the liver.

Researchers found that eating 2 apples a day lowered cholesterol levels by 16%, and eating the same number of apples, along with a small to medium onion and 4 cups of green tea, reduced the risk of heart attack by 32%. Regularly eating apples for hypertension helps to lower blood pressure, get rid of headaches and dizziness.

Here are some more traditional medicine recipes for lowering blood sugar:

1. Take 10 bay leaves and pour 400 ml of boiling water in a thermos, leave for 1.5 hours. Strain the infusion. Take ½ cup 3 times a day. The same infusion helps with osteochondrosis and spring weakness.

Diabetes mellitus is a serious disease that changes a person's whole life. And it is very important to recognize this disease in time in order to avoid the development of complications. The signs of diabetes will help us with this, or rather, their knowledge.

Most diabetics suffer from type 2 diabetes, when the pancreas produces too much insulin, and because the body develops resistance to it, the pancreas cannot produce as much insulin as is necessary to maintain normal levels. blood sugar.

And at this stage, the body gives the first signals that are important not to miss:

1 There is a sharp increase in the number of urination, because the kidneys are not able to absorb a large amount of glucose and it is simply excreted in the urine.

2 Constant thirst. To remove excess glucose with urine, you need liquid, so you want to drink more and more.

3 Fatigue appears.

Insulin collects glucose, which the body uses for energy, and with low insulin, there is not enough energy, so you get tired.

4 The constant feeling of hunger is another symptom. For energy, the body requires carbohydrates, that is, sugar, and in diabetics, the body cannot process carbohydrates.

5 Blurred vision may occur because excess glucose in the blood causes fluid to drain from the eyes, which changes their shape and prevents the lenses from focusing.

6 Extremely slow healing of the skin is characteristic of diabetics.

The fact is that blood filled with glucose is poor in oxygen, which can lead to nerve damage. And this means that cuts and scratches are more difficult and heal longer.

7 Poor circulation of oxygen in the blood also leads to the fact that a person begins to feel tingling and numbness in the hands and feet, there may be a burning sensation.

8 High levels of insulin, caused by the body's resistance to its effects, can cause rapid cell reproduction, which leads to darkening of the skin. Usually, such darkening can be seen around the neck and armpits.

9 The body of diabetics has a reduced ability to fight infections, so patients are susceptible to dementia. Inflamed swollen gums are another unpleasant symptom.

10 Finally, diabetics are prone to persistent yeast infections, and their warm, moist skin is an ideal environment for fungus to thrive.

Blood sugar levels are not always constant and can change depending on age, time of day, diet, physical activity, and the presence of stressful situations.

Blood glucose parameters can increase or decrease based on a particular need of the body. This complex system is controlled by pancreatic insulin and, to some extent, adrenaline.

With a lack of insulin in the body, regulation fails, which causes metabolic disorders. After a certain time, an irreversible pathology of the internal organs is formed.

To assess the patient's health and prevent the development of complications, it is necessary.

Sugar 5.0 - 6.0

Blood sugar levels in the range of 5.0-6.0 units are considered acceptable. Meanwhile, the doctor may be wary if the tests vary from 5.6 to 6.0 mmol / liter, as this may symbolize the development of the so-called prediabetes

Permissible levels in healthy adults can range from 3.89 to 5.83 mmol / liter.
For children, the range from 3.33 to 5.55 mmol / liter is considered the norm.
The age of children is also important to consider: in newborns up to a month, the indicators can be in the range from 2.8 to 4.4 mmol / liter, up to 14 years of age, the data range from 3.3 to 5.6 mmol / liter.
It is important to keep in mind that these data become higher with age, therefore, for older people over 60 years old, blood sugar levels may be higher than 5.0-6.0 mmol / liter, which is considered normal.
During pregnancy in women, due to hormonal changes, the data may increase. For pregnant women, analysis results from 3.33 to 6.6 mmol / liter are considered normal.

When testing for venous blood glucose, the rate automatically increases by 12 percent. Thus, if you do the analysis from a vein, the data can vary from 3.5 to 6.1 mmol / liter.

Also, the indicators may vary if you take whole blood from a finger, vein or blood plasma. In healthy people in plasma, the average is 6.1 mmol / liter.

If a pregnant woman takes blood from a finger on an empty stomach, the average data can vary from 3.3 to 5.8 mmol / liter. In the study of venous blood, indicators can range from 4.0 to 6.1 mmol / liter.

It is important to bear in mind that in some cases, under the influence of certain factors, sugar may temporarily increase.

Thus, increase glucose data can:

Physical labor or training;
Prolonged mental work;
Fright, fear or acute stressful situation.

Also, in addition to diabetes, diseases such as:

The presence of pain syndrome and pain shock;
Acute myocardial infarction;
brain stroke;
The presence of burn diseases;
brain injury;
Carrying out a surgical operation;
Epilepsy attack;
The presence of liver pathology;
Fractures and trauma.

Some time after the exposure to the provoking factor is stopped, the patient's condition returns to normal.

An increase in glucose in the body is often associated not only with the fact that the patient consumed a lot of fast carbohydrates, but also with a sharp physical load. When muscles are loaded, they need energy.

Glycogen in the muscles is converted to glucose and released into the blood, which causes an increase in blood sugar levels. Further, glucose is used for its intended purpose, and sugar returns to normal after a while.

Sugar 6.1 - 7.0

It is important to understand that in healthy people, capillary blood glucose never rises above 6.6 mmol/liter. Since the concentration of glucose in the blood from a finger is higher than from a vein, venous blood has different indicators - from 4.0 to 6.1 mmol / liter for any type of study.

If the blood sugar data on an empty stomach is above 6.6 mmol / liter, the doctor usually diagnoses, which is a serious metabolic failure. If every effort is not made to normalize the state of health, the patient may develop type 2 diabetes.

In prediabetes, fasting blood glucose is 5.5 to 7.0 mmol/liter, and glycated hemoglobin is 5.7 to 6.4 percent. One or two hours after a meal, blood sugar test data range from 7.8 to 11.1 mmol / liter. At least one of the signs is enough to diagnose the disease.

To confirm the diagnosis, the patient will have to:

take a second blood test for sugar;
take a glucose tolerance test;
examine blood for indicators of glycosylated hemoglobin, as this method is considered the most accurate for diabetic detection.

The age of the patient is also taken into account, since in old age data from 4.6 to 6.4 mmol / liter are considered the norm.

In general, an increase in blood sugar in pregnant women does not indicate obvious violations, but it will also be a reason to worry about your own health and the health of the unborn child.

If during pregnancy the concentration of sugar increases sharply, this may indicate the development of latent latent diabetes. If a pregnant woman is at risk, she is registered, after which she is assigned to undergo a blood test for glucose and a test with a load of glucose tolerance.

If the concentration of glucose in the blood of pregnant women is higher than 6.7 mmol / liter, the woman is most likely to have diabetes mellitus. For this reason, you should immediately consult a doctor if a woman has symptoms such as:

Feeling of dry mouth;
Constant thirst;
Frequent urination;
Constant feeling of hunger;
The appearance of bad breath;
The formation of a sour metallic taste in the oral cavity;
The appearance of general weakness and frequent fatigue;
Arterial pressure rises.

To prevent the occurrence of gestational diabetes, you need to regularly see a doctor, take all the necessary tests. It is also important not to forget about a healthy lifestyle, if possible, refuse to frequently eat foods with a high glycemic index, high in simple carbohydrates, starches.

If all the necessary measures are taken in a timely manner, the pregnancy will pass without problems, a healthy and strong baby will be born.

Sugar 7.1 - 8.0

If the readings in the morning on an empty stomach in an adult are 7.0 mmol / liter and above, the doctor may claim the development of diabetes.

In this case, blood sugar data, regardless of food intake and time, can reach 11.0 mmol / liter and above.

In the event that the data is in the range from 7.0 to 8.0 mmol / liter, while there are no obvious signs of the disease, and the doctor doubts the diagnosis, the patient is prescribed a passage.

To do this, the patient takes a blood test on an empty stomach.
75 grams of pure glucose is diluted with water in a glass, and the resulting solution must be drunk by the patient.
For two hours the patient should be at rest, you can not eat, drink, smoke and move actively. After that, a repeated blood test for sugar is taken from him.

A similar glucose tolerance test is mandatory for pregnant women in the middle of the term. If, according to the results of the analysis, the indicators are from 7.8 to 11.1 mmol / liter, it is considered that the tolerance is impaired, that is, the sensitivity to sugar is increased.

When the analysis shows a result above 11.1 mmol / liter, diabetes mellitus is preliminarily diagnosed.

The risk group for developing type 2 diabetes includes:

People who are overweight;
Patients with constant blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg and above;
People whose blood cholesterol levels are higher than normal;
Women who were diagnosed with gestational diabetes during pregnancy, as well as those whose child at birth weighed 4.5 kg or more;
Patients with polycystic ovaries;
People with a hereditary predisposition to develop diabetes.

For any risk factor, it is necessary to take a blood test for sugar at least once every three years, starting at the age of 45.

Overweight children over 10 years of age also need regular sugar checks.

Sugar 8.1 - 9.0

If three times in a row the sugar test showed overestimated results, the doctor diagnoses type 1 or type 2 diabetes. If the disease is running, a high level of glucose will be detected, including in the urine.

In addition to hypoglycemic drugs, the patient is prescribed a strict therapeutic diet. If it turns out that sugar rises sharply after dinner and these results persist until sleep, you need to reconsider your diet. Most likely, high-carbohydrate meals are eaten, which are contraindicated in diabetes.

A similar situation can be observed if throughout the day a person did not fully eat, and when he came home in the evening, he attacked the food and ate an excessive portion.

In this case, in order to prevent sugar surges, doctors recommend eating evenly throughout the day in small portions. Fasting should not be allowed, and dishes rich in carbohydrates should be excluded from the evening menu.

Sugar 9.1 - 10

Blood glucose readings between 9.0 and 10.0 units are considered a threshold value. With an increase in data above 10 mmol / liter, the kidneys of a diabetic are not able to perceive such a large concentration of glucose. As a result, sugar begins to accumulate in the urine, which causes the development of glucosuria.

Due to the lack of carbohydrates or insulin, the body of a diabetic does not receive the necessary amount of energy from glucose, and therefore fat reserves are used instead of the required "fuel". As you know, ketone bodies are substances that are formed as a result of the breakdown of fat cells. When blood glucose reaches 10 units, the kidneys try to remove excess sugar from the body as waste products along with urine.

Thus, diabetics who have several blood sugar readings above 10 mmol/liter should have their urine tested for ketones. For this purpose, special test strips are used, with the help of which the presence of acetone in the urine is determined.

Also, such a study is carried out if a person, in addition to high data of more than 10 mmol / liter, suddenly felt unwell, the body temperature increased, while the patient feels nausea, vomiting is observed. Such symptoms allow timely detection of decompensation of diabetes mellitus and prevent diabetic coma.

When lowering blood sugar with the help of hypoglycemic drugs, exercise or insulin, the amount of acetone in the urine decreases, the patient improves performance and general well-being.

Sugar 10.1 - 20

If, with blood sugar levels from 8 to 10 mmol / liter, a mild degree of hyperglycemia is diagnosed, then with an increase in data from 10.1 to 16 mmol / liter, an average degree is determined, above 16-20 mmol / liter - a severe degree of the disease.

This relative classification exists in order to guide doctors in case of suspicion of hyperglycemia. Moderate and severe degree reports decompensation of diabetes mellitus, as a result of which all kinds of chronic complications are observed.

The main symptoms that indicate an elevated blood sugar content of 10 to 20 mmol / liter are distinguished:

The patient experiences frequent urination, sugar is found in the urine. Due to the increased concentration of glucose in the urine, underwear in the genital area becomes as if starched.
At the same time, due to the large loss of fluid through the urine, the diabetic feels a strong and constant thirst.
The mouth feels constantly dry, especially at night.
The patient is often lethargic, weak and tired easily.
A diabetic loses body weight dramatically.
Sometimes a person feels nausea, vomiting, headache, fever.

The reason for this condition is due to an acute shortage of insulin in the body or the inability of cells to act on insulin in order to utilize sugar.

At this point, the renal threshold is exceeded above 10 mmol / liter, can reach 20 mmol / liter, glucose is excreted in the urine, which causes frequent urge to urinate.

This condition leads to loss of moisture and dehydration, which is what causes the unquenchable thirst of a diabetic. Together with the liquid, not only sugar is released from the body, but also all kinds of vital elements, such as potassium, sodium, chlorides, as a result, a person feels severe weakness and loses weight.

The higher the blood sugar level, the faster the above processes proceed.

Blood sugar above 20

With such indicators, the patient feels strong signs of hypoglycemia, which often leads to loss of consciousness. The presence of acetone at 20 mmol/liter and above is most easily detected by smell. This is a clear sign that diabetes is not compensated and the person is on the verge.

You can identify dangerous disorders in the body using the following symptoms.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diseases that tend to increase in incidence and spoil statistics. Symptoms of diabetes mellitus do not appear in one day, the process flows chronically, with an increase and aggravation of endocrine and metabolic disorders. True, the onset of type I diabetes is significantly different from the early stage of the second.

Among all endocrine pathologies, diabetes confidently holds the lead and accounts for more than 60% of all cases. In addition, disappointing statistics show that 1/10 of the “diabetics” are children.

The probability of acquiring the disease increases with age, and thus the size of the group doubles every decade. This is due to increased life expectancy, improved methods of early diagnosis, reduced physical activity and an increase in the number of people who are overweight.

Types of diabetes

Many have heard of such a disease as diabetes insipidus. So that the reader does not subsequently confuse the diseases that are called "diabetes", it will probably be useful to explain their differences.

diabetes insipidus

Diabetes insipidus is an endocrine disease that occurs as a result of neuroinfections, inflammatory diseases, tumors, intoxications and is caused by deficiency, and sometimes complete disappearance of ADH-vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone).

This explains the clinical picture of the disease:

Constant dryness of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, incredible thirst (a person can drink up to 50 liters of water in 24 hours, stretching the stomach to a large size);
Isolation of a huge amount of non-concentrated light urine with a low specific gravity (1000-1003);
Catastrophic weight loss, weakness, decreased physical activity, disorders of the digestive system;
A characteristic change in the skin ("parchment" skin);
Atrophy of muscle fibers, weakness of the muscular apparatus;
The development of dehydration syndrome in the absence of fluid intake for more than 4 hours.

The disease in terms of complete cure has an unfavorable prognosis, performance is significantly reduced.

Brief anatomy and physiology

An unpaired organ - the pancreas performs a mixed secretory function. Its exogenous part carries out external secretion, producing enzymes involved in the digestion process. The endocrine part, which is entrusted with the mission of internal secretion, is engaged in the production of various hormones, including - insulin and glucagon. They are key in ensuring the consistency of sugar in the human body.

The endocrine gland is represented by the islets of Langerhans, consisting of:

A-cells, which occupy a quarter of the entire space of the islets and are considered the site of glucagon production;
B-cells, occupying up to 60% of the cell population, synthesizing and accumulating insulin, the molecule of which is a polypeptide of two chains, carrying 51 amino acids in a certain sequence. The sequence of amino acid residues for each representative of the fauna is different, however, in relation to the structural structure of insulin, pigs are closest to humans, which is why their pancreas is primarily used to produce insulin on an industrial scale;
D-cells producing somatostatin;
Cells that produce other polypeptides.

Thus, the conclusion is: damage to the pancreas and the islets of Langerhans, in particular, is the main mechanism that inhibits the production of insulin and triggers the development of the pathological process.

Types and special forms of the disease

The lack of insulin leads to a violation of the constancy of sugar (3.3 - 5.5 mmol / l) and contributes to the formation of a heterogeneous disease called diabetes mellitus (DM):

The complete absence of insulin (absolute deficiency) forms insulin dependent pathological process, which is type I diabetes mellitus (IDDM);
A lack of insulin (relative deficiency), which triggers a violation of carbohydrate metabolism in the initial stage, slowly but surely leads to the development non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), which is called diabetes mellitus type II.

Due to a violation in the body of glucose utilization, and, consequently, its increase in blood serum (hyperglycemia), which, in principle, is a manifestation of the disease, signs of diabetes begin to appear over time, that is, a total disorder of metabolic processes at all levels. Significant changes in the hormonal-metabolic interaction ultimately involve all the functional systems of the human body in the pathological process, which once again indicates the systemic nature of the disease. How quickly the formation of the disease occurs depends on the degree of insulin deficiency, which, as a result, determines the types of diabetes.

In addition to type 1 and type 2 diabetes, there are special types of this disease:

secondary diabetes, resulting from acute and chronic inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), malignant neoplasms in the parenchyma of the gland, cirrhosis of the liver. A number of endocrine disorders accompanied by excessive production of insulin antagonists (acromegaly, Cushing's disease, pheochromocytoma, thyroid disease) lead to the development of secondary diabetes. Many drugs used for a long time have a diabetogenic effect: diuretics, some antihypertensive drugs and hormones, oral contraceptives, etc.;
Diabetes in pregnancy (gestational), caused by a peculiar mutual influence of the hormones of the mother, child and placenta. The pancreas of the fetus, which produces its own insulin, begins to inhibit the production of insulin by the maternal gland, as a result of which this special form is formed during pregnancy. However, with proper management, gestational diabetes usually disappears after delivery. Subsequently, in some cases (up to 40%) in women with a similar history of pregnancy, this fact may threaten the development of type II diabetes mellitus (within 6-8 years).

Why does the "sweet" disease occur?

"Sweet" disease forms a rather "motley" group of patients, so it becomes obvious that IDDM and its non-insulin-dependent "brother" genetically originated differently. There is evidence of an association of insulin-dependent diabetes with the genetic structures of the HLA system (major histocompatibility complex), in particular, with some genes of the D-region loci. For INDSD, such a relationship was not observed.

For the development of type I diabetes mellitus, one genetic predisposition is not enough, the pathogenetic mechanism is triggered by provoking factors:

Congenital inferiority of the islets of Langerhans;
Unfavorable influence of the external environment;
Stress, nervous stress;
Traumatic brain injury;
Pregnancy;
Infectious processes of viral origin (influenza, mumps, cytomegalovirus infection, Coxsackie);
Tendency to constant overeating, leading to excess body fat;
Abuse of confectionery (sweet teeth are more at risk).

Before highlighting the causes of type II diabetes, it would be advisable to dwell on a very controversial issue: who suffers more often - men or women?

It has been established that at present the disease in the territory of the Russian Federation is more often formed in women, although back in the 19th century DM was a "privilege" of the male sex. By the way, now in some countries of Southeast Asia, the presence of this disease in men is considered predominant.

Predisposing conditions for the development of type II diabetes include:

Changes in the structural structure of the pancreas as a result of inflammatory processes, as well as the appearance of cysts, tumors, hemorrhages;
Age after 40 years;
Overweight (the biggest risk factor for NIDDM!);
Vascular diseases caused by atherosclerotic process and arterial hypertension;
In women, pregnancy and the birth of a child with a high body weight (more than 4 kg);
The presence of relatives suffering from diabetes;
Strong psycho-emotional stress (hyperstimulation of the adrenal glands).

The causes of the disease of different types of diabetes in some cases coincide (stress, obesity, the influence of external factors), but the onset of the process in type 1 and type 2 diabetes is different, moreover, IDDM is the destiny of childhood and young age, and insulin-independent prefers older people.

Why are you so thirsty?

The characteristic symptoms of diabetes mellitus, regardless of form and type, can be represented as follows:

Thus, the general signs of diabetes can be characteristic of any form of the disease, however, in order not to confuse the reader, it should still be noted the features inherent in this or that type.

Type 1 diabetes is a “privilege” for young people

IDDM is characterized by an acute (weeks or months) onset. Signs of type I diabetes are pronounced and manifested by clinical symptoms typical for this disease:

A sharp drop in weight;
Unnatural thirst, a person simply cannot get drunk, although he tries to do so (polydipsia);
Large amounts of urine (polyuria)
A significant excess of the concentration of glucose and ketone bodies in the blood serum (ketoacidosis). In the initial stage, when the patient may still not be aware of his problems, it is likely that a diabetic (ketoacidotic, hyperglycemic) coma will develop - a condition that is extremely life-threatening, so insulin therapy is prescribed as early as possible (as soon as diabetes is suspected).

In most cases, after the use of insulin, metabolic processes are compensated, the body's need for insulin declines sharply, a temporary "recovery" occurs. However, this short-term state of remission should not relax either the patient or the doctor, because after a certain period of time the disease will again remind of itself. The need for insulin as the duration of the disease increases, may increase, but, basically, in the absence of ketoacidosis, will not exceed 0.8-1.0 U / kg.

Signs indicating the development of late complications of diabetes (retinopathy, nephropathy) may appear in 5-10 years. The main causes of death in IDDM include:

Terminal renal failure, which is a consequence of diabetic glomerulosclerosis;
Cardiovascular disorders, as complications of the underlying disease, which occur somewhat less frequently than renal ones.

Disease or aging? (type II diabetes)

NIDDM develops over many months and even years. Problems that arise, a person carries to various specialists (dermatologist, gynecologist, neurologist ...). The patient does not even suspect that different diseases in his opinion: furunculosis, pruritus, fungal infections, pain in the lower extremities are signs of type II diabetes mellitus. Often, NIDDM is discovered by pure chance (annual medical examination) or due to disorders that the patients themselves attribute to age-related changes: “vision has fallen”, “something is wrong with the kidneys”, “legs do not obey at all” .... Patients get used to their condition, and diabetes mellitus continues to develop slowly, affecting all systems, and first of all, blood vessels, until a person “falls down” from a stroke or heart attack.

NIDDM is characterized by a stable slow course, as a rule, without showing a tendency to ketoacidosis.

Treatment of type 2 diabetes usually begins with a diet that restricts easily digestible (refined) carbohydrates and, if necessary, the use of sugar-lowering drugs. Insulin is prescribed if the development of the disease has reached the stage of severe complications or there is resistance to oral drugs.

The main cause of death in patients with NIDDM is cardiovascular disease resulting from diabetes. Typically, this is or .

Video: 3 early signs of diabetes

Medications for the treatment of diabetes

The basis of therapeutic measures aimed at compensating for diabetes mellitus is represented by three main principles:

Compensation for lack of insulin;
Regulation of endocrine-metabolic disorders;
Prevention of diabetes mellitus, its complications and their timely treatment.

The implementation of these principles is carried out on the basis of 5 main positions:

Nutrition in diabetes mellitus is assigned the party of "first violin";
The system of physical exercises, adequate and individually selected, follows the diet;
Sugar-lowering drugs are mainly used to treat type 2 diabetes;
Insulin therapy is given as needed for NIDDM, but is the mainstay for type 1 diabetes;
Teaching patients to exercise self-control (skills of taking blood from a finger, using a glucometer, administering insulin without assistance).

The laboratory control above these positions indicates the degree of compensation after the following:

Indicators	Good degree of compensation	Satisfactory	bad
Fasting glucose (mmol/l)	4,4 – 6,1	6,2 – 7,8	Ø 7.8
The content of sugar in the blood serum 2 hours after a meal (mmol / l)	5,5 – 8,0	8,1-10,0	Ø 10.0
Percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1, %)		8,0 – 9,5	Ø 10.0
Serum total cholesterol (mmol/l)		5,2 – 6,5	Ø 6.5
Triglycerides (mmol/l)		1,7 – 2,2	Ø 2.2

The Important Role of Diet in the Treatment of NIDDM

Nutrition for diabetes mellitus is a very well-known table number 9, even for people far from diabetes mellitus. after a certain password is spoken: "I have the ninth table." What does all of this mean? How is this mystery diet different from all the others?

One should not be mistaken, looking after a diabetic who takes away his “porridge”, that they are deprived of all the joys of life. The diet for diabetes is not so different from the diet of healthy people, the right amount of carbohydrates (60%), fats (24%), proteins (16%) patients receive.

Nutrition in diabetes consists in replacing refined sugars in foods with slowly digested carbohydrates. Sugar sold in a store for everyone and confectionery based on it fall into the category of prohibited foods. Meanwhile, the trading network, in addition to diabetic bread, which we often stumble upon when choosing bakery products, provides such people with sweeteners (fructose), sweets, cookies, waffles and many other sweets that contribute to the production of "happiness hormones" (endorphins).

As for the balance of nutrition, everything is strict here: a diabetic must necessarily consume the required amount of vitamins and pectins, which should be at least 40 grams. per day.

Video: doctor about nutrition in diabetes

Strictly individual physical activity

Physical activity for each patient is selected individually by the attending physician, taking into account the following positions:

Age;
Symptoms of diabetes;
The severity of the course of the pathological process;
Presence or absence of complications.

The physical activity prescribed by the doctor and performed by the "ward" should contribute to the "burning" of carbohydrates and fats, without involving insulin. Its dose, which is necessary to compensate for metabolic disorders, drops noticeably, which should not be forgotten, since by preventing an increase, one can get an undesirable effect. Adequate physical activity reduces glucose, the injected dose of insulin breaks down the rest, and as a result, a decrease in sugar levels below acceptable values (hypoglycemia).

In this way, the dosage of insulin and physical activity requires very close attention and careful calculation, so that complementing each other, together not to step over the lower limit of normal laboratory parameters.

Video: gymnastics complex for diabetes

Or maybe try folk remedies?

Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is often accompanied by the search for folk remedies by the patient himself, capable of slowing down the process and delaying the time of taking dosage forms as far as possible. You can understand a person, because no one wants to feel inferior, dooming himself to dependence on pills or (even worse) on constant injections of insulin.

Despite the fact that our distant ancestors practically did not know about such a disease, folk remedies for the treatment of diabetes exist, but we should not forget that infusions and decoctions prepared from various plants are an adjuvant. The use of home remedies for diabetes does not relieve the patient from following a diet, controlling blood sugar, visiting a doctor and following all his recommendations.

To combat this pathology at home, quite well-known folk remedies are used:

Bark and leaves of white mulberry;
Oat grains and husks;
Partitions walnut;
Bay leaf;
Cinnamon;
acorns;
Nettle;
Dandelion.

When diet and folk remedies no longer help ...

The so-called first generation drugs, widely known at the end of the last century (bucarban, oranil, butamid, etc.), remained in the memories, and they were replaced by new generation drugs (dionil, maninil, minidiab, glurenorm), which make up 3 main groups drugs for diabetes produced by the pharmaceutical industry.

Which remedy is suitable for this or that patient - the endocrinologist decides, because representatives of each group, in addition to the main indication - diabetes mellitus, have a lot of contraindications and side effects. And so that patients do not self-medicate and do not take it into their heads to use these drugs for diabetes at their own discretion, we will give some illustrative examples.

Sulfonylureas

Currently, second-generation sulfonylurea derivatives are prescribed, acting from 10 hours to a day. Usually patients take them 2 times a day for half an hour before meals.

These drugs are absolutely contraindicated in the following cases:

In addition, the use of drugs in this group may threaten the development of allergic reactions, manifested by:

Skin itching and urticaria, sometimes reaching Quincke's edema;
Disorders of the function of the digestive system;
Changes in the blood (decrease in the level of platelets and leukocytes);
Possible violation of the functional abilities of the liver (jaundice due to cholestasis).

Hypoglycemic agents of the biguanide family

Biguanides (guanidine derivatives) are actively used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, often adding sulfonamides to them. They are very rational for use by obese patients, however, for people with liver, kidney and cardiovascular pathology, their appointment is sharply limited, switching to more gentle drugs of the same group such as metformin BMS or α-glucoside inhibitors (glucobay), which inhibit absorption carbohydrates in the small intestine.

The use of guanidine derivatives is also very limited in other cases, which is associated with some of their "harmful" abilities (accumulation of lactate in tissues, leading to lactic acidosis).

Absolute contraindications to the use of biguanine are:

IDDM (type 1 diabetes);
Significant weight loss;
Infectious processes, regardless of localization;
Surgical interventions;
Pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding period;
Coma states;
Hepatic and renal pathology;
oxygen starvation;
(2-4 degrees) with impaired vision and kidney function;
and necrotic processes;
Circulatory disorders in the lower extremities due to various vascular pathologies.

Treatment with insulin

From the above it becomes obvious that the use of insulin is the main treatment for type 1 diabetes, all emergencies and severe complications of diabetes. NIDDM requires the appointment of this therapy only in cases of insulin-requiring forms, when correction by other means does not give the desired effect.

Modern insulins, called monocompetent, represent two groups:

Monocompetent pharmacological forms of human insulin substance (semi-synthetic or recombinant DNA), which undoubtedly have a significant advantage over preparations of porcine origin. They practically have no contraindications and side effects;
Monocompetent insulins derived from porcine pancreas. These drugs require an approximately 15% increase in drug dose compared to human insulins.

Diabetes is dangerous complications

Due to the fact that diabetes is accompanied by damage to many organs and tissues, its manifestations can be found in almost all body systems. Complications of diabetes are:

Prevention

Measures for the prevention of diabetes are based on the causes of its causes. In this case, it is advisable to talk about the prevention of atherosclerosis, including the fight against excess weight, bad habits and food addictions.

Prevention of complications of diabetes mellitus is to prevent the development of pathological conditions arising from diabetes itself. Correction of glucose in the blood serum, adherence to diet, adequate physical activity, the implementation of the doctor's recommendations will help to postpone the consequences of this rather formidable disease.