Corn cultivation technology. Corn cultivation technology Presentation on how I grew corn

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Corn is one of the main crops
modern world agriculture. it
a culture of multi-use and
high yield. For food in
countries of the world use about 20% of grain
corn, for technical purposes - 15-20% and
about two thirds - for food.

cultural history

Corn is the oldest cultivated plant,
her homeland is Central and South America, the zone
tropics and subtropics. This is evidenced
archaeological finds of pollen, panicles, grains and
cobs of primitive forms of corn, as well as
results of genetic and cytoembryological
research. Even in the pre-Columbian era, corn
was the main food crop
Aboriginal people living in these areas.
The origin of maize (Zea mays L. species) is still
not deciphered by phylogenetic systematics.

The cob and general view of the corn plant

The use of herbicides and fungicides in various phases of the corn vegetation

Botanical description.

Corn is an annual plant of the family
Bluegrass. monoecious, dioecious,
cross-pollinated. not in the wild
found.
The root system is powerful, fibrous, multi-tiered,
highly branched, capable on soils with loose
by adding subsurface horizons to penetrate
depth up to 3 m. Spreads within a radius of more than 1 m.
Anatomical feature of the structure of the root
maize systems - the presence of air cavities,
indicating hypersensitivity
roots to oxygen.
Up to 60% of them are located in the arable layer of the soil.

Corn inflorescences

1- male
2 - female

Botanical description

A grain of corn germinates with one germinal root. nodal roots
appear on the underground nodes of the stem when formed on the plant 3-4
leaves.
Corn stalk 2 to 7 cm thick, well leafy, erect,
round, smooth. Plant height ranges from 60 cm to 6 m. Stem
composed of core-filled internodes separated by
thickened stem nodes; 3-5 contiguous internodes are located in
soil. Each node encloses the leaf sheath. The number of nodes and,
therefore, the leaves are a stable varietal trait.
Corn leaves are large, linear, entire, parallel-nerve,
pubescent above, arranged in alternating order in two
opposite sides of the stem. Leaf sheaths tightly fitting
stem. Their number is from 8 to 45. In varieties common in our country
formed from 13 to 24 leaves. Early maturing varieties have fewer leaves,
than late ones. Plants with narrow leaves extending under a sharp
angle to the stem, more productive, as they shade each other a little. Thanks to
gutter-like shape and oblique vertical arrangement of the leaves of the plant
use even slight precipitation and dew flowing down the leaves and
stem to roots.

The structure of the corn plant

1- panicle;
2 - sheet;
3 - stigmas.
4 - cob, spikelet
5 - sheet wrap
cob,
6 - lower
undeveloped ear,
7 - small roots.
8 - aerial roots,
9 - root system,

Biological features

temperature requirements. Corn -
thermophilic plant. seeds
germinate at a temperature of 8-10 ° C,
seedlings appear at 10-12 °C.
The most favorable temperature for
plant growth 25-30 ° C, which is higher than
cereal crops.
The maximum temperature at which
growth stops, 45-47 ° C.

Cobs of various subspecies of corn

1 - dentate,
2 - siliceous,
3 - starchy

Moisture Requirements

According to the requirements for the water regime
culture refers to mesophytes. Corn
tolerates drought relatively well
phases of the exit into the tube. The lack of moisture
10 days before heading and 20 days later
days after spawning (critical
period) sharply reduces the yield. AT
critical period pollen is formed and
seed formation begins.

light requirements

. Corn is a photophilous plant
short day. Blooms fastest when
8-9 hour day. With a duration
days over 12-14 h growing season
lengthens. Corn requires intensive
solar lighting, especially in
young age. Excessive thickening
crops, their weediness leads to
reduction in cob yield.

Soil Requirements

Maize gives high yields on clean,
loose, breathable soils with
deep humus layer, provided
nutrients and moisture, with pH
5,5-7.
High yields of corn for silage at
good agricultural technology can be obtained on
soddy-podzolic, drained peat-bog soils of the Nonchernozem zone.

Power Requirements

The absorption of the main nutrients follows a single-peak curve and
corresponds to the course of accumulation of dry matter.
Nitrogen is especially important in the early stages of plant growth. At
its deficiency retards the growth and development of plants. Maximum
nitrogen intake is observed for 2-3 weeks before heading.
Nitrogen uptake by plants ceases after the onset of lactation.
grain ripeness.
Phosphorus is especially needed at the beginning of plant growth, when
future inflorescences (phase 4-6 leaves). Its deficiency at this time leads to
underdevelopment of cobs, irregular rows of grains are formed.
Sufficient supply of plants with phosphorus stimulates the development
root system, increases drought resistance, accelerates the formation
ears and crop maturation.
With a lack of potassium, the movement of carbohydrates slows down,
synthetic activity of the leaves, the root system is weakened and
the resistance of corn to lodging decreases. Potassium starts intense
enter the plant from the first days of germination. Back to top
heading plants absorb up to 90% of potassium, shortly after the end
flowering, its entry into the plant stops (more precisely,
stabilizes). From the time of milk ripeness of the grain, the potassium content in
plant tissues decreases as a result of leaching of this element by precipitation
and exoosmosis through the root system into the soil.

The most important phases in the development of corn are as follows

1) panicle formation, which occurs in
early, mid-season and late-ripening varieties
respectively in the phase of the 4-7th leaf, 5-8th and 7-11th
sheet; 2) the formation of the cob, which occurs in
of these varieties, respectively, in the phase of the 7th-11th leaf,
8-12th and 11 - 16th sheet. 10 days before spawning
and 20 days after the flowering of the plant
accumulate up to 75% of organic mass.
To form a high yield of grain crops
corn should form a leafy surface
about 40-50 thousand m2/ha, for green mass - 60-70
thousand m2/ha and more.

Place in crop rotation.

In field rotations, corn is placed after
winter cereals, grain legumes, as well as after
potatoes.
In the Non-Chernozem zone, many farms grow
corn in the output fields of crop rotations, for
called permanent plots, getting stable
by years, green mass yields.
The ability of this culture to withstand monoculture
due to the large mass of organic residues,
annually remaining in the field, a small accumulation
in soil blister smut infection, sharp
reduction of infestation of repeated crops due to
inter-row cultivation, use
herbicides.

Basic parameters for the cultivation of corn

Optim agrochem. har. soil
Fertilizers, kg dw per ha
culture
Corn
pH
Humus,%
R/K
mg/kg
N
spring
P
autumn
K
autumn
5,8-7
1,8
>150
90-120 .
60-80 .
90-120 .
Sowing term
Norm
seeding,
million
Depth
seed placement
April 20-30
0,08-0,1
5-7

Fertilizer

Corn absorbs a lot of nutrients. To create 1
q of grain with an appropriate amount of leafy
mass, it consumes an average of 2.4-3 kg of nitrogen, 1-1.2
phosphorus and 2.5-3 kg of potassium. With a grain yield of 50-60 q/ha
or green mass 500-600 kg / ha, this crop absorbs from
soils approximately 150–180 kg N, 60–70 × 205, and 160–190 kg K2O;
more than half of all nutrients are absorbed from
soil in the second half of the growing season. Fertilizer system
corn includes the main fertilizer that is applied
in autumn or spring before sowing, pre-sowing (local) and
top dressing during the growing season.
The main fertilizer is intended to increase the level
plant nutrition throughout the growing season. AT
depending on soil fertility, it is recommended to make 20-
40 t/ha or more of manure and compost; in areas of insufficient
moisture - better than 15-20 t/ha not for corn, but for
previous culture.

tillage

Methods and depth of the main tillage for corn
differentiated taking into account the predecessor, soil
difference, thickness of the humus horizon, weediness of the field.
Since autumn, in areas going under corn, in most
cases, peeling and deep autumn processing are carried out. On the
soils that are free from weeds, peeling can be omitted. By
recommendations of the All-Russian Research Institute of Maize, autumn tillage on
weedy lands consists in double stubble stubble
(the first is small, the second, after the growth of weeds, is more
deep). This is followed by autumn plowing with plows with
skimmers. The most complete stubble weeds can be
destroy by peeling to a depth of 6-10 cm, followed by
cultivating 28-30 cm of plough. At the same time, about 80% of
weeds, the number of their seeds in the soil is reduced by 50%, and
corn yield increases by 3-3.3 c/ha of grain
compared with plowing plowing to the same depth without peeling
stubble.

Sowing.

Sowing dates. Given the weather conditions of spring and warming
soil, choose such an early date for sowing corn, with
which shoots quickly appear, and subsequent phases
take place at the most favorable temperature
mode. The sowing of corn is usually started when
warming up the soil at a depth of seed placement up to 10-12 °C. On the
fertile, well fertilized,
uncontaminated areas can be sown a little earlier (with
8-10 °C), using more cold-resistant varieties and hybrids.
Seeds should be sown in a ripe, well-treated
soil. On clean from weeds, as well as on lungs, quickly
warming soils to sow corn start in
first of all, on clogged and slowly warming up
soils - later.

Seeding depth

In the zone of cultivation of corn for grain
its seeds are closed by 8-10 cm, and when
drying of the top layer _ by 12 cm.
Non-chernozem zone, especially on heavy
soils, the depth of sowing seeds is reduced
up to 4-6 cm. They must be placed in a moist,
sufficiently compacted soil layer.

Sowing

Seeding methods. Corn for grain and silage is sown
dotted and wide lines.
With dotted crops, the distance between plants
in a row depends on the density of their standing (13-43 cm),
row spacing in areas of sufficient
humidity (with an average annual rainfall
500-600 mm) 70 cm, and in unstable areas
moisture, it can increase up to 100 cm
In the Non-Chernozem zone for silage and green fodder
corn is often sown in wide rows with
row spacing 60 and 70 cm

Seeding rates.

When growing corn for green fodder, the density
plant standing should be 120-200 thousand/ha. On the
green fodder, especially when placing corn
stubble, crop or fallow, seeds
sown with conventional grain seeders with a density
plants up to 300-500 thousand/ha.
In the Non-Chernozem zone, corn for silage with cobs in
milky-wax ripeness is cultivated at a density
up to 80-120 thousand, when harvesting up to the specified phase
it is advisable to have 200 thousand/ha and even 300 thousand/ha
plants. In the latter case, a strong
lodging of crops in windy and rainy weather.
Corn for grain is sown at a rate of 10 to 25 kg/ha,
for silage and green fodder - from 30 to 100 kg/ha.

Crop care

If necessary, the field is rolled after sowing.
For the destruction of the resulting crust and the destruction of germinating
weeds are harrowed on the 4-5th day after sowing. teeth
harrows should be immersed in the soil 1-2 cm shallower than the sowing depth
corn seeds. They usually harrow across the direction of sowing. If a
after the emergence of seedlings, a crust forms on the field, it is destroyed
rotary hoes.
In the initial period, corn grows slowly, so it creates
the threat of drowning it with fast-growing weeds. To fight
crops are harrowed with them and shoots in the formation phase 3-6
leaves, when the most sensitive to mechanical
damage, the growing point is still in the soil and is tightly protected
folded leaves. Harrowing allows you to destroy 75-
80% of weed shoots. To avoid damage to corn when
harrowing, it is necessary to carefully carry out pre-sowing
tillage. In the initial phases of development of a corn plant
often die from pulling them out with harrow teeth. When
2-3 leaves, most plants die from sprinkling them with earth.
When processing crops in the phase of 5-6 leaves, the harrow cannot
pull out the plants, or sprinkle them with earth.

Pests and diseases

Pests and diseases of corn cause
significant crop losses. From the big
variety of pests special damage to crops
apply cotton scoop, winter scoop, stem
(corn) moth, wireworms,
false wireworms, swedish fly, bear,
root and leaf aphids; from illnesses
blister smut, fusarium, seed mold.
The high level of agricultural technology allows successfully
fight pests and diseases, improve
resistance to them in corn. It is also necessary
use special chemicals and
biological methods.

Harvest

Corn for grain is harvested at the beginning of its full ripeness and
finished in 10-12 days. To eliminate the danger
crop shortages due to extended harvesting periods, as well as
to be able to maneuver them, it is expedient
sow a number of corn hybrids that differ from each other
the duration of the growing season, the timing of maturation.
In this case, each hybrid can be harvested in the best
agrotechnical terms - within 10-12 days with a total
the duration of harvesting on the farm is 25-30 days.
Threshed corn grain in the last harvesting method
either canned with a moisture content of 30% or more, or after
completions and drying lay in storage. seed
corn is stored on the cob or in grain: cob moisture
should be no more than 16%, and grains - no more than 13%.

Corn. The fibrous root system penetrates to a depth of 100-150 cm. The stem is upright, up to 7 cm in diameter, without a cavity inside (unlike other cereals). The leaves are large, linear-lanceolate, up to 10 cm wide and 1 m long. Their number is from 8 to 42. Plants are monoecious with same-sex flowers: males are collected in large panicles on the tops of shoots, females - in cobs located in the leaf axils. Each plant usually has 1-2 ears. The length of the cob is from 4 to 50 cm.

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Biology Grade 7

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