Part 1

When completing multiple choice items (these are items A1-A12), circle the number of the correct answer in the examination paper.

A1. The application of what scientific method illustrates the plot of the painting by the Dutch artist J. Steen "Pulse", written in the middle of the 17th century?

1) simulation 2) observation 3) experiment

4) measurement

A2 . Which of the following functions is performed by the cell organelle shown in the figure?1) protein synthesis 2) excretion 3) photosynthesis 4) respiration

A3. What is contained in the black balls at the ends of the long branches of the mucora mushroom?
1) microscopic seeds
2) nutrients
3) mineral salts
4) disputes

A4. Representatives of which department of the plant kingdom are shown in the figure?
1) Bryophytes 2) Gymnosperms 3) Angiosperms 4) Horsetails

A5 . Why, before putting cut flowers in water, should all the lower leaves be removed from the shoot?
1) moisture evaporation will decrease
2) plants will become more attractive
3) the rate of photosynthesis in the remaining leaves will increase
4) improve the movement of nutrients along the shoot

A6. What sequence of stages of individual development is typical for the cabbage white butterfly?
1) egg→ butterfly
2) egg→ butterfly → larva
3) egg→ larva → pupa → butterfly
4) egg→ pupa → larva → butterfly

A7 . What distinguishes an ape from a human?
1) the general plan of the structure 2) the level of metabolism
3) the structure of the forelimbs
4) care for offspring

A8. What organ system is formed by the human endocrine glands?
1) circulatory 2) endocrine
3) digestive 4) excretory

A9 . Consider the pattern of the reflex arc. Under what number is the working body shown on it?

1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) 5

A10. The figure shows a human skull. What letter marks the bone that protects the auditory cortex of the brain?

1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

A11. Before the use of vaccines, many children in our country had whooping cough. What kind of immunity arises after a person suffers from this infectious disease?
1) natural congenital 2) artificial active
3) natural acquired 4) artificial passive

A12 . Blood in the human body changes from venous to arterial after leaving
1) lung capillaries 2) left atrium
3) liver capillaries 4) right ventricle

Part 2

Select multiple options for answers.

B1. What is the difference angiosperms from gymnosperms? Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) are characterized by a variety of life forms 2) propagate by seeds
3) have well-developed vegetative organs
4) are able to form extensive forests
5) form juicy and dry fruits
6) pollinated by insects and birds

B2. Put in the correct order the instructions for working with a fixed micropreparation of frog blood. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers in your answer.
1) draw a micropreparation of blood, make notations
2) clamp the blood product with the holding paws
3) put the microslide of blood on the stage
4) looking through the eyepiece, adjust the light
5) Slowly bring the microscope tube closer to the blood slide until you see a clear image of the frog's blood.

Answer: ____________________________.

Part 3

For answers to tasks C1-C2, use a separate sheet. First write down the number of the task (C1, etc.), and then the answer to it.

C1 . The French humanist writer François Rabelais put into the mouth of one of his characters the phrase that became winged: "Appetite comes with eating."
What is appetite? Using knowledge of the physiological mechanism of appetite, explain the meaning of the catchphrase.

C2 . Study the table "The influence of the main factors on human health."
Answer the questions.
Table. Influence of the main factors on human health (in %)

Risk factors	Lifestyle	External environment	Heredity
Influence of factors on the population of people as a whole in %	50–55	20–25	15–20
In the event of certain health disorders:
Cardiac ischemia
Crayfish
Diabetes
Pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs)
Injuries (transport, domestic, industrial)

Which of the following health disorders is most associated with a person's lifestyle? Suggest at least two recommendations to reduce exposure

Assessment system for examination work in biology

Part 1

For the correct answer for each task of part 1, 1 point is put, for an incorrect answer or there is no answer - 0 points.

job number	Answer	job number	Answer
		A10
		A11
		A12

Part 2

For the correct answer to each of the tasks B1-B2, 2 points are given.

For the answer to task B1, 1 point is given if the answer contains any two numbers presented in the answer standard, and 0 points in all other cases. If the examinee indicates more characters in the answer than in the correct answer, then 1 point is reduced for each extra character (up to 0 points inclusive).

For answers to tasks B2, 1 point is given if any one position of the answer does not contain the character that is presented in the answer standard, and 0 points in all other cases.

job number	Answer
	43251

Part 3

C1.

The correct answer must contain the following elements: 1) Appetite - an emotional sensation caused by the need for food, manifested in the desire, the desire to eat something. 2) Appetite is due to the formation of persistent foci of excitation in the brain. The food that has entered the stomach amplifies the impulses from the stomach receptors going to the brain, causing the need for a new intake of it.
The answer includes the two elements mentioned above and does not contain biological errors.	2 points
The answer includes one of the above elements and does not contain biological errors. 1 point OR The answer includes two of the above elements, but contains non-gross biological errors.
The answer includes one or two elements in the presence of gross biological errors. OR The response includes one of the above elements in the presence of non-gross biological errors. OR Wrong answer.	0 points
Maximum score In order to reduce injuries at school, one should (recommendations): 2) to acquaint with the safety rules when working with equipment and chemical reagents in the lessons of chemistry, physics, biology, technology, etc.; 3) place visual aids in all classrooms of the school, as well as in the corridors, aimed at reducing injuries in the classroom and after school hours. For example, forbidding to run along the corridors, move down the railing of the stairs, fight. Other recommendations may be given in the answer.
A health disorder is named and two recommendations are given.	3 points
Health disorder named and one recommendation given OR two recommendations are made.	2 points
Named only health disorder OR one recommendation is given.	1 point
Wrong answer.	0 points
Maximum score	3 points

For answers to tasks 29-32, use a separate sheet. First write down the number of the task (29, 30, etc.), and then the answer to it. Write your answers clearly and legibly.

KIWI BIRD

Kiwis, or wingless, are the flightless ratites of New Zealand. The size of a kiwi is about the size of an ordinary chicken, weighing from 1.4 to 4 kg. Characterized by sexual dimorphism: females are larger than males. The body of a kiwi is pear-shaped, with a small head and a short neck. Kiwi feathers are more like thick wool, they are soft gray or light brown. Kiwi is characterized by the greatest reduction of wings among birds: they are only 5 cm in length and are almost invisible among the plumage. However, the kiwi retained the habit of resting, hiding its beak under the wing. Kiwis have short but very strong four-toed legs with sharp claws. The kiwi has no tail. The skeleton is not pneumatic, the bones are heavy.

Kiwis do not rely on sight - their eyes are very small, only 8 mm in diameter. Hearing and sense of smell are much better developed. The kiwi has a very long, flexible, thin, straight or slightly curved beak, which in males reaches a length of 95-105 mm, and in females - 110-120 mm. The nostrils of the kiwi open at the end of the beak, and the rest of the birds - at its base.

The normal body temperature of a kiwi is 38°C, which is two degrees lower than that of other birds and closer to the body temperature of mammals.

Kiwi live mainly in damp evergreen forests. Long toes help them not to get stuck in the swampy ground. They lead an exclusively twilight and nocturnal lifestyle. During the day, the kiwi hides in a dug hole, hollow or under the roots of trees. In a large gray kiwi, holes are a real labyrinth with several exits.

Kiwis are extremely territorial birds, and the mating pair, and especially the male, fiercely defends its nesting area from competitors, which can occupy from 2 to 100 hectares. Birds mark the boundaries of their area with the help of calls that can be heard at night for several kilometers. Kiwis go hunting about 30 minutes after sunset. Their food consists of insects, mollusks and earthworms, as well as fallen berries and fruits. Kiwi prey is searched for with the help of smell and touch - raking the ground with their feet and deeply plunging their beak into it, they literally "sniff out" worms and insects. On occasion, kiwis do not refuse small amphibians and crustaceans.

Unlike most birds, female kiwis have both ovaries, not just the left. Kiwi is a record holder among birds in terms of the relative size of eggs laid: in an ordinary kiwi, it weighs up to 450 g, about 1/4 of the mass of the bird itself. The laid egg is incubated by the male, who leaves it only for the time of feeding.

The incubation period takes 75-85 days. Parents usually do not care for the offspring and leave it immediately after hatching. Kiwi life expectancy is high - up to 50-60 years.

1) Where does the kiwi bird live?

2) Where are the nostrils on the beak of the kiwi?

3) How do kiwis mark the boundaries of their plots?

Show answer

1) In New Zealand.

2) Kiwi nostrils open at the end of the beak.

3) The boundaries of their area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe birds are indicated by calls.

Study the table "Groups of elements according to their content in living organisms." Answer the questions.

Groups of elements according to their content in living organisms

1) What element in living organisms is more than others (in dry matter)?

2) What group of elements does it belong to?

3) What ingredients does it contain?

Show answer

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1) carbon;

2) to macronutrients;

3) all organic substances, carbonates, etc.

Aleksey rode a bicycle to the dacha at a speed of 16 km/h for 1 hour and 40 minutes.

Using the data in tables 1 and 2, offer Alexey the optimal calorie menu that allows him to compensate for energy costs.

When choosing, keep in mind that Alexey loves a pork sandwich.

In your answer, indicate energy costs, recommended meals, calorie content of lunch and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

Show tables

Energy and nutritional value of products

State (final) certification of 2011 (in a new form) in BIOLOGY for students who have mastered the basic general education programs

Demo version control measuring materials for the state (final) certification in 2011

(in a new form) in BIOLOGY for students who have mastered the basic general education programs of basic general education

prepared by the Federal State Scientific Institution

"FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF PEDAGOGICAL MEASUREMENTS" Demonstration version of control measuring materials for conducting in 2011 the state (final) certification (in a new form) in BIOLOGY of students who have mastered the basic general education programs of basic general education

Explanations for the demo version of the exam paper

When reviewing the 2011 Demo, please be aware that the tasks included in the demo are not reflect all content issues that will be checked using CMM options in 2011. A complete list of content elements that can be controlled in the 2011 exam is given in the content element codifier posted on the website www.fipi.ru.

The purpose of the demo is to enable any participant in the exam and the general public to get an idea of ​​the structure of the future exam paper, the number and form of tasks, as well as their level of complexity. The given criteria for evaluating the performance of tasks with a detailed answer, included in this option, will allow you to get an idea of ​​​​the requirements for the completeness and correctness of writing a detailed answer.

Demo 2011

Work instructions

2.5 hours (150 minutes) are given to complete the examination paper in biology. The work consists of 3 parts, including 32 tasks.

Part 1 contains 24 tasks (A1-A24). Each question has 4 possible answers, of which only one is correct. When completing the tasks in Part 1, circle the number of the selected answer in the examination paper. If you circled the wrong number, cross out the circled number with a cross and then circle the number of the correct answer.

Part 2 includes 4 short answer tasks (B1-B4). For tasks of part 2, the answer is recorded in the examination paper in the space provided for this. If you write down an incorrect answer, cross it out and write down a new one next to it.

Part 3 contains 4 tasks (C1-C4), which should be given a detailed answer. Assignments are completed on a separate sheet.

We advise you to complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. To save time, skip the task that you can't complete right away and move on to the next one. If after completing all the work you have time left, you can return to the missed tasks.

The points you get for all completed tasks are summed up. Try to complete as many tasks as possible and score as many points as possible.

We wish you success!

Part 1

For multiple choice items (these are items A1-A24), circle room correct answer in the exam paper.

Which of the following functions is performed by the cell organelle shown in the figure?

1) protein synthesis 2) isolation

3) photosynthesis

4) breathing

A4 Representatives of what department of the plant kingdom What organ system is formed by the human endocrine glands? shown in the picture?

1) circulatory

3) Angiosperms 4) excretory

4) Horsetail

Consider the pattern of the reflex arc. Under what number is the working body shown on it?

Why, before putting cut flowers in water, should all the lower leaves be removed from the shoot?

1) moisture evaporation will decrease 1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) 5

2) plants will become more attractive

cabbage white butterflies?

1) egg → butterfly

2) egg → butterfly → larva

3) egg → larva → pupa → butterfly

4) egg → pupa → larva → butterfly

Determine by appearance beak of a parrot, what does it eat in its natural environment?

Before the use of vaccines, many children in our country had whooping cough. Which

1) by flying insects, immunity occurs after a person has transferred this infectious

2) mouse-like rodent disease?

3) hard fruits 1) natural congenital

4) green shoots 2) artificial active

3) natural acquired

A13 Blood in the human body changes from venous to arterial after leaving

1) lung capillaries 2) left atrium

3) liver capillaries 4) right ventricle

1) D 2) C 3) A 4) B 1

Olfactory receptors in humans are located in

1) oral cavity 2) nasal cavity

3) areas of the soft palate

4) areas of the larynx

Which of the following types of human activity according to I.P. Pavlov can be attributed to the conditioned reflex?

1) adherence to the usual daily routine

2) turning a person's head to an unfamiliar sound

3) painting a picture by an artist

4) withdrawing the hand from a hot object

Wearing glasses with biconvex lenses helps with

1) farsightedness

2) color blindness

3) cataract

4) myopia

Consider an x-ray lower limb person. What injury of the musculoskeletal system is shown in the picture?

2) fracture

3) rupture of ligaments

The diagram shows the diet of a mammal. In what habitat should an animal live in order to eat like this?

3) ground-air

A21 Thanks to the activity of earthworms in ecosystems,

1) suppression of the development of soil organisms

2) damage to plant roots

3) the spread of plant pathogens

4) increasing soil fertility

There is a relationship between the objects and processes listed in the columns of the table below.

What concept should be entered in place of the gap in this table?

1) mitochondria

2) cell center

3) ribosome

4) vacuole

How do angiosperms differ from gymnosperms? Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) are characterized by a variety of life forms

2) propagate by seeds

3) have well-developed vegetative organs

4) are able to form extensive forests

5) form juicy and dry fruits

6) pollinated by insects and birds Answer: __________________

2) clamp the blood product with the holding paws

3) put the microslide of blood on the stage

4) looking through the eyepiece, adjust the light

5) Slowly bring the microscope tube closer to the blood slide until you see a clear image of the frog's blood.

Answer: __________________

Insert in the text "Protein biosynthesis" the missing terms from the proposed list, using numerals for this. Write down the numbers of the selected answers in the text, and then enter the resulting sequence of numbers (in the text) into the table below.

PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS

As a result of plastic metabolism, proteins specific to the organism are synthesized in cells. The section of DNA in which information about the structure of one protein is encoded is called ______(A). Protein biosynthesis begins with the synthesis of ______(B), and the assembly itself occurs in the cytoplasm with the participation of ______(C). The first stage of protein biosynthesis is called _________(G), and the second is translation.

List of terms:

3) transcription

4) mutation 5) gene

6) ribosome

7) Golgi complex

8) phenotype

Part 3

For answers to tasks C1-C4, use a separate sheet. First write down the number of the task (C1, etc.), and then the answer to it.

The French humanist writer François Rabelais put into the mouth of one of his characters the phrase that became winged: "Appetite comes with eating."

What is appetite? Using knowledge of the physiological mechanism of appetite, explain the meaning of the catchphrase.

Read the text "" and do tasks C2-C3.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEVICES IN ANIMALS

Ch. Darwin, trying to find out the mechanism of evolution, suggested that the reasons for the appearance of differences between individuals of the same species are hereditary variability, the struggle for existence and natural selection. As a result of variability, new signs appear. Some of them are inherited. In nature, there is a struggle between individuals for food, water, light, territory, and a sexual partner. If new traits are useful for an individual in certain environmental conditions, help to survive and leave offspring, then they are preserved by natural selection and are fixed in generations in the process of reproduction. Individuals with harmful traits are eliminated. The scientist confirmed his assumptions by observing the work of breeders. He discovered that in the process of artificial selection, a person crosses individuals with certain traits that the breeder needs and receives a variety of breeds and varieties. C. Darwin suggested that something similar happens in nature. As a result of natural selection, individuals arise that have new adaptations to environmental conditions.

Read the text "The emergence of adaptations in animals." Fill in the table "Comparative characteristics of scientists on the causes of adaptations in animals" the columns indicated by numbers

Biology Exam Grading System Part 1

For the correct performance of tasks A1–A24, 1 point is given.

job number Answer job number Answer job number Answer

Part 2

Per correct answer for each tasks B1–B4 are given 2 points.

For the answer to task B1, 1 point is given if the answer contains any two numbers presented in the answer standard, and 0 points in all other cases. If the examinee indicates more characters in the answer than in the correct answer, then 1 point is reduced for each extra character (up to 0 points inclusive).

For the answer to tasks B2, 1 point is given if 1 mistake is made, and 0 points if 2 or more mistakes are made.

For answers to tasks B3 and B4, 1 point is given if any one position of the answer contains a different character than that presented in the answer standard, and 0 points in all other cases.

job number	Answer

Part 3

CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF ASSIGNMENTS WITH

DETAILED ANSWER

The tasks of this part are evaluated depending on the completeness and correctness of the answer.

The French humanist writer François Rabelais put into the mouth of one of his characters the phrase that became winged: "Appetite comes with eating." What is appetite? Using knowledge of the physiological mechanism of appetite, explain the meaning of the catchphrase.

	Points
The correct answer must contain the following elements: 1) Appetite - an emotional sensation caused by the need for food, manifested in the desire, the desire to eat something. 2) Appetite is due to the formation of persistent foci of excitation in the brain. The food that has entered the stomach amplifies the impulses from the stomach receptors going to the brain, causing the need for a new intake of it.
The answer includes the two elements mentioned above and does not contain biological errors.
The answer includes one of the above elements and does not contain biological errors. The answer includes two of the above elements, but contains non-gross biological errors.
The answer includes one or two elements in the presence of gross biological errors. The response includes one of the above elements in the presence of non-gross biological errors. OR Wrong answer.
Maximum score

THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEVICES IN ANIMALS

19th century biologists J.-B. Lamarck and C. Darwin explained the reasons for the emergence of new species in different ways. The first believed that new signs in animals and plants appear as a result of their internal desire to form new adaptations. It causes organisms to exercise in achieving their goals and thus acquire new properties. So, according to Lamarck, the giraffe, which forages on tall trees, developed a long neck, ducks and geese developed swimming membranes on their legs, and deer, forced to butt heads, developed horns. It was not for nothing that the scientist believed that the non-exercised organ gradually disappears, but the exercised organ improves. In addition, Lamarck believed that the signs acquired by the body as a result of exercise are always useful, and they are necessarily inherited.

Ch. Darwin, trying to find out the mechanism of evolution, suggested that the reasons for the appearance of differences between individuals of the same species are hereditary variability, the struggle for existence and natural selection. As a result of variability, new signs appear. Some of them are inherited. In nature, there is a struggle between individuals for food, water, light, territory, and a sexual partner. If new traits turn out to be useful for an individual in certain environmental conditions, help to survive and leave offspring, then they are preserved by natural selection and are fixed in generations in the process of reproduction. Individuals with harmful traits are eliminated. The scientist confirmed his assumptions by observing the work of breeders. He discovered that in

In the process of artificial selection, a person crosses individuals with certain traits that the breeder needs and receives a variety of breeds and varieties. C. Darwin suggested that something similar happens in nature. As a result of natural selection, individuals arise that have new adaptations to environmental conditions.

Read the text. Fill in the table "Comparative characteristics of scientists' views on the causes of adaptations in animals" columns marked with numbers 1, 2, 3.

It is not necessary to redraw the table when executing the task.

It is enough to write down the number of the column and the content of the missing element.

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE VIEWS OF SCIENTISTS ON THE CAUSES OF DEVICES IN ANIMALS

(Other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)	Points
The columns of the table must be filled in with the following way: 1) Hereditary variability, struggle for existence, natural selection. 2) All new traits are useful and preserved in offspring. OR Useful traits acquired as a result of exercise are preserved in offspring. 3) The tail of the puppies will gradually disappear.
Three columns of the table are correctly filled.
Any two columns of the table are filled in correctly.
Any one column of the table is filled in correctly.
All columns are filled incorrectly or not filled.
Maximum score

animals” and knowledge of the course, explain how the

adaptation to the distribution of lionfish in maple.

(Other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)	Points
The correct answer must contain the following elements: 1) As a result of hereditary variability, rudiments of lobes and outgrowths could appear in fruits. 2) These outgrowths allowed the fruits to move with the help of the wind over longer distances than others that do not have outgrowths. 3) Over time, natural selection retained those fruits in which the new trait manifested itself more strongly.
The answer includes the 3 elements mentioned above, does not contain biological errors.
The answer includes 2 of the above elements and does not contain biological errors, or the answer includes 3 of the above elements, but contains non-gross biological errors.
The answer includes 1 of the above elements and does not contain biological errors, OR the answer includes 2 of the above elements, but contains non-gross biological errors.
Wrong answer.
Maximum score

Study the table "The influence of the main factors on human health." Answer the questions.

Table. The influence of the main factors on human health(in %)

Which of the following health disorders is most associated with a person's lifestyle? Suggest at least two recommendations for reducing the harmful effects of this risk factor on student health at school.

(Other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning)	Points
The correct answer may contain the following elements : 1) health disorder: injury (transport, industrial, domestic). 65% depends on lifestyle. To reduce school injuries should (recommendations): 2) to acquaint with the safety rules when working with equipment and chemical reagents in the lessons of chemistry, physics, biology, technology, etc.; 3) place visual aids in all classrooms of the school, as well as in the corridors, aimed at reducing injuries in the classroom and after school hours. For example, forbidding to run along the corridors, move down the railing of the stairs, fight.
A health disorder is named and two recommendations are given.
Only health problem named OR one recommendation given.
Wrong answer.
Maximum score

It is associated with death or the absence of fear of it. In fact, this symbol has been used since ancient times and can mean not only death, but also vital energy and concentration of intellect. The image of a dead head is used in Orthodoxy, the so-called "Adam's head", and the hall is also decorated with such a pattern on Halloween. As you already understood, today our lesson is dedicated to the skull.

step by step	Draw with a pencil	human skull	Side view	Easy Example
Pirate	with bones	With a snake	With flowers	Fiery

How to draw a skull step by step

Stage 1
Start your drawing with a sketch. Outline the silhouette of the head in a ¾ spread. Outline a semicircle, then draw the outlines of the lower jaw and highlight the temporal lobe. Divide the front part with two horizontal lines.

Stage 2
To maintain symmetry, divide the face with a vertical stripe. Make the outlines of the eye sockets and the nasal bone. Sketch the cheekbones and jaws. Draw the details of the temporal lobe.

Stage 3
At this stage, it is necessary to depict the teeth and other details of the jaws. Erase the guide lines and add additional contours to the main plan in the eye sockets, the nasal bone and the upper plane of the cheekbones. With this trick, you will achieve volume in your drawing.

Stage 4
Darken the eye sockets and the rest of the inner parts. Draw small details.

Stage 5
At the final stage, do not rush, shade, playing with tones, achieve the correct transmission of light and shadow. You can use a piece of white paper, and smooth out the strokes in a circular motion.

Draw a skull with a pencil

Images with a simple pencil on a white background create contrast, they are saturated, and immediately attract the interest of the audience.

With a hard pencil, sketch out the main features. Draw the frontal bone in the form of a circle, then draw the zygomatic bones and the lower jaw. Roughly mark the eye sockets and nasal fissure, and also draw a strip where the teeth will be. Do not press on the pencil, because this is a sketch.

Draw the temporal lobes. To depict the eye sockets, draw rounded rectangles, and the nose can be compared to an inverted triangle. Draw small details.

With a dark pencil, draw all the internal planes and start shading.

Add details, such as broken bones. Armed with different pencils, apply chiaroscuro and shadow on a horizontal surface.

How to draw a human skull

Geometric figures can be used to depict a proportional head skeleton.
Outline 2 circles and draw a grid as shown.

Thanks to the drawn grid, draw the outlines of the eyes, nose and mouth symmetrically. Outline the cheekbones and small details of the "face".

Arm yourself with an eraser and remove the extra pencil. Shade the head, not forgetting the play of chiaroscuro.

This is how the drawing turned out.

Side view

The famous lines come to mind: “To be or not to be? - that is the question". We say to you: "Be!" Follow the diagram below and you will have an amazing image.

Outline the main outlines - this is directly the shape of the head, the eye socket, the temporal bone and other little things.

Outline the eye, cheekbone, outline the mouth gap. Outline the outlines and start hatching.

Depict the teeth and draw a crock with small strokes, draw a puncture in the temporal bone. Add shadows.

Since our subject lies on the surface, show the shadow falling on it. Ready!

Easy Example

For beginners, we offer to draw an easy way to draw a skull. It is not realistic, but it retains the very essence.

Outline a circle, then draw a U-shaped line to it. Then draw something similar to a pot or a horseshoe with a curved line (here, as your imagination allows).

Draw the eye sockets and oval nose. From your "horseshoe" draw the upper jaw and 2 rows of teeth. Draw a crack at the back of the head.

Erase the guide lines and circle the skull.

Shade the drawing, darkening in places.

Draw a Pirate Skull

Drawing a pirate flag is quite simple: the outline of the skeleton of the head and crossed knuckles, it is also called the Jolly Roger. But we bring to your attention Jack Rackham's pirate flag, where sabers cross.

Skull with bones

We have already mentioned the Jolly Roger in the previous paragraph. He has various variations in your design. The skeleton itself can be full face or in profile, and the bones can be located below the head, or located behind it.

Outline the silhouette and outline with lines the future bones. Draw one vertical and two horizontal lines. Draw the eye slits, nose and jaws. Outline the outline of Roger and bones. Next, carefully shade, use different tones of darkening. We invite you to watch the video tutorial.

Skull with a snake

Conduct various experiments. For example, depicting Adam's head with a snake emerging from the eye sockets, by the way, is a popular tattoo design.

The basic principles remain unchanged. Sketch first. Then, in the usual way, depict all the details of the head and draw the snake. Pay attention to the correct position of the snake's head. Next, add hatching.
Attached is a video tutorial.

Skull with flowers

Another well-known tattoo art is an image of a skeleton with a rose or other flowers.
You already know how to draw the skeleton of a head from different angles, so it will not be difficult for you. Pay attention to the image of roses. They need to be conveyed in the most plausible way, outlining each petal and adding volume with the help of correct shading.
Check out the video tutorial.

How to draw a fiery skull

We offer here such a flight of fancy, reminiscent of frames from the film "Ghost Rider". We will not burden you with unnecessary words. In this example, you need to take the time to draw the flames. Look at the step by step example below.

Skeleton

Also, you can see how to draw not only the skull, but the entire skeleton.