9.1. When constructing a complex sentence, the most common grammatical error is an inept choice, incorrect or inaccurate use of unions and allied words: the incorrect use of one union or allied word instead of another, the use of an extra union.

TASKS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK

Establish correspondences between sentences and grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Task number 1

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS	SUGGESTIONS
	1) At the end of the school year, the class teacher wrote detailed characteristics of the students.
	2) Reflecting on the pages of the story “Heart of a Dog”, you see how difficult it is to re-educate a person who does not feel an inner need to live the way he is offered.
	3) Those who admired the portraits of Kramskoy were amazed at the depth of the disclosure of the human character.
	4) A corner of old Moscow was recreated by V.D. Polenov in the landscape "Moscow courtyard".
	5) The author shows a subconscious unwillingness to change anything in the established life of I. Oblomov and clearly revealed this in the relationship of the hero with Olga Ilyinskaya.
	6) Having started studying music, I suddenly had many interesting acquaintances.
	7) The housing problem in the city is not only solved through new construction, but also through the reconstruction of old buildings.
	8) Everyone was looking forward to the Victory and when they drive the enemy out of their native land.
	9) The tasks performed by students in the exam do not cause much difficulty.

BUT	B	AT	G	D

Task number 2.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS	SUGGESTIONS
A) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover	1) One of the heroes of the novel, looking for the meaning of life, opens the way to inner freedom.
B) an error in the construction of a complex sentence	2) Tracing the history of the creation of Sharikov, you remember how illusory the intention to re-educate millions of people by carrying out a socialist revolution turned out to be.
C) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application	3) In a short time, not only a new school, a hospital, but also a drama theater and a library were built in the satellite city.
D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate	4) V. Astafiev recalled that “I have never seen such snowdrops anywhere as on the hills cut by the wind.”
E) violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms	5) Analyzing the poetic text, we started a dispute.
	6) I.A. Goncharov not only reveals the depth of the main character's soul, his ability to think and feel, but also showed Oblomov's apathy, his laziness and inaction.
	7) We have been subscribing to the magazine "Nature" for several years.
	8) Those who have been striving for a dream since childhood often realize their life plans.
	9) Immediately upon arrival in the capital, the famous actor met with reporters.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

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Task number 3.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS	SUGGESTIONS
	1) A passer-by asked me if I didn’t know where the Moskva department store was located.
B) an error in the construction of a complex sentence	2) Many readers know the writer Gavriil Troepolsky from his book “Black Ear to the White Bim”.
C) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application	3) Everyone who read the stories and novels of K. Paustovsky was convinced of the writer's keen interest in the word, in its figurative basis.
D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate	4) Contrary to the predictions of my companion, the weather cleared up.
	5) Following the logic of the development of the image of Sharikov, you realize that to what extent this character is immoral, who does not stop at denunciation of his “benefactor”, by all means capable of achieving a place in the sun.
	6) In some microdistricts, a number of buildings have been put into operation without access roads leading to these buildings and which would allow cars to drive up to them from the nearest highway.
	7) N.A. Ostrovsky subjects Katerina to the most difficult test - the "test of love" - ​​and this revealed the whole tragedy of a Russian woman.
	8) Having graduated with honors from the university, I had a successful career ahead of me.
	9) Daredevils who try to climb to the top of this mountain risk their lives.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

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Task number 4

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS	SUGGESTIONS
A) violations in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover	1) L.N. Tolstoy considered the war an event unnatural to human nature and therefore shows horrific pictures of the death of hundreds of people.
B) an error in the construction of a complex sentence	2) On one of the autumn days, the forest, refreshed by cold air, seemed to rejuvenate, shone with gold and a reddish network of birch branches.
C) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application	3) The audience was surprised and admired the skill of the artist.
D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate	4) A lot of critical articles and literary studies are devoted to the comedy "I Burn from Wit".
E) violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms	5) Upon arrival in St. Petersburg, we checked into a comfortable hotel.
	6) Alekhin, entering the living room, exclaimed that I was very glad to see all of us.
	7) After reading the story "Heart of a Dog", you realize that to what extent the transformation of Sharik into Sharikov is a literal realization of the idea of ​​​​the lines of the famous anthem: "Who was nothing, he will become everything."
	8) Coming to a new team, relationships sometimes do not add up.
	9) Everyone who has not yet lost his head was against Nazism.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

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Task number 5

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS	SUGGESTIONS
A) violations in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover	1) Overcoming the barrier, the rider must follow certain rules.
B) an error in the construction of a complex sentence	2) Everyone who is going to visit the new exhibition on Thursday should sign up for a tour in advance.
C) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application	3) Thanks modern technologies scientists explored the depths of the lake and found the richest deposits of oil under the muddy bottom.
D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate	4) P.I. Bagration said about himself that for the sake of Russia I would sacrifice the last drop of blood.
E) violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms	5) Having performed an operation on a smart dog, the professor realizes that to what extent he was mistaken, considering it possible to raise an intelligent person from a frequenter of pubs, who was convicted three times Chugunkin.
	6) L.N. Tolstoy loved his hero and reveals to us successively the process of changing his attitude to life, the "dialectics of the soul."
	7) In Levitan's painting "Rain" all the charm of rainy twilight in the Volga town is conveyed.
	8) The park in the distance, shrouded in bluish haze, was very beautiful.
	9) We examined not only the ancient part of the city, but also visited new areas.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

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Task number 6.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS	SUGGESTIONS
A) violations in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover	1) Referring to the biography of M.A. Bulgakov, you understand that how tragic is the fate of a writer who was deprived of the opportunity to be published from 1927 until the day of his death (1940).
B) an error in the construction of a complex sentence	2) Stopping at the door, the sister said that I would be glad to invite all of you to visit on Saturday.
C) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application	3) We love and are proud of our school.
D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate	4) In the comedy D.I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth" there are a number of characters whose names have become household names.
E) violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms	5) Those who play the piano know the names of great pianists.
	6) Prince Andrei, in his striving for spiritual perfection, makes many mistakes and condemned himself for them much more than others.
	7) According to the data of ancient Russian chronicles, the Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgoruky fortified Moscow in 1156.
	8) Having glorified my name with in-depth research on diseases and the use of vaccines, I have developed wonderful relationships with all scientists.
	9) Poachers who break the law face a serious fine.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

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Task number 7

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS	SUGGESTIONS
A) violations in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover	1) Upon arrival at the airport, the leader of the group gave each of us a passport.
B) an error in the construction of a complex sentence	2) First, on the field of Austerlitz, Prince Andrei realized all the insignificance of his desire for glory, and then he understands the need for life for others.
C) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application	3) Many of those who read Dovlatov's works admired the writer's subtle sense of humor.
D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate	4) Reflecting on the survivability of the ball ones, you understand that to what extent they are devoid of human feelings, except for the instinct of self-preservation.
E) violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms	5) In the story of the 17th century "The Beginning of the Reigning Great City" one can find one of the hypotheses explaining the meaning of the word "Moscow".
	6) Using metaphors and comparisons, the emotionality and figurativeness of the description is achieved.
	7) We often visit and talk about museums.
	8) Nekrasov wrote that "I dedicated the lyre to my people."
	9) In the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" more than two hundred secondary characters.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

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Task number 8

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS	SUGGESTIONS
A) violations in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover	1) When compiling a sentence, the writer thinks over its structure each time.
B) an error in the construction of a complex sentence	2) In still life I.I. Mashkov's "Moscow Sned" depicts towering loaves on the table.
C) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application	3) Reflecting on the origins of M.A. Bulgakov, you understand that to what extent he was a student of his favorite writers: M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, N.V. Gogol and A.P. Chekhov.
D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate	4) L.N. Tolstoy sought to deeply reveal the inner world of his characters and therefore subjects them to severe trials: secular society, wealth, death, love.
E) violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms	5) Whoever came to our town, everyone was amazed at the cleanliness and tidiness in which the yards, streets, and pier are kept.
	6) Passport must be replaced after its expiration date.
	7) According to A.P. Chekhov's "The Jumper" was made into a feature film.
	8) During the war, the people hoped and believed in victory.
	9) The poetry of the awakening spring is revealed by F. Tyutchev in the poem "Spring Waters"

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

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Task number 9

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS	SUGGESTIONS
A) violations in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover	1) The painter Serov painted the painting “Girl with Peaches” within a year.
B) an error in the construction of a complex sentence	2) By repeating only the old truths, new laws are deduced in a logical way.
C) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application	3) Contrary to analysts' forecasts, this year the airline managed to maintain the volume of traffic at the same level.
D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate	4) Turning to the work of M.A. Bulgakov, you realize that to what extent his contribution to our literature is great.
E) violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms	5) Whoever studied the history of the Russian fleet, everyone admired the brilliant military art of Admiral Fyodor Ushakov.
	6) I.A. Kuprin did not want to put up with vulgar, practical views on love and marriage and wrote the story "Garnet Bracelet" about true love.
	7) We asked if we could do one project work together.
	8) Tall houses, bordering the pond with a square, attracted the attention of foreigners.
	9) The meteorological center reports a cyclone approaching from the Sea of ​​Japan and that there will be no more warm weather.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

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Task number 10.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS	SUGGESTIONS
A) violations in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover	1) The writer is often asked if all people can ever be happy.
B) an error in the construction of a complex sentence	2) Leafing through the pages of the great works of Russian literature, you understand that to what extent the novels of M.A. Bulgakov: "White Guard", "Master and Margarita".
C) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application	3) Towards a column of cars carrying food, a police patrol left.
D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate	4) Those who did not know the words of the song silently opened their mouths.
E) violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms	5) Speaking about the richness of the language, a discussion began in the audience.
	6) In A. Platonov's anti-utopian story "The Pit", people dream of a bright future, devoid of sadness.
	7) In the story "Old Woman Izergil" Gorky portrayed exceptional characters, glorifies proud and strong-willed people, for whom freedom is above all.
	8) A. Platonov in this story explores and discusses the utopian nature of the idea of ​​collective construction of "heaven on earth".
	9) According to the intention of the writer, readers should think about the future, how not to lose it, not to destroy it.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

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Answers

TASK 7

job number	Answer

In the main part of many complex sentences, a demonstrative word (pronoun) is needed, to which the subordinate part refers. Omitting such a required component results in errors:

*By the way, once I was spotted by a teacher, as I gladly shot one of the school windows and enjoyed its fall(gas.).

This sentence mixes two possible construction options - two different models of a complex sentence:

a) ...teacher spotted (= saw), how I shot the window...;

b) ... the teacher spotted(= found) me for how I shot the window...

The confusion between the two models is caused here by the fact that the speaker (the famous musician who is being interviewed) used the slang word “spotted”, referring to its two meanings at once (“saw” and “found”), while these meanings require different constructing a structure. The fact is that the second value requires addition me inside the main sentence, but as soon as this addition appears, it is no longer possible to do without a demonstrative word organizing a connection with the subordinate clause - there is a transition from model (a) to model (b).

Another similar example:

*Ivanov's last meeting with Albright shows that we can succeed in this direction(gas.)

Should have been:., testifies About, what...

In the last decade, the number of errors in such designs has increased markedly. This is due to the fact that in the system of complex sentences of the Russian language, close models coexist:

a) With explanatory subordinate clause (without a demonstrative word in the main part); some of these suggestions allow inserting a pointer (but don't require one), compare: ...said that...–spoke About, what...;

b) so-called offers accommodating type - with compulsory demonstrative pronoun in the main part: ...witnessed About, what...(in school grammar, such sentences are also referred to as explanatory).

In the group models (a) the subordinate clause refers to such a word in the main part that has a clearly delimited meaning of speech/feeling/thought/will; most often these are verbs (say, speak, report; feel, see, hear; think, suggest, prove; ask, ask, order and etc.). The introduction of a demonstrative pronoun in such sentences does not change the matter: in any case, the subordinate clause does not obey it, but the word with the indicated meaning:

I don't said mom (about) what didn't really study for the exam.

The situation is complicated by the fact that not all verbs capable of attaching explanatory clauses allow a demonstrative pronoun in the prepositional case next to it. (About): you can, for example, to tell or to talk about but you can't prove that or assume about it.

1. In a complex sentence, several unions with the same meaning should not be used, this leads to redundancy, i.e. to an error. Not properly: It's better to overestimate the risk than than not notice him.Correctly: It is better to overestimate the risk than not to notice it.

2. A common mistake is overusing the particle would. Not properly: If we had time to develop a program, we could start work next month. Remember that union to includes a particle would so there is no need to repeat it. Not properly: I want you to remind the secretary about the meeting tonight.

3. A common mistake is the unjustified use of a correlative word then. Not properly: I understand that the meeting was postponed due to disagreements between the participants. Or: I understand that the meeting was postponed due to disagreements between the participants. Correctly: I understand that the meeting was postponed due to disagreements between the participants.

4. If in a complex sentence there are several subordinate clauses that are in sequential subordination, then the repeated use of the same union is a mistake. Not properly: I wanted, to you reminded the secretary, to she specified the time of the meeting. In order not to repeat the union, it is necessary to use synonymous constructions, for example: I would like you to remind the secretary of the following: let her specify the time of the meeting.

5. An attributive subordinate clause cannot be homogeneous with participial turnover. Not properly: Doctor, appointing treatment and to which I was supposed to come this week, suddenly got sick. Correctly: The doctor who prescribed me the treatment and whom I was supposed to see this week suddenly fell ill.

6. If there is a subordinate clause in a complex sentence, then pay attention to which word in the main sentence it refers to which the otherwise ambiguity may arise. Failed: I showed the guests the writer's autograph, which is very dear to me.(Who is dear - an autograph or a writer?).
In such sentences, you need to carefully check the form of the word. which the(gender, number, case): the form is determined by its role in the sentence (if it is the subject, then the nominative case, if the object, then the control word dictates the form). Not properly: This was the very argument that we lacked so much.. Correctly: It was the very argument that we lacked so much.

7. Be attentive to sentences with indirect speech: often indirect speech is mixed with direct speech. Not properly: Within half an hour, some students said that we were ready to hand in the work.. Correctly: Within half an hour, some students said they were ready to hand in their work.

Examples of complex self-test sentences:

1. It is more useful for any person to take a walk in the park than to sit at the computer all evening.
2. She had to return to the city where she spent her childhood, which now seemed so far away.
3. In the questionnaire you need to enter passport data and in what position you currently work.
4. If at that moment an adult had looked into the room, he would have seen a strange sight.
5. Few people expected that the USE would become the main form of entrance examinations in most of the country's universities.

On grammatical errors in the construction of complex sentences

Only 51% of graduates did not make grammatical errors in their own written speech at the final exam in the last academic year according to the K9 criterion “Compliance with language norms”.

We offer practical material on the prevention of grammatical errors in the construction of NGN with attributive clauses and explanatory clauses - it can be included in various forms during the lesson. Formation work grammar rules in the lesson can be, for example, organized in the form of a role-playing game “Proofreader”.

Complex sentences with subordinate clauses

We draw the attention of students to the fact that grammatical errors are often made when using attributive clauses. What are these errors? What are the troubleshooting methods?

Exercise 1. Think about why the hero of I. Goncharov's novel "Oblomov" did not like his own letter.

Ilya Ilyich sat down at the table and quickly brought out:

Your Majesty!

The apartment I occupy on the second floor of the house in which you have suggested some modifications is quite in keeping with my lifestyle...

Task 2. Correct the mistakes made in student essays.

1) I study at a school that bears the name of a writer who is known throughout the country. 2) At the monument, which was opened recently, there are always flowers brought by children and adults. 3) I read a book that tells about the city where I spent my childhood.

- What methods of elimination of shortcomings did you choose? Is it always possible to replace the attributive clause with a participial phrase?

Training exercises

Task 3. Explain and correct errors in the construction of sentences. Write the sentences in correct form.

1) The director gave the actress a difficult task, which he believed very much. 2) The speaker captured the attention of the audience with his speech, which deeply excited everyone. 3) They bred fish in the pond, on the bank of which we lived. 4) Sports societies are organized everywhere, which have become very popular. 5) Near the house we said goodbye, in which the Kravtsovs lived. 6) Going down into the hollow, Dolokhov ordered the Cossacks to wait, who accompanied him.

Conclusion: it is necessary to rearrange the sentences so that the attributive clause always comes after the word being defined.

Think about which noun of the main clause is consistent with the allied word which the? Ambiguity arises when the principal contains another noun of the same gender.

For example: The horses of the Cossacks, which were covered with foam, climbed the mountain path with difficulty.. (Who was covered in foam - horses or Cossacks?)

In this case, the attributive clause should be replaced by participial turnover: Foam-covered Cossack horses struggled up the mountain path.

Pay attention to agreement in the gender and number of allied words. which (what) with the word of the main sentence to which the subordinate clause belongs (the form of the case depends on which member of the sentence the allied word is).

Case form of the word which the usually determined by two conditions: 1) if it does not depend on other members of the sentence, then it is the subject in the subordinate clause and is in the nominative case; 2) if it depends on the predicate, then it is an object and its case form is controlled by the verb (or adjective) that is the predicate.

Task 4. Indicate the correct form of the allied word which the. Rewrite the sentences in the corrected form; designate the gender, number, case of the allied word and indicate with an arrow on which word this form depends.

1) Alpine Lake Ritsa, in which surprisingly clear water, amazed me. 2) There is such a country - Childhood, in which we, adults, will not fall. 3) The guys went to the village of Fedorov Dvor, which was visible on the steep bank of the river. 4) Along with two-part sentences in the Russian language, one-part sentences are widespread, in which the subject and predicate are expressed in one word. 5) Chatsky's accusatory speeches are addressed to the nobility, who do not want and are even afraid of changes.

Task 5. Determine what mistake was made in the structure of a complex sentence with a definitive clause. Rewrite the sentences in the corrected form, underline the allied word, inscribe the case above it, indicate with an arrow which word it depends on.

1) At the end of May, there is no such freshness as it was in April. 2) The letter said that an auditor was going to the city, which was ruled by the mayor Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky.

Task 6. Correct the sentences by replacing the allied word in one of the subordinate clauses which the allied words where, where, where, when. Write the corrected sentences with punctuation marks.

1) The house in which the builders settled was surrounded by taiga in which there was a lot of game. 2) The year in which I moved to Tyumen was rich in events that cannot be forgotten. 3) The train on which Gleb was traveling arrived at the station at an hour at which everyone was sleeping. 4) The plant to which they sent a young specialist produces products that are very necessary agriculture. 5) The country from which the young people came is in need of specialists who are trained by our institute.

- What other ways to fix it are possible? (The use of the attributive phrase: ... taiga, rich in game, ... products that are very necessary for agriculture; participial turnover: ... in specialists produced by ...)

Task 7. Find and correct mistakes made in the construction of sentences.

Please note: you should not use different syntactic constructions with one defined word, i.e. the same noun cannot be explained by a subordinate clause and participle turnover.

1) The jets of the fountain, which sparkled in the sun and seemed to hit the very sky, refreshed the air. 2) A huge cloud that was slowly moving and covering the sky made us refuse to walk. 3) The classes that the new physical education teacher conducted with us and which were of great interest to the guys, I attended regularly.

Task 8. Explain how Chekhov's hero deviates from literary norms when using attributive clauses.

1. Excuse me, I am a person who works ... 2. I am a person who is in the ranks, and then I live simply.

Complex sentences
with subordinate explanatory clauses (a fragment of the lesson)

Teacher's word. At first glance, there is nothing complicated in constructing complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses. But this is only at first glance.

Try to explain what is wrong in the sentences included in the task in terms of grammar. (Handout material used.)

Students draw their own conclusions, if necessary, the teacher corrects their answers. The nature of the error is recorded on a special slide “Types of grammatical errors in the construction of complex sentences with subordinate explanatory clauses”.

Exercise

1. The play exposes the “dark kingdom” and how the Wild and Boar cruelly treat people dependent on them. (Incorrectly combined as a homogeneous phrase (in the role of an addition) and a subordinate clause.)

2. The commander said that the assignment given to me was a simple test. (Missed Union what.)

3. He thought that we misunderstood him. (Two subordinating conjunctions close in meaning are used illegally.)

4. During the conversation, the children were asked whether the donated books were of interest to them. My brother asked me why I took my younger sister with me. (In indirect interrogative sentences, you cannot simultaneously use a subordinating union and a particle whether in the role of union or union what and another allied word. Correctly: …they asked if the donated books were of interest to them; …asked me why I took my little sister with me.)

5. Korchagin firmly stated that I would definitely go over to the Budyonnovists. (In the subordinate explanatory, which is indirect speech, elements of direct speech are erroneously included. Correctly: Korchagin firmly declared that he would definitely go over to the Budennovites.)

Role-playing game “Corrector”

Imagine that you are a proofreader for a print publication. Correct the mistakes in the construction of sentences. Write two sentences from each part in the corrected form.

I. 1) The referee indicated to the participant of the match that you broke the rules. 2) Alyosha said that if I had known about the disruption of the game, I would not have allowed it. 3) The guys assured us that we would not let our team down. 4) Kolya firmly decided that I would not be late again.

II. 1) The great merit of the guys in this is that in difficult days they were not at a loss. 2) I was given to understand that I was waiting in vain. 3) It took me a long time to prove that Dima was right.

III. 1) I had no idea how long it would take to get to the right stop. 2) Peter asked if I had a rank in chess. 3) At the fire, Dolokhov asked where the sixth regiment was. 4) Then Dolokhov began to ask how they were preparing to attack the Cossacks.

N.S. KUSHNAREVA,
stanitsa Taginskaya,
Republic of Adygea

SECRETS OF ONE TASK

(About assignment No. 7 on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language)

Grammar syntax errors - These are errors in the construction of phrases and sentences.

In task No. 7, 9 sentences are given, 5 of which contain a grammatical error. The student needs to find an error and match it with its type.

Read all the sentences, as the grammatical error is audible while reading. Find the grammatical basis in the sentences (subject and predicate). This action will help you find the following error:

I. Violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

1. More often in tests, this error is given in a complex sentence.

We are looking for a complex sentence with words “those who…”, “all who…”, “one who…”, “everyone who…”, “each of those who”, “many of those who…”

Incorrect agreement between the subject "te" and the verb - the predicate, which should be in the plural.

Incorrect subject agreement "who" and the verb - the predicate, which must be in the singular.

Remember:

those (all, many of those)+ verb - predicate in plural

who (that, each of those)+ verb - predicate in the singular

2. A violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate can also be observed in a simple sentence:

Incorrect agreement of the subject, expressed by the collective noun, and the predicate, which should be in the singular.

Incorrect agreement of the predicate with the subject, in which there is an application - the name of a newspaper, magazine, work, etc.

Incorrect agreement of the predicate with the subject, which is an indeclinable abbreviated word. The predicate is consistent with the main word included in the name (in this case, with the word " university").

Incorrect agreement of the subject expressed by the pronoun who, nobody, what, nothing, and predicate.

II. Incorrect use of the case form of a nounwith a pretext

1. Looking for derived prepositions that originated from other parts of speech:

thanks to, according to, in spite of, in spite of, in spite of, like

these prepositions are used with nouns in the dative case

The use of the genitive instead of the dative in such constructions is a common mistake.

2. We are looking for a non-derivative pretext « on" in the value of completed action:

Wrong option	Correct option
upon arrival in the capital	upon arrival to the capital (after arrival)
at the end of school	at the end school (after graduation)
upon completion of work	upon completion work

Preposition "by" in meaning "after something" used with a noun only in prepositional form.

III. Violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application

Application is a definition expressed by a noun. Most applications agree with the word being defined (that is, it is in the same gender, number, and case as the noun being defined).

For example: river (what?) Volga

rivers (what?) Volga

Proper names enclosed in quotation marks and representing the name of literary works, newspapers, magazines, films, etc. , cannot be used in any other case than the nominative, if they are preceded by generic concept- common noun "novel", "story", "story", "poem", "newspaper", "magazine", etc. These proper names are called inconsistent applications.

For example: newspaper (what?) "Pravda"

newspapers (what?) "Pravda"

newspaper (what?) "Pravda"

Wrong option	Correct option
In "War and Peace"	In the novel "War and Peace"
In the story "The fate of man"	in the story "Fate human"
In the poem "The Stranger"	In a poem "Stranger"

IV. Error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members

Homogeneous members of a sentence- these are the main and secondary members of the sentence that answer the same question, refer to the same member of the sentence, perform the same syntactic function (they are the same members of the sentence) and are pronounced with enumeration intonation.

1. An error in a sentence with homogeneous members connected by repeated unions “not only… but also…”, “both… and…”:

Wrong option	Correct option
Went to the judo sectionNot only boys, as well as girls.	Went to the judo sectionNot only boys, but also girls.
Went to the judo sectionNot only boys,but girls.	Went to the judo sectionNot only boys, but also girls.

Parts of double alliances “not only… but also…”, “both… and…” are permanent. You can not release and replace words in their composition and create incorrect pairs of double alliances: "Not only... but also…"(instead of "not only but…"), “like…and also…”(instead of "like...and so...").

Parts of the double union must connect only homogeneous terms expressed in words of the same part of speech and answering the same question.

2. An error in a sentence with homogeneous members connected by a connecting union "AND".

Wrong option	Correct option
about the meaning sportsand why I love him.	In my essay I wanted to tell about the meaning of sports and love to him.
Young woman,sitting near the windowand which Goodsang , everyone remembers.	Young woman,sitting at the window and wellsinging , everyone remembers.

Only syntactic constructions of the same type can be homogeneous and combined with the union "AND".

It is unacceptable that different questions are asked from verbs - predicates to a common dependent word.

When listing homogeneous members, you can discard the same prepositions, different prepositions cannot be omitted.

It is impossible to put a generalizing word in a series of homogeneous members.

V. Incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech

Errors appear when mixing direct and indirect speech.

Wrong option	Correct option
I killed the pawnbroker.	Raskolnikov told Sonya that thishe killed the pawnbroker.
Nekrasov wrote that "I dedicated the lyre to his people.	Nekrasov wrote thathe "He dedicated the lyre to his people."

When replacing direct speech with indirect personal and possessive pronouns , as well as personal forms of verbs transmitted on behalf of the author, the narrator, and not on behalf of the one whose speech is transmitted.

VI. Violation in the construction of sentences with adverbial turnover

gerund- an invariable form of the verb, which denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb, and answers the questions: doing what? what did you do?

Wrong option	Correct option
Cutting down forests, rivers die (the gerund is not connected in meaning with the predicate as an additional action:rivers cannot cut down forests ).	cutting down the woods,people don't think about the future (actions expressed by the verb - predicatedon't think and gerundscutting down , refer to the subjectpeople ).
Arriving in Moscow, he felt sad (an impersonal sentence).	Arriving to Moscow,he got sad.

The adverbial turnover can be used in an impersonal sentence with an infinitive:

Preparing for the examneed to repeat all topics of the Russian language course.

VII. Violation in the construction of sentences with participial turnover

Participle- a special form of the verb that denotes a sign of an object by action and answers questions which? which? which? which?

Inconsistency between the defined word and the participial turnover

Separation of participial turnover from the word being defined

Gap of the participial turnover by the defined word

Using the participle without the necessary dependent words

VIII. Violation in the construction of complex sentences

The use of redundant correlative words (demonstrative pronouns, adverbs) in the main part of the NGN.

The use of two single-valued unions side by side ( as if... but still)

Union pass.

Cluttering a complex sentence with the same unions.

Separation of the subordinate clause from the word being defined in the main part of a complex structure.

Inappropriate use of a demonstrative word when constructing NGN and violation of the correct verb control: clarified(what?).

IX. Errors associated with the violation of the aspect-temporal correlation of verb forms.

Verb "exposes" used in the present tense; verb "revealed" used in the past tense.

gerund "doing" refers to the imperfect form, and the adverb "placing" to perfection.

It is necessary to observe the aspectual correlation of verbs - predicates and participles in a coherent text.