Orthoepy(Greek orthos "correct" and epos "speech") - a set of norms literary language associated with the pronunciation of sounds and their combinations; orthoepy is also called a branch of the science of language that studies the functioning of pronunciation norms and establishes the rules for their use.

Traditionally, orthoepy includes all pronunciation norms (such as the composition of phonemes, their implementation in various positions, phonemic composition of individual morphemes) and stress norms. With a broader understanding of orthoepy, it also includes the norms for the formation of individual grammatical forms. M.V. Panov believes that it is more expedient to consider in orthoepy only those cases when there are variants of the sound realization of the phoneme. For example, some say two[ch’n’]ik, others say two[shn’]ik, and orthoepy should give recommendations for correct use. In this, the researcher believes, orthoepy differs from phonetics, which considers regular phonetic changes in sounds in the flow of speech. So, for example, phonetics, and not orthoepy, should be treated, from the point of view of M.V. Panov, norms of pronunciation of deaf consonants at the end of a word, labialization of consonants before [o], [y], since, for example, the pronunciation of the sound [s] in the words frost, thunderstorms knows no exceptions.

In ordinary communication, they often deviate from the literary pronunciation. The source of this often becomes the native dialect (dialect pronunciation, for example: [y] orod). The reason for the deviation from the norm can also be a letter-by-letter reading: obviously [h] but, [h] something that is especially common in the speech of younger students.

Correct, in accordance with the norm, literary pronunciation is one of the components of the literary language and an important indicator of human culture.

The term "orthoepy" is used in linguistics in two meanings:

1) a set of norms of the literary language associated with the sound design of significant units: the norms of pronunciation of sounds in different positions, the norms of stress and intonation;

2) a science that studies the variation of the pronunciation norms of the literary language and develops pronunciation recommendations (orthoepic rules).

The differences between these definitions are as follows: in the second understanding, those pronunciation norms that are associated with the operation of phonetic laws are excluded from the field of orthoepy: changing the pronunciation of vowels in unstressed syllables (reduction), positional stunning / voicing of consonants, etc. In this understanding, only such pronunciation norms that allow variability in the literary language, for example, the possibility of pronunciation after hissing both [a] and [s] ([heat], but [zhysm "in]).

Of the norms that allow variability of pronunciation in the same position, it is necessary to note the following norms, updated in the school course of the Russian language:

1) the pronunciation of the hard and soft consonant before e in borrowed words,

2) pronunciation in separate words of combinations of th and ch as [pcs] and [shn],

3) pronunciation of sounds [zh] and [zh "] in place of combinations of zhzh, zhd, zzh,

4) variability of positional softening of consonants in separate groups,

5) variability of stress in individual words and word forms.

It is these pronunciation norms associated with the pronunciation of individual words and forms of words that are the object of description in orthoepic dictionaries.

School textbooks define orthoepy as the science of pronunciation, that is, in the first sense. Thus, all the pronunciation norms of the Russian language belong to the sphere of orthoepy: the implementation of vowels in unstressed syllables, the stunning / voicing of consonants in certain positions, the softness of a consonant before a consonant, etc.

The norms of exemplary pronunciation evolved gradually, along with the formation and development of the national language. The foundations of the literary language (and in particular Russian literary pronunciation) were created mainly on the basis of the Moscow dialect. It is known that the Russian nationality developed in the northeastern part of the Rostov-Suzdal principality, the center of which by the 15th century was Moscow. The norms that had become established in Moscow began to be transferred to other cultural centers, assimilated there, layering on local linguistic features and displacing them. With the development and strengthening of the national language, Moscow pronunciation, with its characteristic akanye and ekanye (and the hiccup that replaced it by the beginning of the 20th century), acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms. It became widespread in public speech, entrenched on the theater stage. Therefore, the transfer of the capital at the beginning of the 18th century to St. Petersburg, where by that time somewhat different pronunciation rules had developed, did not significantly affect the formation of its norms. In St. Petersburg, Moscow pronunciation underwent only minor changes: elements of bookish, letter-by-letter reading intensified under the influence of spelling, some northern Russian pronunciation features penetrated.

In the development of modern Russian literary pronunciation, the following leading trends are currently distinguished:

o strengthening the letter-by-letter "graphic" pronunciation, orienting to written language;

o phonetic adaptation of foreign words, Russification of pronunciation in the area of ​​unstressed vowels, hard and soft consonants before e;

o leveling of pronunciation in social terms, erasing the features of territorial pronunciation.

The literary language functions in many of its varieties, which are called styles, or types. The concept of pronunciation types was introduced by the followers of L.V. Shcherby. L.V. Shcherba allowed the existence of many varieties in the field of pronunciation, which depend on the situation of communication, the content of the statement, the genre of speech. The same word in different stylistic contexts can change its pronounced appearance. But for reasons of simplicity of description, researchers consider it possible to confine themselves to distinguishing two - complete and incomplete style.

The full style is characterized by careful articulation, distinct pronunciation of sounds and their combinations. Full pronunciation is used when reading poetic works, when transmitting important messages on radio and television, in lectures, teachers' speeches. Full style, otherwise, is also called book style. The full style was fixed in stage speech. In the full style, for example, the unstressed vowel [o] in the words poet, sonnet, nocturne will be pronounced without reduction; and adjectives in -ky, -hy - with a reduced [b].

Incomplete (neutral) style is found in colloquial speech, in semi-formal communication, in a relaxed, friendly conversation and is a more natural speech form for native speakers.

Sloppy, poorly designed speech, speech with sliding articulation is typical for vernacular.

Pronunciation styles are interrelated and can influence each other. The dominance of the incomplete style leads to the fact that the norms of the complete style begin to be influenced by it, to adapt to it. The literary pronunciation norm thus tends to decrease.

The presence of several pronunciation styles in orthoepy leads to the appearance of pronunciation options: for example, in full style - hello [vstv] uyt, incomplete - hi [s] uyte, in common parlance - hello [s "t"] e; and accordingly [with "eych" as], [with "ich" as], [w": as].

Pronunciation options can characterize the “older” (old) and “younger” (new) norm: bulo [shn] aya - bulo [ch] aya, four [r "] g - four [r] g.

The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the desired word, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-building dictionaries. Here you can also get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.

The meaning of the word orthoepy

orthoepy in the crossword dictionary

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

orthoepy

orthoepy, g. (from Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech) (lingu.). Rules for exemplary pronunciation. Russian orthoepy. Orthoepy lessons. ? Compliance with these rules. Pay attention to students' spelling.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

orthoepy

Rules of literary pronunciation.

This is the correct pronunciation.

adj. orthoepic, -th, -th. orthoepic norms.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

orthoepy

The system of exemplary norms of literary pronunciation.

Compliance with such rules of pronunciation.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

orthoepy

ORPHEPY (from Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech)

a set of pronunciation norms of the national language, ensuring the uniformity of its sound design.

A branch of linguistics that studies normative literary pronunciation.

Orthoepy

(Greek orthoépeia, from orthós ≈ correct and épos ≈ speech), a set of norms of the national language that ensure the unity of its sound design. The uniformity of the sound design of oral speech contributes (as well as spelling) to quick and easy language communication. The concept of O. includes pronunciation and norms of supersegmental phonetics (stress, tone, etc.). Pronunciation covers the phonetic system of the language, i.e. the composition of phonemes, their quality and implementation under certain conditions, as well as the sound design of individual words and grammatical forms (for example, pl [a] silence, and not pl [o] silence, [sh] then, not [h] then). The meaning of the norms of supersegmental phonetics for O. is different in different languages. For example, for the Russian language, the stress associated with the formation of grammatical forms is of great importance. Some scholars include the formation of variant grammatical forms (for example, “tractors” or “tractors”) in the composition of vocabulary. O. develops historically along with the formation of the national language, when various forms of public speech develop and the share of oral speech in the life of society increases. At the same time, in different national languages ​​and in different eras, the degree of rigor and uniformity of language norms and their sociolinguistic significance are very different. O.'s rules have their own long history and take shape as the norms of the national language usually late. The norms of orthography of the Russian language took shape in their most important features as early as the first half of the 17th century. as the norms of the Moscow dialect, which only with the development and strengthening of the national language began to acquire the character of national norms. They finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century, although in a number of cases there were fluctuations. The norms of clothing that existed before the October Revolution of 1917 have largely been preserved; only some private rules have changed, assimilative softness has decreased ([d] ve, [h] believe next to [d] ve, [h] believe), pronunciation has come closer in a number of ways to spelling. Of great importance in the development of O. was the theater, cultivating the norms of O. in its purest form. Stage speech in many languages ​​is the basis of orthoepic norms. O.'s value increases with the development of sound films, radio, and television.

Lit .: Ushakov D.N., Russian orthoepy and its tasks, in the book: Russian speech, v. 3, L., 1928; Shcherba L.V., On the norms of exemplary Russian pronunciation, "Russian language at school", 1936, ╧5; his, Phonetics of the French language, L., 1939; Vinokur G., Russian stage pronunciation, M., 1948; Avanesov R. I., Russian literary pronunciation, 5th ed., M., 1972; Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary-reference book, M., 1959;. Siebs Th., Deutsche Bühnenaussprache-Hochsprache, 14 Aufl., Koln, 1927; Grammont M., Traite pratique de prononciation française, 9 ed, P., 1938;. Jones D., An outline of English phonetics, 9 ed., Camb., 1960; his own, An English pronouncing dictionary, 10 ed., L., 1955; Michaelis H. et Passy P., Dictionnaire phonétique de la langue française, 2 ed., Hannover ≈ B. ≈ P., 1914; Viëtor W., Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, 3 Aufl., Lpz., 1921.

R. I. Avanesov.

Wikipedia

Orthoepy

Orthoepy- a set of rules of oral speech, fixed in the literary language. Different authors interpret the concept of orthoepy slightly differently, the "broad" approach includes the norms of pronunciation and stress, the "narrow" approach excludes stress from the rules of orthoepy.

Orthoepic norms are very important in speech activity, since incorrect pronunciation or stress distract attention from the meaning of the statement, make it difficult to understand, and often simply make an unpleasant impression on the listener.

Examples of the use of the word orthoepy in the literature.

The Kufis, on the other hand, were analysts who allowed for the possibility of a number of deviations, especially in the field of syntax, who were guided by colloquial speech and considered the standard of Arabic orthoepy Hijaz dialect.

He raises questions about the reliance of grammar on literature as the primary source of material, the role of grammar in solving problems of spelling and orthoepy, in the creation of new poetic creations, in the criticism of literary texts.

Prison song, despite many errors in orthoepy, always has a sincere character.

From Cioran, as we would call it, if we were guided by the Romanian orthoepy, became Sioran.

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language- this is a whole set of rules that regulate pronunciation. It is thanks to orthoepic norms that the language acquires beauty, sonority and melody. Orthoepy (Greek orthos - correct, epos - speech) is not only a section of the language that regulates and classifies everything orthoepic norms, these are also the norms of the language themselves, which have developed over many centuries.

The Russian language that we first heard in childhood became so relatively recently, as modern language norms formed by the middle of the 17th century, and they were based on the norms of the Moscow urban spoken language. Since that time, despite the constant development of the Russian language, orthoepic norms have undergone relatively minor changes.

Orthoepy is a section that is mandatory for study, since knowing orthoepic norms is necessary not only for future poets and writers - it is necessary in Everyday life. The person who allows spelling errors, can cause misunderstanding of others, or, worse, indignation and irritation. On the other hand, the correct pronunciation indicates the level of education of the speaker. So, consider the basic rules of ideal literary pronunciation.

Pronunciation of vowels.

Clearly and clearly in Russian only those vowels that are under stress. The pronunciation of other sounds in the word is regulated reduction law (lat.reducere - reduce). This law explains the less clear and less clear pronunciation of unstressed vowels in a word. Consider the manifestation of the law of reduction.

Sounds [O] And [A] are pronounced like [A] if they are at the beginning of a word, but in an unstressed position: d[a]horns, [a]laziness, [a]drive. In other cases, when the letter "O" is in an unstressed position and follows a solid consonant, it is read as a short obscure reduced sound, something in between [s] And [A](depending on position): g [b] lova, st [b] ron, t [b] lokno. It's the sound [b] in transcription, this reduced sound is conditionally indicated. If there is a soft consonant at the beginning of the word , then the following letters "A" , "e" and "i" read as a cross between [e] And [And](the lips at the same time stretch, as if to pronounce [And] but pronounced [e]): p [and e] ro - pen, s [and e] ro - gray, [and e] language - language.

After a solid consonant, preposition, or in a continuous phrase, the letter "And" pronounced sound [s]: laughter [s] tears - laughter and tears, pedagogical [s] institute - pedagogical institute, to [s] vanu - to Ivan. In the case of the phrase "laughter and tears" "And" can also be pronounced like [And], if the phrase is not pronounced together, but an intonational pause is made at the place of the union.

Orthoepic norms for the pronunciation of consonants.

When pronouncing consonants, other laws apply as orthoepic norms: assimilation And stuns. So, if a voiced consonant is at the end of a word or before a deaf , then he is stunned: dru [k] - friend, hand [f] - sleeve, smo [x] - could. As you can already understand, as a result of stunning [G] pronounced like [To], [b] How [P], [V] How [f], [h] How [With]. In combinations "gk" and "gch" [g] is read as [X]: le [hk] o, le [hh] e. If the situation is radically opposite, that is, there is a deaf consonant before the voiced consonant, then, on the contrary, it is likened to the voiced vowel corresponding to it: pro[s"]ba, [h]give.

Separately, it must be said about the combination "ch". This combination in the old Moscow pronunciation always sounded like [sn]. Today, in most cases, it is still pronounced as [h], but there are a few exceptions:

1. In female patronymics: Lukini[shn]a, Kuzmini[shn]a.
2. In single words: Skvore[shn]ik, bore[shn]o, yai[shn]itsa and etc.

Consonant pronunciation [h] in the words "what" and "something" is usually considered a sign of some dialect, because normally "h" stunned and replaced by [w]. Also changing "G" on [V] in the words “whom”, “what”, “some”, etc. To the sound [ tss] the ending of the verbs “-tsya” and “-tsya” changes: dare[cc]a, return[cc]a.

Words of foreign origin.

Orthoepic norms of the literary language in case the word is of foreign origin, for the most part remain the same as in the case of native Russian words. But still there are some features of the pronunciation of borrowed words:

• Lack of sound reduction [O]: m[o]del, [o]asis.
• Despite the softening of most consonants before "e", softening does not occur in some words: ant[e]nna, gene[e]tika.
• In some words of foreign origin, both options are allowed - both consonant softening and no softening: therapist, terror, claim, etc..

stress in Russian is not static and can change due to a change in the form of a word, case, and much more. In order to find out the correct pronunciation of a particular word, as well as to find out which syllable will be stressed correctly, you can look at orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Such dictionaries can become real helpers for those who want to learn how to speak correctly and beautifully.

You can learn about what orthoepy is from dictionaries and reference books of the literary language. All languages ​​of the world have certain lexical norms, which are an example of the correct use of words.

Science of orthoepy

Orthoepy studies the laws and rules of pronunciation of words. It is very similar to spelling, which considers the laws of the correct spelling of words. The term "orthoepy" includes two Greek words: orthos - "right", "correctly", "straight" (direction) and epos - "speech", "talk". Therefore, the question of what orthoepy is can be answered directly translated from Greek: correct pronunciation.

Orthoepy rules

Various deviations from the norms of use and pronunciation interfere with communication, distract the listener from the meaning of the spoken speech and significantly complicate the assimilation of the spoken text. Adhering to the rules of pronunciation of words is just as important as adhering to the rules of spelling. Orthoepy will tell the correct pronunciation of a particular lexical unit. The rules of this science allow you to determine how to pronounce a particular word, and the scope of its lexical application. Indeed, in a world where oral speech is a means of wide communication, it must be impeccable, from the point of view of the rules of orthoepy.

History of Russian orthoepy

Russian orthoepy developed already in the middle of the 17th century. Then the rules for the pronunciation of certain words were approved, the norms for constructing phrases and sentences were laid down. Moscow became the center of the new literary language. On the basis of northern Russian dialects and southern dialects, Moscow pronunciation was formed, which was taken as the basis of the lexical norm. The science of how to pronounce this or that word correctly went from Moscow to the remote hinterlands of Russia.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the new capital of Russia, the city of St. Petersburg, became the center of the political and cultural life of the country. Gradually, the norms of pronunciation changed, among the intelligentsia, a clear, letter-by-letter pronunciation of words became the rule. But among the general population, the Moscow pronunciation continued to be considered the norm.

Orthoepy studies such norms of pronunciation of the Russian language as stress, the norm of pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, melody and intonation of colloquial speech.

stress

About what orthoepy is, you can consider the rules for placing stress in Russian words. The question is not as simple as it might seem. In French speech, in the vast majority of cases, the stress is placed on the last syllable. In Russian, the stress is mobile, it can fall on an arbitrary syllable, change its location depending on the gender and case of the given word. For example, a city, but a city, a train, but trains, will be accepted, but accepted.

Sometimes incorrect pronunciation is so ingrained in colloquial speech that it takes a lot of effort to eradicate the error. For example, everywhere we hear calls instead of calls, contract, instead of the correct contract. The orthoepy of the word insists on: catalog, obituary, quarter instead of well-established incorrect versions of these words.

Sometimes surprise helps to correct the stress. For example, in the mid-1950s, the use of the word “youth” instead of the correct “youth” was widespread. The widely popular song "Hymn of Democratic Youth" helped to correct the mistake. The song was created by the composer Novikov to the verses of the poet Oshanin. In the chorus of the anthem were the words: "Young people sing this song." The widespread “youth” did not fit into either the rhythm or the text of this piece of music, so the incorrect pronunciation of the popular word was replaced by the correct one.

Transcription

The spoken word can be recorded using transcription. This is the name of the recording of audible words and sounds of the language. In transcription, along with ordinary letters, special ones are also used, for example, the letter [æ] denotes an open stressed vowel, something between “a” and “e”. This sound is not used in Russian speech, but is often found in the study of languages ​​of the Germanic branch.

Currently, special dictionaries will help to put the correct stress in the word.

Pronunciation of individual sounds

To explain what orthoepy is, you can use the example of the pronunciation of vowels in the words of the Russian language. For example, the norm in Russian is reduction - the weakening of the articulation of vowels in some words. For example, in the word "box" only the third sound "o" is clearly heard, and the first one is pronounced muffled. The result is a sound that resembles both [o] and [a] at the same time.

If an unstressed [o] is at the beginning of a word, it is always pronounced as [a]. For example, in the words “fire”, “window”, “glasses”, [a] is clearly worn out in the first case. The stressed [o] does not change its meaning: the words "cloud", "island", "very" are pronounced with a pronounced [o] at the beginning.

The sound of some consonants

The existing rules of orthoepy say that voiced consonants at the end of spoken words sound like paired deaf ones. For example, the word "oak" is pronounced as [dup], "eye" - [voice], "tooth" - [zup], and so on.

The consonant phrases "zzh" and "zhzh" are pronounced as a double soft [zhzh], for example, we write I'm coming, we pronounce [I'm coming], rattling - [rattling] and so on.

The exact pronunciation of a particular word can be found in special spelling dictionaries.

For example, Avanesov presented a fairly serious work on orthoepy. The deeply elaborated editions of linguists Reznichenko, Abramov and others are interesting. Orthoepic dictionaries can be easily found on the Internet or in special sections of libraries.

As a result of studying this chapter, the student should:

know

• laws and rules of Russian literary pronunciation;
• chronological and regional differences in the systems of Russian literary pronunciation;

be able to

• establish a relationship between the results of the action of modern phonetic laws and pronunciation norms;
• highlight in oral speech old and new phenomena in the field of pronunciation;
• distinguish literary Russian pronunciation from its non-literary forms;

own

• terminological apparatus of orthoepy;
• norms of Russian literary pronunciation;
• the ability to logically competently build statements on various issues of the studied section of the course.

Key terms and concepts: orthoepy; orthoepic norm; senior norm; junior norm; old Moscow pronunciation.

Orthoepy as a branch of the science of language

Orthoepy (from the Greek. oithos- 'correct', epos- ‘word, speech’) is a system of norms of literary pronunciation, a set of rules for the sound design of significant units of the language: morphemes, words, sentences. Among the orthoepic norms, there are proper pronunciation, associated with the peculiarities of the implementation of phonemes in various positions, and accentological, regulating the placement of stress in words and word forms. Orthoepy is also called a branch of the science of language, which studies the norms of pronunciation and develops pronunciation recommendations.

Traditionally, orthoepy includes all pronunciation norms of the Russian language, for example, the pronunciation of “-shaped or “-shaped sounds in the first pre-stressed syllable (E[a b]ma - dsh - [r'e] / sh), stunning a noisy voiced consonant at the absolute end of a word (the table is only possible with a deaf consonant [s], and in the word pass before voiced [d] - only voiced [h]. In accordance with the point of view of M. V. Panov, orthoepy should study only such pronunciation norms that allow variance in the literary language: “Orthoepy is a science that studies the variation of the pronunciation norms of the literary language and develops pronunciation recommendations (orthoepic rules)”. So, in the same phonetic position it is possible to pronounce bakery And bulo[w]naya, dare [with '] I And we laugh. Orthoepy evaluates pronunciation options, formulates rules and requires their implementation (M.V. Panov did not accidentally call orthoepy "imperative").

The presence of orthoepic variants is due to several reasons. Differences in pronunciation characterize the so-called senior and junior pronunciation norms. The older norm is typical for persons of the older generation, for stage and oratorical speech; the younger one is for people of the younger and middle generation, for colloquial literary speech. There is nothing surprising in the fact that the new pronunciation is gradually replacing the old one; for a certain period, two pronunciation norms coexist in the language. For example, according to the senior norm, it is pronounced [s'l at] yozy, on the younger - [sl ']yozy. In the Moscow metro trains, announcers pronounce the word differently doors in the phrase "Careful, the doors are closing": [d'v "]yori and [dv ']yori.

In accordance with the older norm, a soft consonant [p '] is pronounced before the subsequent back-lingual and labial: four[ p']g, first. In the first half of the XX century. the consonant combination |kk] was pronounced as [hk], and the combination [yy] - like [yy]: [x] to whom,[y] city. Now this pronunciation is obsolete, it is preserved only in words leh’k] y, my [h’k’] y(and single root).

Various orthoepic variants are characteristic of different pronunciation styles - full and colloquial. The full style implies consistent observance of phonetic laws, clear articulation of sounds, calm speech topics. Conversational style is used in conditions of unprepared speech, easy communication. This style is characterized by the presence of certain phonetic features, such as a qualitative reduction of unstressed [y]: listen [b] shat, tpovatyg, complete reduction of vowels: special(i)alno, t(e)atr, vi(o)loncelle, complete reduction of consonants: speed (l) ko, ko (g) yes, ho(d)ish, complete reduction of word fragments: right (vi) lno, from (eg) one, in (general) and many others.

Orthoepic variants can characterize professional speech: cf. booty And mining, compass And compass.

By studying pronunciation options, orthoepy evaluates what place each of them occupies in literary pronunciation. In the event that the options are not recognized as equal, orthoepic recommendations may have the following character: “recommended”, “permissible”, “permissible, obsolete”, “special”, “not recommended”, “wrong”.

• See: Avanesov R. I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1954; Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language. M „ 1985.
• See: Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. M., 1967; His own. Modern Russian language. Phonetics. M., 1979. Cf. add.: Modern Russian language / ed. V. A. Beloshaikova. M., 1989.
• For another selection of pronunciation styles, see: Kasatkin L. L. Modern Russian language. Phonetics. M., 2006. S. 181.