Tsar Bell: photo and description of a monument of Russian foundry art of the 18th century. Interesting information about the king bell Interesting facts about the king bell for children

Moscow has a huge number of curious and amusing monuments from different eras, whose history arouses the irrepressible curiosity of both adults and children.

These can be sculptures dedicated to fairy tales, heroes of books and films, real people, the vices of society, and even such “ordinary” things as a stool, a fly, or the signs of students.

Some of these monuments are quite long and curious story. This should include 2 famous monuments Tsar Cannon and Tsar Bell, which are located on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin.

Unfortunately, the latter is remarkable not for its main purpose (ringing), but exclusively appearance and mass. It is about him in this article that there will be a story from which you will find out in what year it was cast and how much it weighs.

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Appearance

This is not just a huge structure that stands in the Kremlin, but one of the main attractions of Russia. It is also considered a monument of the art of casting of the 18th century.

"Royal" copy. View from Ivanovskaya Square

In height, it exceeds the mark of 6 meters, in diameter it is more than 6.5 meters. The weight of the whole structure is more than 200 tons. The authors were well-known at that time casters father Ivan and son Mikhail Motorins. The design was originally created for the Ivan the Great bell tower, but was not used for some reason.

Outside, royal persons, the Mother of God, Christ and other saints are minted, there is a commemorative record with a description of the creation, the names of the creators and the date “1733”, although the copy was cast only after 24 months.

Above and below it is encircled by a pattern, at the top there is a large gilded cross. However, many researchers note differences in the coinage of reality and in the images of past centuries. Information and photos about this can be additionally found on the Internet.

Interesting fact: there is no tongue inside the structure: for the reasons indicated below, it was not cast at all, a tongue from someone else was placed inside.

According to the analysis carried out in the Soviet Union, the royal specimen consists of a mixture of several metals. Almost 85% is copper, another 13% is tin, a little more than 1% is sulfur. Less than 0.5% is occupied by silver and gold. However, gold accounts for more than 70 kg, silver for more than 500 kg.

It is interesting: according to wikipedia during civil war Denikin, being a general, decided to print his own currency, choosing this monument as an image - because of this, after depreciation, they received the nickname "bells".

You can see the monument in the Moscow Kremlin: it stands on Ivanovskaya Square not far from Ivan the Great. He never left this place in his life.

"Ancestors"

The first Russian "Tsar Bell", which was cast at the beginning of the 17th century.

Today, this is far from the only "sovereign" that existed in Russia. Such a title appeared long before the current one - each had an outrageous mass and size at a certain moment:

1. For the first time, such a nickname was given to a copy cast at the beginning of the seventeenth century, which weighed 40 tons, but its fate turned out to be unenviable: in the middle of the century it crashed.
2. The next one was immediately smelted - already weighing 130 tons. But he lived even less: already in 1654 he fell and crashed during the Christmas bells.
3. The next was a bell weighing 160 tons, made by the foundry worker Grigoriev. In order to shake it, it took about a hundred bell ringers. He lived until the beginning of the 18th century. and fell down when a big fire started.

It's important to know: the material of the Grigorievsky bell went to the ebb of the current one.

1. After that, the bells were left alone for 30 years, but Empress Anna Ioannovna decided to try again to break the record and ordered the most great option- the one that stands in the Kremlin today. However, his fate was not much better than that of the "ancestors".

How was the work

The preliminary work took several years. First, four years were spent preparing the forms. To do this, a hole 10 meters deep was dug on Ivanovskaya Square, in which a mold was placed.

The distance between the walls of the pit and the form was filled with rammed earth, the form itself was reinforced with broken bricks and oak inserts. An iron grate was placed at the bottom, on which the form stood.

The embossing on the foundry monument-bogatyr belongs to the hands of the sculptor Fyodor Medvedev: he carved patterns and images from wood, and then made an impression on the inside of the casing. Also, several craftsmen took part in the work, who, by order of Peter I, took courses in molding and pedestal work abroad.

Chasing made by sculptor Fyodor Medvedev

Do you know that: at first, the work on casting was offered to the French royal mechanic by the name of Germain, but he decided that this was a joke - it was difficult to even imagine a product of the required parameters and weight.

Casting began in 1733 and took more than twelve months. In 1734, just before the start of work in the smelters, an accident occurred: spilled copper not only spoiled the sample, but also led to a major fire in the city. Its consequences were eliminated only a year later. During this period, the project manager changed: Ivan Motorin died, and the business passed to his son.

Everything was ready only two years later. In four melting furnaces, the required amount of metal was melted in 36 hours, after which it was poured into molds.

The process took a little over an hour, and all this time about 400 firefighters were on duty nearby. A pit with a huge structure was covered with wooden ceilings and left to cool. Then, without pulling it out, they began to make chasing, since the image on the walls came out uneven and blurred.

Note: since the production, apparently, took place according to the old forms, this copy has the wrong casting date - “1733”.

How did the piece break off?

But the adventures did not end: in 1737 there was a major fire. The wooden ceilings above flared up, and then the bell was red-hot. It was decided to pull him out of the pit.

The metal was pre-cooled cold water, but due to the huge temperature difference, several through cracks appeared. This was the main reason why, when raised, it split, making a fall. The fallen off piece weighed more than 11 tons.

However, some researchers believe that the fire was just a pretext, and the blame should be placed on carelessly done work, for example, on violations that occurred during the casting.

Confirmation is often called the price paid to the foundry worker Motorin: for his work he received a thousand rubles and the shopmaster rank of a foundry worker. However, his next orders were estimated at almost eight times more: 8 thousand per work.

This is how the uprising took place in Moscow in 1836. Pictures

The first projects to extract the "king" from the forms ended in failure. It was possible to do this only after a hundred years: the project of pulling out was made by the architect Mironovsky.

Note: when a huge colossus was pulled out, several ropes burst, and it lists dangerously. The case was saved by an unknown worker: having made his way under a loosely hanging object, he installed props that held the structure while the ropes were changed.

In mid-August 1836, the “king” was nevertheless pulled out of the pit and placed on a specially built bronze pedestal. The whole process was led by the architect of St. Isaac's Cathedral Auguste (August) Montferrand: he already had experience in lifting weights to considerable heights. He also created a copper cross, then covered the structure itself with gilding.

Today, a commemorative plaque flaunts on the pedestal. It indicates Short story, the period of creation and the time of pulling out of the form.

Further fate

A piece weighing 11.5 tons, which broke away from the main structure during the Trinity fire

Of course, no one wanted to lose such a huge and long-suffering colossus, and therefore the question of soldering a chipped piece was raised several times. But all this was just talk: the spike would completely distort the sound, and therefore would be meaningless.

During the Second World War, this attraction turned into a communications center: Signalmen of the Kremlin Regiment hid inside it. To prevent enemy bombers from noticing it, the structure was painted, and after the victory it was wiped off again.

Curious legend

Despite the fact that the fate of the monument of foundry art is interesting in itself, it seemed to many that this was not enough.

Peter I the last Tsar of All Russia (since 1682) and the first All-Russian Emperor (since 1721)

Incredible rumors about him circulated among the people. Many believed that the bell was cast much earlier, even before Peter I came to the throne, and even successfully raised to the bell tower.

When, after the victory over the Swedes near Poltava, all the bells of the country began to ring, the "Tsar" could not even be moved.

Angry, the king sent a company of soldiers, but they only tore out his tongue, without achieving a single sound. The people gathered in the square began to laugh, shouts were heard that Tsar Peter would have to yield to the stubborn one.

Perth I, who was standing on the bell tower, was furious and hit this landmark with all his might with a baton. Because of the impact, a piece bounced off and fell to the ground, even went deep into it, from where it was taken out only after several decades.

Good to know: among the Old Believers there was an opinion that when the Last Judgment came, the monument to foundry art would fly into the air by itself, and its ringing would be heard, even though it would be without a language.

Not only Muscovites, but also many tourists know about this attraction. Huge and completely useless, he lived interesting life, although he never called, and was even able to help his country during the war, although not in the most usual way.

Watch the video in which the historian briefly tells the history of creation and about future fate Tsar Bells:

Yes, that bell never rang (like the girl you gave the phone to at the bar). Today marks 180 years since it was installed at the Kremlin. But in general, he is 280. Moreover, he spent 100 years of them underground. Already interesting!

01

The Tsar Bell has bad karma. It was cast from the remains of a bell made in 1654 and weighing 128 tons. To call it, the efforts of a hundred people were required! (Or ten Valuevs.) It crashed during a fire in 1701. It is noteworthy that this bell was also cast from its predecessor, which was made at the beginning of the 17th century on the orders of Boris Godunov, weighed 35 tons and also crashed during a fire.

02

First, the job of casting the bell was offered to the French “royal goldsmith and member of the Academy of Sciences” Germain, but he refused, considering the project unfeasible. Then the Russian foundry masters of Motorina, father Ivan and son Mikhail, got down to business. The preparation and casting of the bell lasted a year and a half, during which time Motorin Sr. died.

03

In order to cast his name on the bell, Mikhail Motorin submitted a special petition to the Senate, and Empress Anna Ioannovna personally approved it. Apparently, in this undemocratic time, the legislature was completely dependent on the head of the country. (Yeah, I guessed it was ironic.)

04

After a year and a half of minting and decorative decoration of the bell, the famous Trinity Fire began in Moscow (how can one not believe in karma ?!), which destroyed a quarter of the city. The wooden beams that supported the shape caught fire, and so that the bell would not melt again, it was decided to cool it with water. But the bell could not withstand the temperature difference, cracked, and a piece weighing 11.5 tons broke off from it. According to another version, the chip occurred due to a violation of technology.

05

A hole 10 meters deep was dug for the future bell on Ivanovskaya Square, where the form was placed. Four foundry furnaces were built nearby. The process of melting the metal and casting the bell took 36 hours and ended on November 25, 1735. Security was monitored by 400 police officers with firefighting equipment.

06

A hundred years later, they decided to raise the Tsar Bell to the surface. The task was entrusted to Auguste Montferrand, the architect of St. Isaac's Cathedral, who successfully coped with it and on August 17, 1836, installed the bell on a pedestal, which he himself designed.

07

You know, of course, that the Tsar Bell never rang. We only add that they never even cast a tongue for him. And the one that lies on the pedestal was taken from another.

08

In August 1919, the White Army began issuing its own money. The Tsar Bell was depicted on the thousandth bill, so the people called the money “bells”.

Do you want to be healthy and live long? Then write down the recipe:

Holy water on an empty stomach, prayers 2 times a day, and on Sundays the ringing of bells. Are you laughing? But look what modern scientists say about all this.

Prayers through the eyes of scientists

"Prayer Watch"

I'll start with prayers. What is your understanding of prayer? That's right - fellowship with God. And for scientists, it is also an altered state of the brain.

The staff of the institute V.M. Bekhterev, taking electroencephalograms from Orthodox priests during prayers, they came to the conclusion that at this time their cerebral cortex .... turns off completely. That is, a state of clear consciousness appears, during a complete shutdown of the brain. Prior to this discovery, it was thought that human brain can work in one of three modes - wakefulness, REM sleep or slow sleep, but now they have discovered another state of the brain, which is called the “fourth state” - this is “prayer wakefulness”.

During prayer, the frequency of the brain decreases to 2-3 Hz. In an adult, this frequency is observed only during "slow sleep", and in wakefulness only in infants up to 2 months. Scientists even jokingly joked that the words of Christ "Be like children and you will be saved" can also apply to the state of the brain. Scientists who have studied "prayer wakefulness" unanimously agree that the fourth state of the brain is just as necessary for physical and spiritual health as the other three. In this state, a person is healed of illnesses and restored mentally.

"Our Father" against diseases

And what do you say to the fact that prayer kills harmful microbes and viruses? But this conclusion was reached: Angelina Malakhovskaya (member of the Orthodox Scientists Union) and American scientists. Pathogenic microbes are killed not only in the body of the patient, but also in the water, which is overshadowed by the sign of the cross and over which the prayer “Our Father” is read. The scientist took plain water from various natural sources, which contained harmful microbes and viruses, for example, Staphylococcus aureus, a prayer was read over it and the number of pathogenic microbes was reduced by 100 times. Therefore, dear readers, the sign of the cross of food is not just a fad of priests, it is important for your health.

But that's not all - while you read a prayer or baptize food, the negative information component is also erased. I have seen priests who, before taking money from the table, first baptize it so that harmful information does not pass through it (money passes through many different hands, among which there are people with evil intentions).

Professor Mitchell Krushoff, a cardiologist at the Duke University, concluded that the rate of recovery of patients due to prayer increases by 93%.

In addition, scientists claim that prayers are capable of: quickly reduce high blood pressure, lower blood cholesterol levels, normalize metabolic processes and heart rate, restore peace of mind, extinguish anger, despondency and depression.

holy water scientists

Employees of the Moscow Institute of Information and Wave Technologies claim that the electromagnetic radiation (EMR) of consecrated (holy) water from different sources is identical, but at the same time it is very different from the EMR of plain water and even "silver water".

So why does holy water heal according to scientists?

It turned out that the EMR curve of holy water completely coincides with the EMR of a healthy organ. Moreover, if you pour holy water into plain water, then the EMP of plain water changes to the EMP of holy water. Holy water, as in the example with the “burning” of plain water, when it enters the body of an organism, transmits to it, through the body fluid, a strong impulse of health.

Moreover, scientists claim that plain water becomes holy, even if you add 1 tablespoon of holy water to 60 liters of plain water.

Interesting fact

• In tap water, over which the sign of the cross was made by a simple believing parishioner, the optical density increases by almost 1.5 times;
• When consecrated by a priest 2.5 times;
• A baptized, but not a believer, water increases its optical density by only 10%.

Bell ringing according to scientists

The fact that bell ringing kills (thanks to ultra and infrasonic waves) pathogens was proved by Swedish scientists back in the 70s of the last century, although in Russia this was known for a very long time. It was not for nothing that during pestilences and the invasion of the enemy in Russia, the bell alarm was constantly ringing. Church bell ringing is sometimes called an icon in sound.

From proven

Bell ringing kills for several kilometers:

• influenza viruses;
• jaundice virus;
• smallpox;

Kills in a few seconds

• Plague bacteria;
• Typhoid shelf;
• cholera;
• Tuberculosis.

There is a hypothesis that the irrepressible typhoid epidemics in the post-revolutionary 1920s were directly related to the ban on church bells.

• The activity of microbes "heard" bell ringing or choral singing falls by an average of 40%;
• Ringers do not suffer from colds;
• In the 17th century, the body of the dead Novgorod Metropolitan Athos stood without signs of decay for 11 weeks under the bells of the monastery;
• Mathematicians have proved that the radiation of a bell in free space, in its direction, has the shape of a three-dimensional cross;
• There are many cases of healing the "possessed" by bell ringing;
• The low tones of the bells are more favorable to the person than the high ones;
• The ringing of bells recorded on the media and reproduced on the acoustics "does not work" as a "live" bell;
• According to Shipunov, in pre-revolutionary Russia, the potential of sound radiation from bells was such that it could deflect the trajectory of a medium-range missile. Russia was under an invisible, protective sound dome.
• Bell ringing is used to treat mental illness.

RESULTS

According to American scientists (scientists from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Yeshiva University), regular attendance at church services, at least once a week, improves health by 20%. If you are an atheist or a skeptic - maybe it's time to think and "accept" God? After all, these are all facts from scientists, and you probably believe them? If you are a believer, then may this post give you faith and health.

At least, this is evidenced by the inscription on a white marble board, reinforced by order of the architect Augustus Montferrand on the front side of the pedestal, on which stands a monument of Russian foundry art of the 18th century: “This bell was poured in 1733 by order of Mr. Emperor. Anna Ioannovna. He remained in the land for a hundred and three years, and by the will of the most pious Mr. Emperor Nicholas I delivered in the summer of 1836 August on the 4th day". The details of this entertaining story are presented below in the form of interesting facts.

1. The first heavyweight bells appeared in Russia in the 30s of the 16th century, when the foundry master Nemchinov first made a bell weighing about two thousand kilograms, and after him another - over eight. However, the “great-grandfather” of that same Tsar Bell is considered to be Bolshoi Uspensky, cast by order of Boris Godunov Andrey Chokhov. According to eyewitnesses, the giant bell weighed almost 18 tons, and in order to set its tongue in motion, the strength of twenty-four men was needed. Unfortunately, this "miracle" crashed during one of the fires in the middle of the 17th century.

To replace him, by order of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1654, the famous foundry master Danila Danilov and his son Emelyan cast a new one, even bigger and heavier. The bell weighing about 131 tons was raised on the wooden belfry of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, but it hung there until the first strong blow, from which it crumbled to pieces.
The next year, 20-year-old master Alexander Grigoriev volunteered to cast another giant from the wreckage of the Danilov bell in 10 months. As a result, he got the Big Assumption bell, which was in no way inferior in weight to its predecessor. He served until June 19, 1701. That day there was a fire. The wooden buildings of the Church of the Nativity burned down, the bell fell and broke into many pieces. Later they were used in the manufacture of the real Tsar Bell.

June 26, 1730 Empress Anna Ioannovna issued a decree according to which the foundry masters had to make a bell weighing at least 160 tons.

2. On behalf of the Empress, Count Minich took up the search for masters. First, he went to Paris for craftsmen, where he offered to take up the bell to the royal mechanic Germain, but he, having heard about the weight of the product, took everything as a joke and refused. Although, according to other sources, the greatly surprised and puzzled Frenchman nevertheless agreed to draw up project documents.

Nevertheless, Russian craftsmen took up the casting of the bell: the hereditary caster Ivan Fedorovich Motorin and his son Mikhail.

3. To begin with, Motorin Sr. made the necessary drawings, cast a model of the future bell, reduced by a thousand times, and began to calculate how to raise the bell to the Ivanovo bell tower. Having completed all the main documents, Ivan Fedorovich sent them to St. Petersburg for approval. Permission to manufacture the bell came only in 1931.

4. A foundry pit 10 meters deep was located in the courtyard of the Kremlin, between the Miracle Monastery and the bell tower of Ivan the Great. Its walls were reinforced with oak logs and lined with bricks. The bottom was strengthened with oak piles and an iron grate was laid on them, which became the basis for the shape of the bell. A clay rod was installed in the center of the pit, which determined the internal volume of the future bell. Then the form was made from clay.

5. Four furnaces designed for melting metal started working on November 26, 1734 after the solemn service in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. However, on November 28, the hearths of two furnaces rose and the copper left. On the advice of the masters, it was decided to continue the smelting work on serviceable furnaces, adding the missing metal to them. For this, 600 bells of 27 tons each and monetary copper with a total weight of 68 tons were urgently brought from the Moscow Cannon Yard. However, on the night of November 29, one of the overloaded furnaces leaks. It was decided to suspend work. At the same time, the main trouble was waiting for the foundry workers ahead.

6. In the midst of restoration work on August 19, 1735, Ivan Fedorovich Motorin dies. The case for the creation of the bell is headed by his son Michael.

7. The Tsar Bell, 6.24 meters high with ears and 6.6 meters in diameter, was completely cast on the night of November 25, 1735. Its weight exceeded 200 tons.

At least 250 tons of working material were prepared for casting. In addition to copper, the craftsmen used tin, as well as 72 kg of gold and 525 kg of silver.

The last melting of the metal lasted 36 hours, and the pouring of the mold took only 36 minutes. In each unit of time, at least 6 tons of metal were received.

8. Initially, the placement of the caster's name on the bell was not provided. In order to leave his “autograph”, Ivan Motorin submitted a corresponding petition to the Senate through the artillery office, from where the document was redirected for approval by the empress herself. And only after that, the inscription appeared on the bell: “This bell was poured by the Russian master Ivan Fedorov, the son of Motorin, with his son Mikhail Motorin.”

9. From the moment the bell was cast until the first half of 1737, minting continued.- artistic processing of the "Tsar".

By the way, the sculptor who worked on the decoration of the giant bell was a craftsman who learned the craft in Italy. Fedor Medvedev. He was assisted by: Andrey Selivanov, pedestal craftsmen Vasily Kobelev, Pyotr Galkin, Pyotr Kokhteev, Pyotr Serebryakov and molder Lukovnikov.
Interestingly, the sculptor Carlo Rastrelli was originally supposed to work on the bell. However, he asked such a price that his services were refused.

10. In May 1737, the Trinity fire broke out. Burning logs began to fall into the pit with the bell. As a result, the red-hot bell was filled with water, which caused 11 cracks to go through it and a piece weighing eleven and a half tons broke off.

However, some modern researchers question this fact, arguing that the cracks went due to the wrong bell manufacturing technology.

11. In total there were three attempts to extract the Tsar Bell from the ground. The first two, in 1792 and 1819, were unsuccessful. The architect August Montferrand took up the bell for the third time in 1836. He was instructed to raise the "Tsar" and put it on a pedestal, because due to numerous damages it was impossible to use it for its intended purpose.

By order of Montferrand, wooden scaffolding with a system of blocks, ropes and gates was installed over the casting pit. However, it was not immediately possible to pull out the bell. The first attempt, due to the fact that the bell stuck to the iron lattice on which it stood, failed - under excessive weight, several ropes simply could not stand it and burst. A new rise was scheduled for 5 o'clock in the morning on July 23, 1836. After preparation, which took about one hour, at about 6:05 am, the soldiers began to remove the Tsar Bell from the pit. And after 42 minutes, he was on the surface.

Three days later, on July 26, it was installed on an octagonal pedestal, made according to the design of Montferrand from blocks of white limestone and red brick, fastened together with iron brackets and forged pins.
On this very pedestal, the Tsar Bell stands today. The front side of the stand is decorated with a tablet on which Montferrand indicated August 4 as the day the bell was raised from the ground. Researchers believe that the architect decided to perpetuate the date of completion of all work related to the rise and installation of the Tsar Bell on a white stone octagonal pedestal.

1. "Silent" Tsar Bell. Its casting was completed in 1735, after which one of the symbols of Russia remained in the pit, since there was no suitable building that could support its weight. And in 1737, during a large-scale Moscow fire, a piece weighing 11 tons broke off from the bell. For another hundred years, the "giant" remained in the casting pit, after which it was installed on a pedestal in the Kremlin.

2. The big Assumption bell did not ring and will not. Several times the question was raised about how to solder the Tsar Bell and use it for its intended purpose. However, experts say that it will not work to get a clear sound after soldering. By the way, the tongue was not made for the Tsar Bell, but the one that lies on the pedestal was taken from another, unknown bell.

3. The current Tsar Bell had two "ancestors" with the same names."Grandfather" was cast for the Kremlin bell tower at the beginning of the 17th century by order of Boris Godunov. Its weight was 35 tons. And during one of the numerous Moscow fires, it crashed, after which the bell was poured, increasing its weight to 128 tons. It took a hundred people to set his tongue in motion! This bell "died" in 1701, after it broke again.

4. There is a bell that rings almost constantly. If the Tsar Bell has never rung, then at Oxford University there is a bell that has been ringing almost non-stop (except for short breaks caused by high indoor humidity) for about 170 years. So, with the help of Volt poles (devices for generating electricity used in advanced electrical engineering), the tongue swings between two bells.

5. The ringing of a bell can serve a variety of purposes. So, for example, in Turin (Italy) there was a "bread bell" that rang at the moment when it was time to knead the dough for bread so that it was ready for dinner. In Gdansk (Poland) for a long time there was a "beer bell" that announced the opening of drinking establishments. And the "Bell of Purity" in Bonn (Germany) urged residents to sweep the streets.

6. The bell was a pagan symbol. Today, bell ringing is associated with Orthodoxy, but at the dawn of Christianity, bells were considered pagan symbols. There is a legend that the oldest bell in Germany called “Saufang” (“Pig prey”) was dug out of the mud by pigs. Even after he was washed and hung on the bell tower, he refused to call. This continued until the bishop consecrated it, thereby purifying it from pagan filth.

7. Crimson ringing appeared thanks to Peter I. The phrase "Mechelen (crimson) ringing" appeared after Peter I ordered the first carillon for Russia (a musical instrument with a number of bells) in the Belgian city of Mechelen, which in French is called Malines (Malin). It was there that in the Middle Ages they developed a successful alloy for casting bells, which gives a soft and very pleasant ringing, called today "raspberry".

8. Some bells in Russia were exiled and even tortured. In 1591, the Uglich bell was thrown from the Spasskaya bell tower, its tongue was torn out, its ear was cut off, it was publicly punished on the square with 12 lashes, and eventually “exiled” to Siberia. The reason for such cruel treatment of the bell, which was then about 300 years old, was the "incitement" to rebellion (with its ringing it gathered the townspeople in the square) on the occasion of the death of Tsarevich Dmitry. There is also a legend that in 1681 the “Nabatny” bell of the Moscow Kremlin was “exiled” to the Korelsky Nikolaevsky Monastery (Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery): his fault was that he woke up Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich at night with his ringing.

9. There are bells not only on Earth, but also in space. So, there is a bell on the International space station. It is called when the captain of the crew is replaced.

10. Big Ben is called only the bell in the clock in the northern part of the Palace of Westminster. But often this name extends to the clock, and to the tower as well. However, since September 2012, the official name of the tower is "Elizabeth Tower". It was renamed in honor of the 60th anniversary of the reign of Queen Elizabeth II.