Is a cardinal a rank or a position? Viktor Khrul, editor-in-chief of the Catholic Internet publication “in the light of the gospel”: “The cardinals choose between two models of the future pontificate: tandem and diplomacy Information about the cardinals.

The Italian press published information about the salaries of various levels of Vatican dignitaries, including the Pope himself.

The relationship between the Church and money is a slippery and very delicate topic and therefore of interest to absolutely everyone, especially in the light of numerous scandals and rumors that have hit in last years on the city-state.

From afar, the Vatican seems like a kind of kingdom with an unlimited budget, where priests and cardinals receive exorbitant salaries, which they supposedly can then spend right and left as they see fit. As it turns out, this is just the case when the image does not quite correspond to reality. To dot the "i" and once and for all put an end to numerous speculations on this topic, the Roman "Il Messagero" decided to publish a detailed report on the earnings of clerics.

The publication, in particular, explains that part of the money to provide spiritual dignitaries is taken from the voluntary donations of believers, and the other part - from the special fund "Otto per mille", regularly replenished at the expense of taxpayers. Based on the current Italian legislation, every resident of the Apennines can transfer 0.8 percent of income tax to one of the following entities: the state, the Catholic Church, or religious organizations. In 2012, churches in Italy received almost 1.2 billion euros through this fund.

On average, a parish priest earns only about 1,000 euros per month - about the same in Italy as a simple worker or farmer. The salary of priests and bishops is calculated according to the evaluation scale and also depends on their age. As a result, the "ceiling" for the most experienced padres is 1,200 euros, while for bishops it is no more than three thousand euros.

The cardinals turned out to be the most privileged and highly paid category. The income of the "purple hats" reaches an average of five thousand euros per month, to which, among other things, charitable donations are added. For comparison, their earnings are exactly twice the pension of the former Pope (now "Honorary Pope") Benedict XVI, who receives only 2.5 thousand euros a month. However, this amount, as emphasized by Il Messagero, does not include royalties paid to Ratzinger from the sale of his numerous books and monographs. The content of the former primate of the Catholic Church is, on the whole, commensurate with the general Vatican pensions, which are distinguished by moderation. Perhaps the only exception is the cardinal's pension, which is equivalent in rank to a general of the armed forces (4,000 euros per month).

Nevertheless, the current Pontifex, known for his asceticism and modesty, has gone the farthest. Upon ascending the papacy, José Mario Bergoglio immediately took over the Vatican's finances, launching his own "austerity" policy. Before slashing benefits for 4,000 Vatican employees and five cardinals overseeing the activities of the Institute for Religious Affairs (the Vatican Bank), stripping them of their 25,000 yearly allowance in one fell swoop, Pope Francis publicly renounced his salary. True, Pope Bergoglio does not particularly need a salary - for the implementation of projects of interest to him, Francis can use, at his discretion, all existing church funds.

Five categories can be distinguished among those anathematized by the Holy See:

• A bishop who consecrates a bishop without the consent of the Holy See.
• A clergyman who committed sacrilege over the Eucharist.
• A priest who violated the secrecy of confession.
• A cleric who was sentenced for complicity in a sex crime.
• The man who attempted to assassinate the Pope.

These are, in fact, the norms of the Church law. It is noteworthy that in most cases when a scandal involving a clergyman becomes public, attempts are made to shift the blame to the victim and ensure that the names of the perpetrator and victim are not disclosed. And, of course, the desecration of the Eucharist is one of the main elements of the Black Mass.

Both of these crimes are considered by the Ecclesiastical Court of Rome. But, as far as we know, in none of these cases did the Vatican act openly and make public the names of excommunicated criminals.

Thus, no matter how noble the goal is - and by their silence the clergy protect faithful Christians from scandals - nevertheless, such actions cannot be called anything other than a cover-up, and the Supreme Penitentiary remains one of the main suspects in it.

Papal documentation and black magic

The most important evidence in support of this opinion is the attempt of a journalist to look into the ajar door of the Basilica. Such evidence can be gleaned from a book with the eloquent title "Pontifex", which outlines the insider's reasoning about the life of the Vatican, from the last days of Pope Paul VI to the moment of the assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II . Here is an excerpt from the papal daily correspondence in July 1978.

Most papers need to be carefully read and signed.

The Apostolic Penitentiary solves difficult moral problems: ...He is also the Pope's adviser on the punishments that can be applied to clerics for committing such audacious crimes as participation in the Black Mass. Every year a number of such precedents arise, they frighten Paul more than anything. He is sure that they are proof that the devil is alive and hiding within the walls of the Church. Cardinal Giuseppe Paupini [Supreme Penitentiary] ... is the Vatican's chief expert on witchcraft in any of its manifestations. His work is considered so important and urgent that he alone is allowed to maintain contact with the outside world during the Conclave.

All this leads to very interesting, but terrifying, guesses. It cannot but be disconcerting that the Pope, in his daily work, has to face the true evil that "lurks within the walls of the Church," an evil that is incomprehensible to the most outspoken cynic, an evil that is taken absolutely seriously.

Since John Paul II approved the existing schedule for the Conclave to be held after his death, it can hardly be considered a coincidence that the person who pointed out to the Pontiff the interest of clerics in black magic , was the chief pardoner. Only when the Pope takes threats of desecration of the Church seriously and insists on special vigilance is absolute secrecy necessary. We are ready to conclude that such a situation is not new at all, and that such "daring crimes" have only become more frequent, at least during the time of Paul's pontificate.

Perhaps we exaggerated too much. But if the current scandal around sexual crimes among the clergy has revealed anything new about the Roman catholic church, then only one thing: the hierarchs are ready for anything, so long as their sins do not become public.

This has been practiced for many centuries, and who knows what other, perhaps more terrible crimes are hidden behind the thick walls of the Vatican Secret Archives.

Real-time data

On April 30, 2001, Pope John Paul II issued a new document that arose as a result of a series of crimes in which the clergy were accused, and literally after the appearance of this document, a new scandal arose. The document is called the Sacramentorum Sanctitatis Tutela, and it lists the crimes that fall under the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the Vatican, namely the Congregation for the Faith.

This list included "molestation of minors, crimes related to the Eucharist, sacrilege over the bread of the Holy Communion, as well as inducement to sexual contact of believers who came to the priest for confession."

The representative of the Vatican commented on this document in such a way that it became clear: the Church has experience in dealing with such phenomena. The materials of court proceedings, of course, will also be classified.

In the structure of the Catholic church hierarchy, position is determined by the level of dignity. Cardinals are both a dignity and a position. The second degree of spiritual dignity after the Pope. Cardinals perform two main actions: they elect the vicar of the deceased Pope at a special board and help him manage the most important affairs of the Catholic Church. In turn, the cardinals are appointed by the Pope. He also decides on their resignation: a petition is submitted for it after the cardinal reaches 75 years of age.

College

1. The entire number of cardinals constitutes the collegium headed by the dean. She performs three main roles.
2. The College of Cardinals meets in a consistory (council), convened and chaired by the Pope, to convene and discuss important issues.
3. The College leads the leadership of the Catholic Church in the interim period after the death or resignation of the previous Pope and until the election of a new one.
4. The college meets in a conclave to choose a new pope.

Number of cardinals

The College in 1962 consisted of 87 cardinals. This number was increased by Pope Paul VI in 1973 to 120 people. But today such a norm is not strictly observed, and at the 2012 consistory, which was headed by the pope, the total number of cardinals reached 213 people. This is due to the formation of new titular churches and deacons, which require cardinals of various ranks.

ranks

The college is divided into three ranks: cardinal bishops, cardinal presbyters (priests), cardinal deacons.

The clergyman of the episcopal rank in the college is the highest rank, to which the cardinal presbyter, and occasionally the cardinal deacon, is elevated. Their fixed number in the board since 1917 is six people. And to this day it remains unchanged. The cardinal-bishop, the oldest of the order, is traditionally chosen by the dean of the college.

The College of Cardinal Priests is headed by the Cardinal Chief Presbyter. Due to the increase in the number of Roman titular churches, restrictions on the number of cardinal presbyters in the college ceased to operate under Paul VI. Prior to this, their number had been established since 1917 at 50 people. If there is a vacancy, those cardinal-priests who are in the Roman ministry, taking into account their seniority, may be elevated to the dignity of cardinal-bishop. This action is taken only after the decision of the Pope.

The first seven deacons of Rome were appointed by St. Peter (so written in Liber Pontificalis). Rome in the 3rd century was divided into seven ecclesiastical districts, and a deacon was appointed at the head of each. Gradually, the number of Roman deacons increased, and now there are 62 of them. Accordingly, a cardinal deacon is assigned to each. After ten years of service in their rank, they have the right to move into the rank of cardinal presbyters. But they, with rare exceptions, are not allowed to become directly cardinal-bishops.

The cardinal first deacon (protodeacon) heads the board of cardinal deacons. In addition to his main duties, he leads the processions at the Papal services. There is a tradition: the cardinal-first deacon crowns by placing a tiara on his head. If a clergyman has performed two such coronations, then he can go directly to the rank of cardinal-bishop - this is an exclusive right. Since 1978, this tradition has not been applied, but it has not been canceled either. It is also the duty and privilege of the cardinal-first deacon to announce the newly elected pope and present him with the pallium, the ancient hallmark of episcopal dignity.

Robe

The main elements of the outer vestments of the cardinals are a mantle and a cap of purple color, symbolizing their dignity. From 1245 and for a long time, only the red headdress was an external attribute of the cardinal rank. The first was a galero - a wide-brimmed hat, similar to those worn by pilgrims, from the brim of which 15 tassels hung. Canceled in 1969.

Biretta - a quadrangular beret crowned with three crests. He, raising to the dignity, the Pope lays on the head of the cardinal. This is a solemn and official headdress, and a zuketto is considered everyday - a small cap covering the tonsure, identical to Jewish yarmulkes, only with a small ponytail on top.

Other attributes

Items symbolizing cardinal dignity also include a red umbrella, a ring, a coat of arms and a throne, which is located in the church to which the cardinal is assigned.

Since the 19th century, the ring has become the most important external sign of the dignity of cardinals. It is a symbol of devotion to the Catholic Church. The gold ring is decorated with a sapphire, ruby ​​or emerald. The crucifixion scene is depicted on the outside, and the coat of arms of the Pope, who made the appointment to the cardinal, is engraved inside.

Grey Cardinal

This is not a rank or position. Such a nickname was given in the 17th century by Father Joseph (Francois Leclerc) - a French politician, executor of secret assignments and head of the office of Cardinal Richelieu. In the world, the nobleman Leclerc advanced through the military and political career. After 1599, having taken tonsure in a monastery of the Capuchin order, he became a fanatical adherent of the Catholic faith. He became famous as a church reformer, a preacher, an influential spiritual person at court, who combined political and religious activities.

The courtiers nicknamed the monk cardinal and reverend because of his special unofficial powers and power. A nickname grey Cardinal indicated not only the color of the Capuchin attire, but also his implicit shadow deeds, and that the monk was considered the shadow of Cardinal Richelieu. A few months before his death, he received the dignity of cardinal.

In politics and business, gray cardinals are people who have exceptional influence and authority, but do not occupy major positions.

[lat. cardinalis], the highest dignity after the Pope in the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church. The current 1983 Code of Canon Law (see Codex juris canonici) in sect. “The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church” (De Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalibus; CIC. 349-359) indicates the 2 main functions of K. - the election of the Pope of Rome at a special board (see Conclave) and assistance to the Pope in the management of the Catholic. The Church, both as part of the college (see Papal Consistory), and in the exercise of various offices (CIC. 349). K. are conventionally divided into 2 groups: curial, that is, serving in various positions in the Roman Curia, and hierarchs elevated to the cardinal dignity, heading large archbishops; sometimes the dignity of K. can be assigned to persons who do not have significant church positions, for example. eminent theologians. After the Vatican II Council, the activities of K. as ruling bishops and leaders of the dicasteries of the Roman Curia are affected by age limit: upon reaching the age of 75, K., while retaining all rights and privileges, is obliged to submit a petition for resignation from office to the Pope, who, “having weighed all the circumstances, will make his decision” (CIC. 354; 401 § 1).

Number of cardinals

Initially, the number of K. was not regulated by k.-l. rules and depended on the number of vacant suburbic episcopal sees, Rome. churches (titles) and deacons. In 1331, Pope John XXII refused the French. box Philip VI in a request for the appointment of 2 new French. K., explaining this refusal by the opinion that the number of K. should not exceed 20 people. In 1352, the K., who gathered at the conclave after the death of Pope Clement VI, determined that in the future the pope should not appoint new members of the K. college, if it had 20 members. In the era of schism in the Catholic Church, each of the contenders for the Papal Throne sought to ensure a large number of colleges supporting him K., at the end of the schism, this led to an increase in the number of K., since most K. of different applicants for the Papal throne entered the single college of K. under Pope Martin V . In the XV-XVI centuries. the number of K. was large enough; Thus, Pope Leo X, only at the consistory on July 1, 1517, elevated 31 people to the dignity of K. at once.

An unsuccessful attempt to reform the collegium of K. was made at the Basel Council, which on March 26, 1436, by the decree “De numero et qualitate cardinalium”, established that the collegium should consist of 24 K., ordered that K. be appointed from representatives of various states and nations (at the same time, a nation could not have more than 1/3 of representatives in the board of K.), forbade K. to appoint the closest relatives of the ruling pope and other cardinals. Pope Paul IV tried to stop the practice of constantly increasing the collegium of K.. After a series of consultations, he issued the bull "Compactum" (1555), which established the maximum number of K. - 40 people. The successors of the pope did not support the bull, and it was not included in the Roman Bullarius. The increase in the number of k. caused fear among the secular rulers. Emperor St. The Roman Empire, Ferdinand I, through his representatives at the Council of Trent, proposed to reduce the number of members of the college to 12 or 24 people, but this issue was not considered. According to the decree adopted on July 23, 1563 at the 23rd session of the Council of Trent, the K., who headed the dioceses, were required to permanently reside in their dioceses, like other ruling bishops. As approved on 11 Nov. In 1563, at the 24th session, by decision (Decretum de Reformatione "Si in quibuslibet"), when appointing new candidates, the pope had to proceed from the same requirements for candidates that are established for candidates for bishops.

Dec 3 In 1586, Pope Sixtus V issued the bull "Postquam verum ille", also signed by 37 K., who were at that moment in Rome. According to this bull, the number of K. should not exceed 70 people. (according to the model of 70 elders who helped the prophet Moses - Numbers 11.16), of which 6 are K.-bishops, 50 are K.-presbyters and 14 are K.-deacons. Such an amount of was enshrined in the 1917 Code of Canon Law (CIC (1917). 231). For the first time this norm was neglected by Pope John XXIII - 15 Dec. In 1958, he elevated 23 people to the cardinal dignity, increasing the number of K. to 74; an increase in the number of K. was accompanied by the establishment of new titular Rome. churches and deacons.

On March 5, 1973, in the consistory allocution Fratres Nostri, Pope Paul VI announced the decision to increase the number of K. to 120 people. (AAS. 1973. R. 161-165) and 1 Oct. In 1975, the Apostolic Constitution "Romano Pontifici eligendo" legislated this new maximum possible number of K. (AAS. 1975. R. 622); after. this number of K. was confirmed in the apostolic constitution of Pope John Paul II "Universi Dominici Gregis" of February 22. 1996 (AAS. 1996, p. 321). The increase in the number of K. was accompanied by the introduction of age restrictions on their participation in the election of the Pope. Nov 21 1970 motu proprio "Ingravescentem aetatem" Pope Paul VI established that from 1 Jan. In 1971, K., who had reached the age of 80 by the beginning of the conclave, lost the right to participate in the conclave and in the election of the pope, and also lost their membership in the dicasteries of the Roman Curia (AAS. 1970. R. 810-813). Despite the criticism of this decision by some K. (for example, Card. Eugène Tisserand), this rule is later. was confirmed by the apostolic constitution "Romano Pontifici eligendo". The Apostolic Constitution "Universi Dominici Gregis" made a change: the ban on participation in the election of the pope extended to K., who reached 80 years of age not on the day the conclave began, but on the day of the death of the previous pope or on the day the beginning of the sede vacante period was proclaimed (in the event that the pope added his authority) (AAS. 1996, p. 321).

The age limit set by Pope Paul VI for participation in the conclave led to the emergence of a significant number of K. who do not participate in papal elections, but only have the honorary highest dignity in the Roman Catholic Church. At the consistory on 2 Feb. In 1983, Pope John Paul II elevated Julian Vaivods, Apostolic Administrator of Riga, to the rank of cardinal, who was 87 years old, and also a prominent Catholic. theologian Rev. Henri de Lubac, who was 86 years old. This marked the beginning of the practice of erecting persons over 80 years old as the highest award in Canada (continued by Pope Benedict XVI). Despite the fact that such K. did not become electors of the pope and members of the dicasteries of the Roman Curia, they traditionally continued to be included in Rome. clergy through granting them titular churches (for K. presbyters) and deacons (for K. deacons). In present At the same time, the norm of Pope Paul VI on the number of Collegium K. (120 people) is also not strictly observed: at the consistory held by Pope Benedict XVI on Feb. 18. 2012, the number of K.-electors reached 125 people, and the total number of K. was 213 people.

Appointment and promotion

The appointment of K. is the exclusive right of the Pope of Rome, not limited to K.-l. conditions and requirements, except for the general ones established in the Code of Canon Law: “... persons elevated to the rank of cardinal are freely chosen by the Roman Pontiff from among men who are at least in the rank of presbyter and are significantly distinguished by learning, good morals, piety, and also by prudence in the conduct of business” (CIC (1917), 232 § 1; CIC, 351 § 1). In the 1917 and 1983 Codes of Canon Law. not specified, but implied celibacy (celibacy) of the candidate for K.; according to the 1983 Code of Canon Law, all K. must hold the rank of bishop. Earlier, the Code of Canon Law of 1917 contained other restrictions on obtaining the dignity of a cardinal: in addition to general obstacles to taking the priesthood, an illegitimate one, that is, one who was not born into a Catholic, could not be raised in K.. marriage (bull of Pope Sixtus V "Postquam verum ille"; CIC (1917). 232 § 2. 1); at the same time, if the Holy See provided a dispensation for canonical violations for ordination, it did not apply to receiving the cardinal dignity. Thanks to the abolition of this norm in the Code of 1983, the cardinal dignity was received by many. famous contemporary K., including the Parisian archbishop. Jean Marie Lustiger , Edouard Cassidy , Francis Arinze . However, this restriction was not respected even earlier: for example, in 1879, John Henry Newman, who was born a Protestant, was erected in K. family and converted to Catholicism.

The restriction on the elevation to the cardinal dignity was the presence of children (including from a legal marriage) and grandchildren, close relatives in the college of K. (bull of Pope Sixtus V "Postquam verum ille"; CIC (1917). 232 § 2. 2- 3). Attempts to limit the presence of relatives in the College of K. were made after the schism in the Catholic Church. Jan 26 In 1554, by decree "Sanctissimus Dominus noster", Pope Julius III forbade the appointment of K. those who had a brother in the college of K.. In 1555, Pope Paul IV extended this ban to K.'s nephews. However, these restrictions were not always respected: for example, Pope Leo XIII elevated his brothers Serafino (1887) and Vincenzo Vannutelli (1889) to the cardinal dignity; card. Pietro Gasparri was a member of the College of K., like his nephew, card. Enrico Gasparri; in 1958, Pope John XXIII elevated Amleto Giovanni Cicognani to the cardinal dignity, although his brother, card. Gaetano Cicognani.

Earlier attempts by secular rulers of various states to obtain the right to appoint the candidates they presented to the collegium of K. met with opposition from the Papal Throne, but in the 18th century. the kings of Portugal managed to obtain the right to grant the cardinal dignity to the patriarch of Lisbon, but not from the moment of elevation to the cathedra, but according to the usual procedure. Over time, in the Catholic Churches have developed an unwritten tradition, according to which the archbishops who occupied the most important and major sees (Venice, Milan, Paris, Lyon, Munich, New York, etc.) were elevated to K. In addition, as a rule, to the dignity of K. traditionally erected after the performance of certain positions, for example. after the successful completion of the activities of the nuncio in the nunciatures of the so-called. 1st class (in Vienna, Paris, Madrid and Lisbon), and from the 20th century - nuncios located in Italy, Germany and the USA.

The successful performance of a number of positions in the Roman Curia (papal majordomo, assessor of the Supreme Congregation for the Holy Service (now the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith), secretary of the college K.) also, as a rule, leads to the bestowal of the dignity of K. According to tradition, the secretary of the college K., who acts as secretary of the conclave , receives as a gift from the elected pope his cardinal round cap (pileolus, or zucchetto) and is elevated to the rank of cardinal at the 1st consistory of the new pope. However, there were often exceptions: for example, Pope Pius XI, elected in 1922, abandoned this tradition, but it was revived by Pope John XXIII in 1958. Pope Benedict XVI again abandoned it (secretary of the 2005 conclave, Archbishop Francesco Monterisi was erected in K. in 2010).

The elevation to the dignity of K.-presbyters and K.-deacons was traditionally performed by the pope at a secret consistory, where all the K. who were in Rome gathered. After the allocution, the pope read out the list of candidates for elevation to the dignity of cardinal and asked the ritual question about the consent of the college: “Quid vobis videtur?” (What do you think?). Then the pope recited a special prayer of "creation" by K.: "Itaque auctoritate Omnipotentis Dei, Sanctorum Apostolorum Petri et Pauli ac Nostra creamus et publicamus Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinales: Ex Ordine Presbyterorum: (N.) Ex Ordine Diaconorum: (N.) Cum dispensationibus , derogationibus, et clausulis necessariis et opportunis. In nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti. Amen ”(So, by the power of Almighty God, the holy apostles Peter and Paul and Ours, we create and declare cardinals of the Holy Roman Church in the rank of presbyters: (name), in the rank of deacons: (name). Providing for this dispensation, derogation and other required and necessary. In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Amen). According to the 1983 Code of Canon Law, “cardinals are elevated by decree of the Roman Pontiff, announced before the college of cardinals; by pronouncement of the decree, they are charged with duties and granted the rights determined by law” (CIC. 351 § 2). In the apostolic constitution of Pope John Paul II "Universi Dominici gregis" it is specifically noted that "any cardinal of the Holy Roman Church, created and proclaimed before a consistory, by virtue of this creation and pronouncement, acquires the right to elect a pontiff, even if the cardinal in question has not yet been awarded a biretta and ring and he did not take the oath” (AAS. 1996, p. 322).

The ritual question of the college's consent to the appointment of new cardinals "Quid vobis videtur?" appeared in the era of the struggle against the Council movement, when the Councils of Constance (1414-1418), Basel (1431-1449) and Ferrara-Florence (1438-1445) were held. According to the norms prescribed by the Constance and Basel Councils, when appointing new K., the decision of the pope was limited by the opinion of the K. collegium, which could not give consent to the replenishment of its new members (decree of the Basel Council “De numero et qualitate cardinalium” of March 26, 1436 determined that the appointment of new K. can take place only with the written consent of the majority of the members of the Board of K.). All R. 15th century the popes adhered to these conciliar instructions, but starting from the reign of Pope Sixtus IV, they began to insist on the unimpeded and free appointment of new congregations. 1 Dec. In 1505, at a secret consistory, Pope Julius II for 11 hours sought consent from the Collegium of K. to appoint new K. On July 1, 1517, Pope Leo X elevated 31 people to the cardinal dignity. without the consent of the College of K. From that moment on, the Pope retained the exclusive right to appoint K. at will, and the consent of the College turned into a ritual act: when asked “Quid vobis videtur?” all those present at the secret consistory K. stood up as a sign of acceptance of the will of the Pope. This right of the pope was secured by the bull of Pope Sixtus V "Postquam verum ille", where in § 2 it was said that although the pope asks for advice from the members of the college when appointing new cardinals, he remains completely free to decide on raising to the cardinal dignity. Subsequently, this norm was included in the Codes of Canon Law of the Roman Catholic Church (CIC (1917). 232 § 1; CIC. 351 § 1).

After the secret consistory, where the appointment was made, the pope solemnly handed over to the new K. red (purple) birettes and pyleoli. New cardinals from France, Spain, Portugal, Austria-Hungary and Poland (including nuncios in these countries, if they were elevated to the dignity of a cardinal) cardinal birettes were sent with an ablegate and were presented by the head of state - the emperor of Austria-Hungary, President of Austria, King, Emperor or President of France, King of Portugal, King, President or Caudillo of Spain, President of Poland. When in Dec. In 1925, the Apostolic Nuncio in Paris, Bonaventura Cerretti, was erected in K. President G. Doumergue, a Protestant by religion, therefore, in his presence, the new K. was presented with a biretta by the Parisian archbishop. card. Louis Erne Dubois.

Under Pope Paul VI, the simplification of the procedure for elevating to the cardinal dignity began. On March 29, 1969, the pope announced the end of the practice of sending cardinal birettes with ablegate, and on April 15. official The communiqué of the Papal Throne confirmed that the practice of presenting cardinal birettes by the heads of state ceases, this right is reserved only for the pope. One of the exceptions was the erection in K. 90-year-old French. theologian Yves Congar, when, after the consistory on 26 Nov. 1994 Pope John Paul II sent the cardinal's biretta to Paris for presentation, as Congar could not come to Rome for health reasons.

The 1917 Code of Canon Law obliged all C. who received birettes outside of Rome and not from the pope to arrive in Rome within a year, unless there were obstacles provided for by law (CIC (1917). 234). This rule was introduced by Pope Sixtus V (bulla "Postquam verum ille"), but there were exceptions in the application of the rule. Yes, card. A. J. du Plessis de Richelieu, erected in K. in 1622, never arrived in Rome, but card. Jean-Baptiste de Bellois Morangl received a dedication to the dignity of K. in Paris from Pope Pius VII, who was there in connection with the coronation of the imp. Napoleon I Bonaparte (1803).

The next stage of elevation to the cardinal dignity took place in an open consistory. Before it began, the newly appointed K. took the oath, which was taken by the dean of the collegium K. in the presence of other K. - officer. witnesses. As a rule, this ceremony was performed in the Sistine Chapel or in the chapel of St. Paul in the Vatican. The oath K. consisted of 2 parts: the 1st part corresponded to the episcopal oath and consisted of a promise of loyalty and obedience to the Pope and his successors; The 2nd part was a promise to strictly observe the norms prescribed in a number of apostolic constitutions, which were listed in the oath and with which the newly appointed K. was obliged to familiarize himself in advance. K. took the oath with his hand on the Holy. Scripture. At the end of the oath, new K. were solemnly introduced to the public consistory (each new K. was led by 2 other K.). Having made 3 kneeling, each of the newly appointed K. approached the Pope sitting on the throne, kissed the papal shoe and hand, then a double accolade was performed (embrace with the pope). The new K. took their places with the other K., greeting each of them with an accordion. Unlike the old K., in pilaeoluses, the newly appointed were in birettes, as a sign that they did not yet have the right to express their opinion at the consistory. All K. at the ceremony were dressed in red cassocks (if the consistory was held on a fast day - in purple). Then each newly appointed K. again approached the papal throne and knelt before the pope. The master of ceremonies lowered the hood of a kappa on K.’s head, and the pope said a prayer: “Ad laudem omnipotentis Dei et sanctae Sedis Apostolicae ornamentum, accipe galerum rubrum, insigne singulare dignitatis cardinalatus, per quod designatur quod usque ad mortem et sanguinis effusionem inclusive, pro exaltation sanctae fidei , pace et quiete populi christiani augmento, et statu sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae te entrepidum exhibere debeas. In nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti. Amen ”(For the glory of God Almighty and for the sake of the greatness of the Holy See, accept the red galley as a special sign of cardinal dignity, which testifies that from now on you must be courageous up to the shedding of your own blood for the sake of increasing the holy faith, peace and prosperity of the Christian people and the growth and protection of the Roman Churches, in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, Amen). Saying these words, the Pope three times crossed over K. bowed before him and placed a galero (red cardinal's hat) on his head. Absent in Rome, the newly appointed K. passed the ceremony of laying the galley at the open consistory upon arrival in Rome. At the end of the open consistory, the K. who were present at it went to one of the chapels (Sistine, Apostle Paul, or others), where the newly appointed K. prostrated themselves in front of the altar while singing the hymn “Te Deum laudamus” (We praise You, God), after which the dean of the college K. read the prayer "Super creatos cardinales".

As a rule, on the day of the open consistory, the pope held a secret consistory with K., when the remaining stages of the procedure for elevating to cardinal dignity were completed - “sealing and opening the mouth” and awarding cardinal titular churches and deacons. The ceremony of "sealing the mouth" (clausura oris) dates back to the era of confrontation between the popes and the college of K. during the schism in the Catholic. Church, when it was necessary for the popes to have among the K. those who were deprived of the right to express their opinion. In the XV-XVI centuries. this rite was significant, because, according to the bull of Pope Eugene IV "In eminenti" of 26 Oct. 1431, K. with "unopened" lips were deprived of the right not only to express their opinion, but also to participate in conclaves. This decision was only canceled by a decree of Pope Pius V of 26 Jan. 1571, which was confirmed by the decree of Pope Gregory XV "Decet" dated March 12, 1622. The decrees indicated that all new K. could participate in conclaves, regardless of passing through ceremonies of initiation into the dignity of K. However, until ser. 20th century the ceremony of "sealing and opening the mouth" continued to take place. At the beginning of the secret consistory, the pope "sealed the mouth" of the new cardinals, saying the following: "Claudimus vobis os, ut neque in Consistoriis neque in Congregationibus, aliisque functionibus cardinalitiis sententiam vestram dicere valeatis" (We seal your mouth, so that neither in consistories nor in congregations , nor in the performance of any other duties, you could not express your opinion). After the “sealing of the mouth” ceremony, the pope turned to the consistory with an allocution, where he set out the pressing issues. Then the “opening of the mouth” (aperitio oris) was performed, and the pope recited a similar prayer: “Aperimus vobis os, ut in Consistoriis, Congregationibus et aliis functionibus cardinalitiis sententiam vestram dicere valeatis. In nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti. Amen ”(We open your mouth so that at consistories, congregations and in the performance of any other duties you can express your opinion. In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit. Amen). The ceremony was abolished after Vatican II.

At the end of the secret consistory, where the “sealing of the mouth” took place, the last stage of the ceremony took place: new K. received cardinal rings and titular rome complained to them. churches or deacons. During the ceremony, each new K. approached the papal throne, bowed his knees and the pope said the following: “Ad honorem omnipotentis Dei, sanctorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli et N. N. committimus tibi ecclesiam N. N. cum clero et populo et capellis suis secundum formam qua committi cardinalibus consuevit, qui eamdem ecclesiam suam intitulatam pro tempore habuerunt ”(In honor of Almighty God, the holy apostles Peter and Paul and N. N. (the name or names of the patron saints of this temple are pronounced) we give you the N. N. temple (the name or names of the patron saints of the temple are called) with the clergy assigned to it , people and chapels (the latter was omitted when granting deacons to K.-deacons), as it befits cardinals to possess the temple as their title). Along with the titular temple, new crowns received a ring, traditionally made with a blue sapphire (a symbol of the crown's belonging to royal dignity). Since 1622, according to the tradition established by Pope Gregory XV, each newly appointed K. paid for the manufacture of the cardinal ring himself, contributing money to the treasury of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (now the Congregation for the Evangelization of Nations) to support the missionary activities of the Roman Catholic Church. After the completion of the ceremonies the secretary of the Papal Throne handed over to each new K. a “ticket” indicating the dicasteries of the Roman Curia, to which the new K. became a member. church or diaconate.

After the Second Vatican Council, the order of construction in K. was reduced. The instruction of the Congregation of Ceremonial dated June 8, 1967, canceled the ceremony of laying galleys on new k. In 2012, it was announced that the ceremony would be further simplified. Feb 18 In 2012, at an open consistory, Pope Benedict XVI read out a decree on the elevation to the cardinal dignity, after which each of the new K. received a red biretta from the hands of the pope, then cardinal rings were presented and titular rims were named. churches or deacons.

Since the promotion to the dignity of K. traditionally took place in the absence of the candidate, and sometimes without his knowledge, some K. did not know about their erection until the end of their lives (for example, Card. Girolamo Pasquale, Card. Raymond de Montfort, Card. William Pitow and others); sometimes already deceased hierarchs were erected in C. (for example, Wilhelm Macclesfield in 1303, Paulo Antonin di Carvalho y Mendonsa in 1770). With the spread of the practice of public preliminary announcement of the elevation to the cardinal dignity, there were several. official deaths. candidates in K. before their elevation to the cardinal dignity at the consistory (for example, the Venetian Patriarch K. Agostini in 1952, the Catholic theologian H. W. von Balthazar in 1988, the Polish Bishop I. L. Ezh in 2007). Those who were declared candidates for K., but did not receive elevation to the dignity of K. at the consistory, are not officially considered K. In the history of the Catholic. There have been cases of candidates refusing to receive the cardinal rank in the Church (for example, Archbishop A. Karinci in 1945, Reverend R. Guardini in 1965), however, in a number of cases, the popes did not accept the refusal of candidates and elevated them to the virtue of obedience (for example, card Giovanni Pietro Caraffa (later Pope Paul IV) in 1536).

Vestments

Until the 13th century K. did not have special vestments. Red cardinal hats (galeros) were introduced for K. by Pope Innocent IV of Rome in 1244 in Lyon, modeled on the red headdress of the canons of the Lyon Chapter. Over time, K. practically ceased to wear galeros, which were preserved only as a symbol of cardinal dignity during the rite of passage and during the burial of K. In the present. time, the galero is not used anywhere and is found only as an element of the cardinal coat of arms (a red galero with 30 red tassels framing a shield with a specific image for each cardinal). According to the bull of Pope Innocent X "Militantis Ecclesie regimini" of 19 December. 1644, K., who had noble coats of arms before being elevated to the episcopal rank and cardinal dignity, retain the previous image, but without regalia indicating royal or noble origin (crown, helmet, etc.), which are replaced by the image of red gallery with 30 brushes.

In 1294, Pope Boniface VIII secured for K. wearing a red (purple) cassock; at present, K. wear such a cassock only on the most solemn occasions. Until the Second Vatican Council, the red cassock was not worn during Great Lent and Advent, as well as during the days of mourning for the deceased pope - the red vestment was replaced by purple, with the exception of the red pileolus. According to the apostolic constitution of Pope John Paul II "Universi Dominici gregis" of February 22. 1996, during the sede vacante period, K. is required to wear a black cassock with a red belt and pileolus, a pectoral cross and a ring (AAS. 1996, p. 313).

In 1464, Pope Paul II introduced red (purple) birettes and pileoluses for K. (preserved in cardinal vestments to this day). Initially, such vestments were intended only for K., who did not belong to K.-L. monastic orders that have their own vestments. But already in the con. 16th century to equalize the rights of K. Pope Gregory XIV by decree of 26 April. 1591 introduced red birettes and pilaeoluses for all K., including for members monastic orders.

According to the motu proprio of Pope Pius X "Crux pectoralis" dated May 24, 1905, all C. who do not have episcopal rank received the right to wear an episcopal pectoral cross (ASS. 1905. P. 681-683).

From the beginning 16th century to distinguish K. among other church hierarchs, including among bishops and prelates, the titles “Reverendissime” (Reverend) and “Illustrissime” (Deeply respected) were assigned to them. Pope Sixtus V, by decree of June 27, 1587, forbade K. to respond to c.-l. written appeals from secular rulers (except the emperor and kings), unless the formula "Reverendissime et Illustrissime" is used in the letters. By decree of the Congregation of Ceremonial of June 10, 1630, approved by Pope Urban VIII, an additional title was assigned to all K. - “Eminentia” (Excellency), and after. it became their exclusive privilege; with this title they were equated with the archbishops of Mainz, Trier and Cologne, who were the electors-electors of the emperor of the Holy. Roman Empire, as well as with the Grand Master of the Order of Malta. In 1884, the Congregation of Ceremonial confirmed that, apart from K., this title is used only by the Grand Master of the Order of Malta. The decree of Pope Innocent X "Militantis Ecclesie regimini" refers to the prohibition of K. to have Ph.D. secular title, except for the prescribed cardinal, however, an exception was made for K. of royal blood (siblings or sons of kings): for example, to card. Henry Stuart (York), who in 1788 became a pretender to the English. throne, his entourage addressed "Your Majesty".

Under Pope Paul VI, cardinal vestments were simplified; these changes were confirmed by circular notices of the Congregation of Ceremonials in Feb. 1965 and instructions of June 6 and 8, 1967. K. retained the right to wear a red cassock or a black cassock with red edging, red mantelettes and mozzettas (sleeveless capes), a red belt, a white rochetta (a kind of Alba), gold a pectoral cross on a red cord, a red biretta, a red pyleolus, red boots and stockings. The wearing of the red cardinal cloak (tabarro) and the red galero was abolished. According to the instructions "On the vestments of cardinals, bishops and prelates" dated April 13. 1969, K. retained the right to wear a red cassock or a black cassock with red trim and a red mozzetta, red sash, white rochetta, pectoral cross, red pyleolus and biretta (manteletta, red shoes and stockings are cancelled).

In 1295, Pope Boniface VIII ordered K. to wear the so-called. a large kappa (cappa magna), which, like the galero, has become one of the symbols of cardinal dignity. Initially, the large kappa was purple in color, during the period of the Avignon captivity of the popes, a fur hood was made for it. In 1464, Pope Paul II replaced the cardinal's purple large kappa with red (ordinary) and purple (used on fasting (penitent) days). For K., who belonged to monastic orders, special colors of kappa were established: Camaldulas, Mercedarians, Trinitarians wore a white kappa; Cistercians and Dominicans - black. Until ser. 20th century during solemn ceremonies, K. dressed in a large kappa, reaching 15 m in length. Kappa symbolized the greatness of K. and peace of mind, and the length - the spread of K.'s power throughout the world. The ermine fur hood used on the kappa symbolized repentance for the sins of all people who were expelled from paradise in the person of Adam and forced to dress in animal skins. In summer, the ermine hood was replaced by a silk one. According to the motu proprio of Pope Pius XII of 30 Nov. 1952, the size of the large kappa was halved (AAS. 1952. R. 849-850), and after the publication of the instructions of 13 April. 1969, the use of a large kappa was allowed only outside of Rome and on especially solemn occasions.

K.-camerlengo and K.-first deacon traditionally received a special cardinal rod - ferula (ferula), covered with red velvet and decorations, approx. 1 m. K. the camerlengo uses the ferula extremely rarely, K. the first deacon holds it in his right hand when he leads the processions during papal ceremonies.

Privilege

K. as the highest hierarchs of the Roman Catholic Church are endowed with privileges in church and in public life. In 1225, the bull of Pope Honorius III K. guaranteed immunity, any infringement on them was equated with "insult of majesty", as if it had been committed against the pope or crowned persons. The punishment for infringement on the person of K. by word or deed was toughened by the decision of Pope Boniface VIII in 1294 by the bull "Apostolicae Sedis moderationi" of 12 Oct. 1869 Pope Pius IX confirmed the prohibition against those who dare to harm K.

According to the international protocol fixed at the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815, all K. were equated with the heirs to the thrones and occupied the corresponding position at ceremonies where there were heads or other representatives of states. The Lateran Accords of 1929 provided that "all cardinals in Italian territory enjoy the honors due to princes of the blood."

Prior to the advent of the 1917 Code of Canon Law, cardinal privileges were determined by various papal documents as well as custom. By the bull “Coelestis altitudo” dated July 18, 1289, Pope Nicholas IV guaranteed that K. living in Rome receive income from the papal treasury for personal needs and for the maintenance of the “cardinal family”, that is, the personal environment of K. From the 15th century. the practice of paying money from the papal treasury to those in Rome, K. was called "Piatto Cardinalizio" and continues to this day. time. In addition to these funds, K. always used the income from the beneficiaries reserved for them. In 1441, Pope Eugene IV, in his message "Non mediocri", determined that the Catholics had superiority over any other Catholic hierarchs. Churches, including bishops, archbishops and patriarchs. This definition was confirmed by the bull of Pope Leo X "Supernae dispositionis" dated May 5, 1514, which confirmed that the cardinal dignity is the highest after the papal one.

The Code of Canon Law of 1917 reflected all the privileges that K. had by that time: to confess any Catholic, including monks and nuns, to forgive any sins and remove any punishments (with the exception of those offenses that are considered only by the Papal Throne) , use a portable altar, teach the episcopal blessing to the people in any place, with the exception of Rome, preach without c.-l. restrictions, the right to privileges in granting and receiving indulgences, to special privileges when celebrating mass in any churches of any diocese, the right to initiate tonsure and junior ranks of candidates who have leave letters (litterae dimissoriae) from their bishop, etc. (CIC (1917 239).

Chin K.

The college is traditionally divided into 3 ranks: K.-bishops, K.-presbyters and K.-deacons, but such a division is not connected with the holy rank of K.; the exception is K.-bishops of the suburban departments, to-rye, as a rule, already have the rank of bishop. In the late Middle Ages, receiving the cardinal dignity was not associated with the presence of a candidate for the rank of presbyter, which in the XV-XVI centuries. led to abuses, including the construction of laymen in K. For example, in March 1489, Pope Innocent VIII elevated to the dignity of K.-deacon Giovanni Medici, who was 13 years old; in 1529, Pope Clement VII elevated to the dignity of K.-presbyter the layman M. Arborio di Gattinara, Chancellor of the imp. Charles V.

By the bull “Postquam verum ille”, Pope Sixtus V established that only a cleric consecrated to at least 4 junior ranks a year before being elevated to the cardinal dignity can be elevated to K., while the new K., who did not have degrees of priesthood, must be ordained to the deacon within a year after the erection in K.; who did not receive such an initiation was deprived of the right to vote at the consistories and the conclave. The minimum age for erection in K. was set at 22 years. These prescriptions were often not respected. In 1591, Pope Innocent IX elevated to K. 16-year-old great-nephew J. A. Facchinetti della Nuce, who already in 1592 took part in the conclave. In 1619, Pope Paul V elevated the 10-year-old Fernando of Austria, the son of a Spaniard, to the cardinal dignity. box Philip III. The new K. was granted a diakonia and sent to Madrid a cardinal ring, which was the rarest exception to the rule, however, in the conclaves of 1621 and 1623. Fernando of Austria did not participate. Pope Clement XII Dec. In 1735, he elevated the son of the Spaniards to the cardinal dignity. box Philip V, 8-year-old Luis Antonio Jaime de Borbona y Farnesio, who also received a diaconate, was sent a cardinal ring. Card. L. A. J. de Borbón y Farnesio did not take part in the conclave of 1740, and after the death of his father (1746) he declared his desire to renounce the cardinal dignity. This request was granted by Pope Benedict XIV at the consistory in 1754. Since the former. the cardinal was not a cleric and did not have a Ph.D. priesthood, he entered into a legal marriage. In 1800, Pope Pius VII elevated his son Luis Maria de Borbón y Vallabriga to the rank of presbyter, granting the diakonia as a titular church, which was occupied by his father.

Apostolic Constitution "Vacante Sede Apostolica" of 25 Dec. In 1904, Pope Pius X decided that K. could take part in the conclave only if he had at least the diaconal rank, unless an exception was made for him by special order of the pope. In the Code of Canon Law of 1917, it was first determined that only one who has the rank of presbyter can be elevated to the cardinal dignity (CIC (1917). 232 § 1); thus, the minimum age of erection in K. became equal to the minimum age for a presbyter - 24 years. Until con. 19th century among the K.-deacons, many did not have the priesthood, for example. Cardinal First Deacon Vice-Chancellor of the Church Teodolfo Mertel (1806-1899); he is the last of the K. who was not a presbyter. Until the 60s. 20th century not all K.-presbyters were bishops, often did not have the episcopal dignity of K.-deacons, who served in the Roman Curia. 15 Apr. 1962 Pope John XXIII motu proprio "Cum gravissima" decreed that all C. should be elevated to the rank of bishop (AAS. 1962. R. 256-258), and on 19 Apr. 1962 consecrated episcopal 12 K. This provision was further observed: the 1983 Code of Canon Law states that “persons who are elevated to the dignity of cardinal who are not yet bishops must accept episcopal consecration” (CIC. 351 § 1 ). Thus, the minimum age for elevation to the dignity of K. is set at 35 years - the minimum age for consecration to the rank of bishop (CIC. 378 § 1). However, starting with the elevation to the cardinal dignity of Henri de Lubac (1983), exceptions began to be made for those who became K. over the age of 80 if they petitioned the pope to exempt them from the obligatory episcopal ordination.

K.-bishop

the highest rank in the college of K., to which they are already elevated to the dignity of K. - K. presbyter or rarely K. deacon. The total number of K.-bishops (6 people) was fixed by the bull of Pope Sixtus V “Postquam verum ille”, the Code of Canon Law of 1917 (CIC (1917). 231 § 1) and remains unchanged today. time.

Until the twentieth century. K.-bishops were the ruling bishops of the suburban bishoprics. By the time of the pontificate of Pope Stephen III (IV) (VIII century), the 1st list of 7 suburban Rome dates back. departments (Ostia, Santa Rufina, Porto, Sabina, Palestrina, Frascati, Albano). In 1088, Pope Urban II made the sees of Nepi and Labiko suburbic, but his successors did not appoint bishops to them. Subsequently, unsuccessful attempts were also made to establish other suburban sees - Parma (by Pope Paschal II in 1099), Pisa, Modena, Orte and Tivoli (by Pope Innocent II in 1130) and Rieti (by Pope Leo X in 1513). In 1119, Pope Callistus II united the sees of Porto and Santa Rufina (this position has been preserved to this day). In 1150, Pope Eugene III united the sees of Ostia and Velletri (until 1914). With the Apostolic Constitution "Suburbicariae Sabinae" of June 3, 1925, Pope Pius XI united the Suburbicarial See of Sabina with that of Poggio Mirteto (AAS. 1926, p. 36-37). Pope John Paul II Apostolic Constitution "In illius patris" of 20 Oct. 1981 merged the Chair of Velletri with the Chair of Segni (AAS. 1982. R. 8). Now there are 7 suburbical departments (Ostia, Albano, Velletri Segni, Frascati, Sabina Poggio Mirteto, Palestrina, Porto Santa Rufina).

The 1917 Code of Canon Law secured for the C.-bishops jurisdiction over their suburbic sees (CIC (1917). 240 § 1), and also granted the C.-bishops the right to leave Rome for their bishoprics without special papal permission (CIC (1917) 238 § 2). 11 Apr. In 1962, motu proprio "Suburbicarius sedibus", Pope John XXIII established that the suburbic sees should be managed by the ruling bishops appointed in them, and for C.-bishops they are only titular sees (AAS. 1962, p. 253-256). This provision was also included in the Code of Canon Law of 1983, the C.-bishops retained the right to “promote the welfare of these dioceses with advice and patronage”, but not to interfere in property management and disciplinary matters (CIC. 357 § 1).

Traditionally, the oldest Bishop in the rank of K. became the dean of the Collegium of K. (approved by the bull of Pope Paul IV "Quam venerabiles" dated September 1, 1555), while he received the suburban see of Ostia. Before the beginning 20th century there was a practice of opting for K.-bishops, but, according to the motu proprio "Edita a Nobis" of Pope Pius X of May 5, 1914, all the chairs were equalized in rights, and the dean of the college of K. was appointed to Ostia, while retaining the former suburbicary chair (AAS. 1914, pp. 219-220). The norms adopted by Pope Pius X were incorporated into the 1917 and 1983 Codes of Canon Law. (CIC (1917). 236 § 4; CIC. 350 § 4). 24 Feb. In 1965, Pope Paul VI issued the motu proprio "Sacro Cardinalium Consilio", according to which the post of dean of the College of C. became elective: C.-bishops chose the dean from their rank and presented the chosen candidate for approval to the pope (AAS. 1965. R. 296- 297); this rule was enshrined in the 1983 Code of Canon Law (CIC. 352 § 2).

The duties of the K.-Bishop of Ostia and the Dean of the College of K. include the commission of the episcopal consecration of the elected pope of Rome, if he does not have the rank of bishop; in case of impossibility to perform episcopal ordination by the dean of the college of K., this right passes to the subdean, and then to the oldest K.-bishop (CIC (1917). 239 § 2; CIC. 355 § 1). For example, 2 Feb. In 1831 K.-deacon Rev. Bartolomeo Alberto Capellari (Pope Gregory XVI), episcopal ordination on 4 Feb. made by the Bishop of Ostia and Velletri Bartolomeo Pakka. Card who did not have the episcopal dignity. Giovanni Francesco Albani, elected on 23 Nov. 1700 to the Holy See (Pope Clement XI), 30 Nov. was ordained bishop by the sub-dean of the college C. Emmanuel Theodos de La Tour d "Auvergne de Bouillon, C.-bishop of Porto Santa Rufina, since the position of C.-bishop of Ostia and Velletri was vacant at that time.

Feb 11 In 1965, Pope Paul VI motu proprio "Ad Purpuratorum Patrum" included among the C.-bishops the patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were elevated to the dignity of C. (AAS. 1965. R. 295-296), canceling the traditions. obligatory affiliation of all K. to Rome. clergy. Erected to the cardinal dignity east. Catholic Patriarchs do not receive titular Rome. temples or suburban Rome. cathedras, but retain their Patriarchal See as the title of C. Bishop (CIC. 350 § 3).

The only case of the transition of a K.-bishop to the rank of K.-presbyter is connected with him. card. Gustav Adolf von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürth, who was elevated to the rank of K. Bishop in May 1879, but due to disagreements with the Roman Curia, filed in Sept. 1883 petition for exemption from the suburbicary pulpit. Dec. the same year, Pope Leo XIII granted this petition and returned him to the rank of K. presbyter.

K. presbyter

For a long time in the Roman Church the number of K.-presbyters remained the same (25 people), but in the XII century. their number increased to 28 people. and continued to grow, especially in the XIV-XV centuries. By the bull of Pope Sixtus V "Postquam verum ille", the number of K. presbyters was set at 50 people, which was enshrined in the Code of Canon Law of 1917 (CIC (1917). 231 § 1). From the 1st floor. 20th century while the number of Catholic presbyters remained unchanged, the number of presbyters in it increased, and after the reform of the college under Pope Paul VI, restrictions on the number of presbyters ceased to apply. The number of Romans also increased significantly. titular temples, in present. their time is 142 (An. Pont. 2011, p. 106-112).

The Collegium of K.-presbyters is headed by K.-Chief Presbyter. Before the beginning 12th century the first among the K. presbyters was called the archpresbyter (archipresbyter), but already from the middle. 12th century this title was replaced by the title of "first presbyter" (prior presbyterorum). Unlike the positions of dean of the collegium K. and K.-first deacon, the position of K.-first presbyter is not associated with c.-l. adm. or ceremonial duties. The oldest K.-presbyter becomes the first presbyter, regardless of whether he serves in Rome or outside it. If at the consistory the dignity of K.-presbyter was elevated to several. K., then the oldest is considered the 1st who is named at the time of appointment. Prior to the liturgical reform of 1969 (see Novus ordo), the sole duty of the First Presbyter was to serve as assistant presbyter at papal masses. Traditionally, K. the First Presbyter left the former titular Roman church and was transferred to the titular church of St. Lawrence (S. Laurentii in Lucina), however, with con. 19th century abandoned this tradition.

K.-presbyters serving in Rome may, by decision of the pope and with the consent of K. himself, in order of seniority, be elevated to the dignity of K.-bishops in the event of a vacancy of k.-l. suburbic chair (CIC (1917). 236 § 3). In the beginning. XV century., With the end of the period of schism in the Catholic. Churches, pl. K.-presbyters, appointed by different applicants for the Papal throne, were the abbots of one Rome. church, which marked the beginning of the practice of the transition of K. presbyters from one titular church to another, which is preserved to this day. time (CIC (1917). 236 § 1; CIC. 350 § 5).

Until con. 17th century The Catholic presbyters had jurisdiction over the clergy and flock of their titular churches (the bull "Religiosa Sanctorum Pontificum" dated April 13, 1587 by Pope Sixtus V), however, Pope Innocent XII, with the bull "Romanum decet Pontificem" dated June 22, 1692, deprived the Catholic Church of - presbyters of this jurisdiction, retaining for them only the right to give orders to the clergy about the organization of worship. Jan 25 In 1879, Pope Leo XIII allowed the Catholic presbyters to consecrate new altars in their titular churches. In the 1917 Code of Canon Law, C. presbyters were endowed with all the rights of a reigning bishop, but not with jurisdiction over the parishioners of the temple, but only with “powers to maintain discipline, morale of the flock and organize services in the temple” (CIC (1917). 240 § 2). Pope Paul VI motu proprio "Ad hoc usque tempus" of 15 Apr. 1969 deprived the K.-presbyters of K.-L. management rights in their titular temples (AAS. 1969. R. 226-227). The 1983 Code of Canon Law confirms that C. presbyters do not have jurisdiction over the titular church, they can only promote "the good of these churches by advice and patronage" (CIC. 357 § 1).

K.-deacon

According to Liber Pontificalis, the first 7 deacons in Rome were ordained by ap. Peter (LP. Vol. 1. R. 6). In the III century. with the division of Rome into 7 church districts, a deacon was appointed to each to organize charitable activities there (distribution of donations in favor of the families of martyrs, orphans and widows). With the end of the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, Rome. The diaconias became charitable institutions, with hospitals, almshouses, hospices and institutions involved in helping the poor. The diaconias were also involved in the distribution of grain supplied from Byzantium in Rome. For the best organization of charitable activities, approx. 7th century under the deacons, special monks (monasteria diaconiae) appeared, subordinate to the deacon. The main task of the inhabitants of such mon-rei was to ensure the charitable activities of the diaconia. Each deacon was in charge of one of the 7 Roman church districts and was subordinate only to the Bishop of Rome, was not a member of the clergy of Ph.D. Rome. parish church, but had subordinate priests, who fed the monks of the monasteries located in the diaconia. Until the 7th century Rome. deacons were called deacons k.-l. region, and not the deacons of one or another diakonia. In the 7th century The diaconia ceased to be charitable centers of specific regions of Rome, their activities were extended to all those in need.

The location of the deacons in the 7th century. known for sure, it differs from the location of Rome. parish churches (titles) with K. presbyters at the head. Parish churches were mainly located on the outskirts of ancient Rome, most of the deacons were located in the city center, since before the end. 6th century Christ. the community of Rome used for the needs of Christ. Churches are not pagan temples, but former adm. Rome buildings located in the city center. The diaconias that opened there carried out charitable activities among pilgrims and the needy, who gathered in the city center. So, one of the first deacons in adm. The building was opened in the premises of the archival repository, located next to the Colosseum - the diakonia of Saints Cosmas and Damian (Sanctorum Cosmae et Damiani). In 609 the Byzant. imp. Foka, at the request of Pope Boniface IV, gave the building of the former church to the Roman Church. pantheon, in which the diakonia of Presv. Virgin Mary Queen of the Martyrs (Sancta Maria ad Martyres).

The growth in the number of deacons and the activities of Rome. deacons, not associated with Ph.D. specific church districts, led to the fact that from the VIII century. K.-deacons began to be called in the same way as K.-presbyters - according to the names of their temples-deacons, and not the regions of Rome. In the XII century. the titles of all the K.-deacons were determined only by the names of the deacons, they became equal in the rights of papal electors with other K. and entered as the 3rd rank in the collegium of K. K. con. 12th century the total number of deacons reached 18. By the bull "Postquam verum ille" Pope Sixtus V determined that the number of K.-deacons should be 14 people, and this was enshrined in the Code of Canon Law of 1917 (CIC (1917). 231 § 1) . After the reform of the college K. in the middle. 20th century number of roman. deaconium increased, in present. their time is 62 (An. Pont. 2011, p. 113-116).

K.-deacons could move into the rank of K.-presbyters, and then K.-bishops. According to the constitution of Paul IV "Quam venerabiles" of 1 Sept. 1555, K.-deacons could be transferred to the rank of K.-presbyters 10 years after the elevation to the cardinal dignity, provided that at least 10 K.-deacons remained in the college of K.. In extremely rare cases, there were transitions of K.-deacons immediately to the rank of K.-bishop: for example, in 1206, Pope Innocent III immediately elevated the K.-bishop of Ostia card to the dignity of K.-bishop. Ugolino (later Pope Gregory IX), former K.-deacon of Rome. deaconry of St. Eustachia (S. Eustahius). According to the bull of Pope Sixtus V “Postquam verum ille”, it was possible for a K.-deacon to move to the rank of K.-bishop directly (per saltum), but Pope Clement VIII canceled this provision, although he granted K.-deacons the right after 10 years stay in the rank, move to the rank of K.-presbyters with obtaining seniority over the younger K.-presbyters (if the K.-deacon complained about the rank of K.-presbyter before the expiration of 10 years of being in the diaconal rank, then he became the junior in seniority among the K. -presbyters). On March 20, 1715, Pope Clement XI forbade K.-deacons to directly become K.-bishops, but in 1911, Pope Pius X, as an exception, granted the rank of K.-bishop Gaetano de Lai, K.-deacon of Rome. deaconry of St. Nicholas (S. Nicolai in Carcere Tulliano).

The rights of a K.-deacon to move from one diakonia to another, as well as after 10 years to the rank of K.-presbyter, were secured by the Code of Canon Law of 1917 (CIC (1917). 236 § 1). At the same time, such transitions were not a mandatory practice, and there are frequent cases when the option of a K.-deacon to a K.-presbyter was made before the expiration of 10 years or when K. remained in the rank of deacon for life. From the 70s. 20th century all K.-deacons, after 10 years of being in this rank, began to be elevated to K.-presbyters; the new practice was recorded in the 1983 Code of Canon Law (CIC. 350 § 5). In the event of the transfer of a K.-deacon to the rank of K.-presbyter as a titular church, his former diakonia may be retained for him as an exception (pro illa vice). Cardinal deacons who, after 10 years, have received the dignity of cardinal presbyters, have precedence in seniority over cardinal presbyters who were elevated to the cardinal dignity later than them (CIC (1917). 236 § 2; CIC. 350 § 6).

The college of K.-deacons is headed by K.-first deacon. Before the beginning 12th century The 1st among the K.-deacons was called the archdeacon (archidiaconus), but already in the 2nd half. 12th century this title was replaced by the title "first deacon" (prior diaconorum, primus diaconus). The position involves the performance of a number of important duties: at the end of the conclave, the first deacon solemnly announces urbi et orbi (to the city and the world) the name of the one who has been elected the new pope (CIC (1917). 239 § 3; CIC. 355 § 2), lays the pallium on the newly elected pope during the papal inauguration (the apostolic constitution of Pope John Paul II "Universi Dominici gregis" of February 22, 1996 - AAS. 1996. P. 342), lays the pallium on the metropolitans and other hierarchs or transfers it to their representatives, replacing the Roman pope (CIC (1917). 239 § 3; CIC. 355 § 2). K. the first deacon presents palliums to metropolitans and other hierarchs in his chapel.

Until 1978, K. the first deacon performed a papal coronation, placed a tiara on the head of the pope with a prayer: “Accipe tiaram tribus coronia ornatam et scias te esse patrem principum et regum, rectorem orbes et in terra vicarium Domini nostri Jesu Christi, cui est honor et gloria in saecula saeculorum. Amen ”(Accept the tiara decorated with three crowns and know that you are the father of rulers and kings, the mentor of the world and on earth the vicar of our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom be honor and glory forever and ever. Amen). The last papal coronation took place on June 30, 1963, when C.-first deacon A. Ottaviani laid a tiara on the head of Pope Paul VI. Although in the apostolic constitution of Pope Paul VI "Romano Pontifici Eligendo" of 1 Oct. 1975 contains a direct reference to the coronation by K. the first deacon (Pontifex demum per Cardinalem Protodiaconum coronatur (Let the Pope be crowned by the cardinal first deacon) - AAS. 1975. P. 645), in 1978 by Pope John Paul I and then John Paul II refused the coronation ceremony, limiting himself to receiving the pontifical pallium. Officially, the coronation was replaced by a simple inauguration in the apostolic constitution of Pope John Paul II "Universi Dominici gregis" of 22 Feb. 1996 (AAS. 1996, p. 342). There was also a tradition according to which the first deacon, who had performed 2 papal coronations, received the exclusive right to move to the rank of bishop in the event of a vacancy in the suburbic chair. So, in 1555, K.-first deacon F. Pisani crowned Pope Markell II of Rome, and then Pope Paul IV, which allowed him to become K.-bishop in the same year instead of K.-first presbyter, who could then apply for this vacancy .

In addition to performing the main duties, K., the first deacon, leads the processions during papal services. K. the first deacon becomes the oldest K. deacon by elevation. If several people were elevated to the dignity of K.-deacon at the consistory, then the first one who is listed at this appointment is considered the oldest. Until con. 19th century the diakonia of Presv. Virgin Mary (S. Maria in Via Lata), present. this tradition does not exist.

Like K. presbyters, K. deacons until the end. 17th century had jurisdiction over the clergy and flock of their deacons, but the bull of Pope Innocent XII "Romanum decet Pontificem" was deprived of it, and, according to the motu proprio of Pope Paul VI "Ad hoc usque tempus" of April 15. 1969, K.-deacons also lost the rights of administration in their deacons.

K. in pectore

At the consistory where the cardinal appointment is made, the pope can appoint K. in pectore (lit. - in the chest, in the heart), that is, secretly, announcing the fact of the appointment of a new K., but not naming him due to various, in including political reasons. With such an appointment, the pope in the prayer “creation of cardinals” omitted the word “publicamus” and after the word “creamus” added “et in pectore reservamus, quandocumque arbitrio Nostro renuntiandos” (we keep in our hearts and leave time for ourselves to tell). Announcing at the consistory the name of the new K., created earlier in pectore, the pope already said in prayer not “creamus”, but only “publicamus”. The practice of appointing K. in pectore arose under Pope Martin V, when on July 23, 1423, at a secret consistory, he first appointed 2 K. without announcing their names, and has survived to this day. time. In the 1917 and 1983 Codes of Canon Law. it is stated that a K. in pectore elevated to the dignity is not a K. until the moment of the announcement of his name by the Pope of Rome, while the right of precedence of such K. is counted from the moment of secret elevation to the cardinal dignity (CIC (1917). 233 § 2; CIC. 351 § 3).

Those who were directly under Pope K. received the name palatine (cardinales palatini), that is, palace or courtiers, in memory of K. I millennium AD, who organized worship at the papal court and in the papal basilicas of Rome. In the 15th century, after a significant expansion of the College of Catholics, the Palatine Catholics became the closest to the pope and could influence the decision-making on the management of the Church. The palatine K. included those holding the positions of datatar (prodator), secretary of the papal breve, secretary of memorials and state. Secretary of the Papal Throne.

After the reform of the Roman Curia, undertaken by Pope Pius X in the beginning. In the 20th century, only K.-datarii and K.-state remained from the Palatine K.. secretary. After the Second Vatican Council, the post of datarior was abolished, and from the 60s. 20th century the concept of Palatine K. disappeared from the official. usage, including those removed from the Annuario Pontificio edition. One of the key figures in the Roman Curia and the 2nd most influential hierarch in the Catholic. Church after the pope remains state. secretary of the Holy See; this position is always occupied by K. (a candidate for the office, who does not have the dignity of a cardinal, is appointed pro-secretary before being elevated to K.).

Among the Palatine C. also included the so-called. K.-padrone and K.-nepots (lat. nepot - nephew), whose activities preceded the appearance of the position of state. secretary. At the end of the schism in the Catholic Churches at the papal court had a tradition to appoint a nephew or other closest relative of the ruling pope, who enjoyed his trust and had great influence, to the college of K.. Since 1471, his nephew kard enjoyed great influence at the court of Pope Sixtus IV. Giuliano della Rovere (bud. Pope Julius II), nicknamed Padrone (Italian - master). In con. 15th century there was a system of appointing K.-nepots. However, the abuses of the K.-nepots, who used family relations with the Pope for personal gain, contributed to the formation of an independent structure of church government - the state. secretariat headed by K. - state. secretary. On June 22, 1692, with the bull Romanum decet Pontificem, Pope Innocent XII officially abolished nepotism, and the state took the leading role in church administration. secretariat.

K.-protector

The title of "cardinal protector" (patron) was worn by K., patronizing c.-l. monastic order or congregation, as well as cities, provinces and states, individual temples, places of pilgrimage, charitable, educational and scientific institutions. The Code of Canon Law of 1917 determined that K.-protector k.-l. religious association did not have jurisdictional rights in relation to this association and its members, unless it is prescribed by the charter of the association. K.-protector could not interfere in matters of internal discipline and property management of religions. associations. The task of the protector was to promote "the good of this religious association with his care and patronage" (CIC (1917). 499 § 2).

The appearance of K. protectors dates back to the time of the Catholic. St. Francis of Assisi, whose supporter was the nephew of Pope Innocent III card. Ugolino di Segni. In 1216, at the request of Francis of Assisi, Pope Innocent III granted a card. Ugolino had the right to patronize the Franciscan order, making him the 1st protector. Powers of the card. Ugolino was confirmed by the next pope, Honorius III. After the election of card. Ugolino to the Papacy (Pope Gregory IX), the practice of appointing a protector for the Franciscans became established. In 1279, Pope Nicholas III appointed a card. Matteo Orsini K. Protector at the same time for men. and wives. branches of the order - for the Franciscans and Clarisse. In 1298, Pope Boniface VIII approved the card. Giovanni Boccamazzu, Protector of the Wilhelmite Order. Last other monastic orders also received K. protectors, to the beginning. 20th century most of the monastic associations had a K. protector. The appointment of a K. protector to a monastic order was either made by the pope after an appeal from the leadership of the order or a congregation of monastics, which elected a candidate from among K., as a rule, serving in Rome. The superior general of the order or congregation asked for the consent of K. and, in the case of an affirmative answer, turned to the pope through the state. secretary.

In the XIV century. the first K.-protectors of Catholic nations and states appeared, but already in 1378 Pope Urban VI, due to numerous abuses, stopped the practice of appointing K.-protectors for state-in. In 1424, Pope Martin V confirmed the prohibition of K. to take state-va, kings, and other Christs under his protection. rulers, and in 1492 Pope Alexander VI established canonical sanctions for violators of this ban. However, in 1517, Pope Leo X revived the appointment of K.-protectors for the Catholic. state-in, having received support for this decision at the Lateran V Council. In the XVI-XIX centuries. France, England, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Priest had protectors. Roman Empire, Hungary, Poland, Scotland, Ireland, Sweden, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Sardinia, Genoa, Lucca, Dubrovnik (Raguzin) Republic, Siena, porter. the canton of Graubünden (Grison) and the arm. nation.

The K. protectors, originally called the "cardinals of the crown", represented the interests of the Catholics at the consistories. monarchs (less often Catholic republics) under the Papal Throne. This was of particular importance in cases where the right to invest in the country was divided between the monarch and the pope. The term "cardinal of the crown" had another meaning - that was the name of K., whose candidacy was presented to the pope by one of the 4 Catholics. monarchs (emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, kings of France, Spain and Portugal), who had the right to nominate 1 candidate, which the pope could reject. Appointments K.-protectors for the Catholic. state-in became less in the 19th century, when in many. European countries have changed relations with the Holy See, to the beginning. 20th century this practice has ceased.

In 1311 card. A. de Pellegri became the 1st protector of Bologna, after. pl. ital. cities and regions had patrons from among the K. Usually they did not have ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the territory entrusted to their protection, but sometimes the K. protector was also appointed as the apostolic visitor of this place. K.-protector could provide patronage to an unlimited number of cities and regions, as well as monastic orders and congregations. For example, at the beginning 19th century card. Romualdo Braschi Onesti was the protector of the region. Marche and 37 cities, towns, castles and lands. Number of protectorates over cities, castles, etc. territories in Italy was sharply reduced after the unification of the Italian kingdom and the liquidation of the Papal States (1870). K.-protectors were also at individual churches, chapels, educational, scientific and charitable institutions, many of which are located in Rome.

In the official message dated 28 Apr. 1964 state. card secretary. A. J. Cicognani to the Dean of the Collegium K. card. E. Tisserand announced the termination of the practice of appointing K. protectors, including for monastic orders and congregations. The 1983 Code of Canon Law does not mention K. protectors.

Loss of cardinal dignity

Until ser. 12th century K., who were appointed to Ph.D. the episcopal see (with the exception of the suburbic), resigned the duties of K., since the episcopal dignity was considered higher than that of the cardinal. But with ser. In the 12th century, when the Collegium of K. became the highest body of church administration, this practice ceased.

K. are appointed for life, but in exceptional cases, the Pope may deprive the cardinal dignity. The pope makes such a decision both on his own initiative (in connection with the actions of K., incompatible with the dignity of the highest hierarch of the Catholic Church), and at the request of K. himself, dictated, as a rule, by his disagreement with the church policy pursued by the pope or by the desire to retire to mon-ry k.-l. orders or congregations. The last case of deprivation of dignity K. took place in 1927, when, due to disagreement with the policy of Pope Pius XI in relation to the French. org-tion "Action Française" K.-deacon L. Billot filed a petition to release him from the dignity of K. The Pope granted the petition, announcing this at the consistory on 19 December. 1927

In very rare cases, a candidate for the cardinal refused to accept the elevation to the rank of cardinal, already performed by the pope. Such a person continued to be considered K. from the moment of his “creation” at the secret consistory until the announcement of the papal decision to remove the dignity of K from him. despite his apparent reluctance. Nevertheless, Filippucci, who had a reputation as a pious man, did not want to assume the cardinal dignity even after the “creation”. A commission of 13 K. created by the pope considered that a person could not become a K. against his will, and at a secret consistory on June 7, 1706, the pope announced the release of Filippucci from the cardinal dignity. Since that time, he was considered former. TO.; however, by order of the pope, his burial took place according to the ritual prescribed for the burial of K.

The norms of the current Apostolic Constitution of Pope John Paul II "Universi Dominici gregis" of February 22. 1996 confirms the traditional law, according to which K., deprived of the cardinal dignity by the pope, as well as those who themselves relinquished the dignity of K. (subject to approval by the pope), cannot be restored to the cardinal dignity by the decision of the College of K. during the sede period vacante and cannot be admitted to the conclave (AAS. 1996, p. 322). Only the deprivation of cardinal dignity leads to a ban on participation in the work of the conclave and the election of the pope. Neither the excommunication imposed on K., nor the ban on ministry, nor the imposition of an interdict by the deceased pope deprive K. of his right to take part in the election of a successor, although the death of the pope does not release him from the imposed bans. These norms were specifically stipulated in the apostolic constitution of Pope Pius X "Vacante Sede Apostolica" of 25 December. 1904

Terna

There is Rome. tradition that the death of K. as the highest hierarchs of the Catholic. The Church has certain features: only three K. die, that is, two K. always die after the death of one K., which is confirmed by the available statistics, with a number of exceptions. Such a group of 3 K. is called "Terna", and this tradition is officially mentioned in the Papal Yearbook of 1898 (An. Pont. Cath. 1898, p. 65).

Source: AAS. 1909-2011; an. Pont. Cath. 1898-1948; an. Pont. 1866-2011; Acta Sanctae Sedis. R., 1865-1908; CIC (1917); CIC.

Lit.: Aubery A. Histoire generale des cardinaux. P., 1642-1649. 5vol.; Albizzi F. De iurisdictione quam habent cardinales in ecclesiis suorum titulorum / Card. F. Albitius. R., 1668 2; Cardella L. Memorie storiche de "cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa. R., 1792-1797. 10 vol.; Berton Ch. Dictionnaire des cardinaux. P., 1857; Bouix D. Tractatus de Curia Romana, seu De cardinalibus, romanis congregationibus , legatis, nuntiis, vicariis et protonotariis apostolicis. P., 1880; Crostarosa P. Dei titoli della Chiesa Romana. R., 1893; Vidal G. Du Veto d "exclusive en matière d" élection pontificale: Diss. / Univ. de Toulouse Toulouse, 1906; Forot V. Les cardinaux limousins. P., 1907; Isaacson Ch. S. The Story of the English Cardinals. L., 1907; Martin V. Les cardinaux et la curie, tribunaux et offices, la vacance de Siège Apostolique P., 1930; Heseltine G. C. The English Cardinals. L., 1931; London G., Pichon Ch. Le Vatican et le monde moderne. P., 1933; Molien A. Cardinal // DDC. 1937. Vol 2. Col. 1310-1339; Belardo M. De iuribus S. R. E. cardinalium in titulis. Vat., 1939; Armellini M. Le chiese di Roma dal sec. IV al XIX. R., 1942. 2 vol.; Hynes H. G. The P. 277-281; Rossi A. Cardinali santi. R., 1994; Weber Ch. Senatus divinus: Verborgene Strukturen im Kardinalskollegium der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800). Fr./M.; N.Y., 1996; Carocci S. Il nepotismo nel medioevo: Papi, cardinali e famiglie nobili. R., 1999; Lentz H. M. Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Cent.: A Biogr. Dictionary. Jefferson (N. Car.), 2002; Walsh M. J. The Westminster Cardinals: the Past and the Future. L.; N.Y., 2008.

A. G. Krysov

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His Eminence Cardinal Franz Rode (Sloven. Franc Rode; born September 23, 1934, in Rodik near Ljubljana, Slovenia). Slovenian cardinal. Lazarist. Archbishop of Ljubljana from 5 March 1997 to 11 February 2004. From 11 February 2004 Prefect of the Congregation of Institutes for Consecrated Life and Societies for Apostolic Life. Cardinal Deacon since 24 March 2006 with the Deaconate of San Francesco Saverio della Garbatella.

Early life
Franz Rode was born on September 23, 1934, in Rodik, Metropolis of Ljubljana, Yugoslavia (now Slovenia). In 1945, his family took refuge in Austria, and in 1948 they moved to. He entered the Congregation of the Mission (Lazarists), in Buenos Aires, in 1952. He was educated at the Pontifical Gregorian University, in Rome, and at the Catholic Institute, in Paris (doctorate in theology, 1968).
Ordained a priest on June 29, 1960, in Paris, by André Defebre, a Lazarist exiled by the Bishop of Ningsien. In 1965, at the request of his head of the congregation, he returned to Yugoslavia, where in 1956-1978 he worked as a vice pastor; director of learning for his congregation; provincial overseer; Professor of Fundamental Theology and Missionology at the Theological Faculty of Ljubljana. In 1978-1981 he was an adviser to the Secretariat for non-believers. He moved to serve in this dicastery in 1981. In 1982-1993, Deputy Secretary of the Council. He helped organize some significant dialogue sessions with European Marxists. In 1993, the Pope merged the Pontifical Council for Unbelievers and appointed Rode as secretary of the new Pontifical Council for Culture.

Archbishop and Cardinal
Elected Archbishop of Ljubljana, 5 March 1997. Consecrated Bishop, 6 April 1997, in Ljubljana Cathedral, by Alois Shustar, emeritus Archbishop of Ljubljana, assisted by Franz Perko, Archbishop of Belgrade, and Aloysius Mattias Ambrosic, Archbishop of Toronto. He successfully negotiated a new concordat to final approval in 2004.
Appointed Prefect of the Congregation of Institutes for Consecrated Life and Societies for Apostolic Life, February 11, 2004.
elevated Rode to the cardinals in his first consistory on March 24, 2006, making him a cardinal deacon with the deaconate of San Francesco Saverio della Garbatella.
He is the first Slovenian cardinal since the country became independent on June 25, 1991.

His Eminence Cardinal Darío Castrillón Hoyos (Spanish Darío Castrillón Hoyos), (b. July 4, 1929). Colombian cardinal. Titular Bishop of Villa del Re and Coadjutor of the Diocese of Pereira from June 2, 1971 to July 1, 1976. Bishop of Pereira from July 1, 1976 to December 16, 1992. Secretary General of the Latin American Episcopal Council 1983 - 1987. President of the Latin American Episcopal Council 1987 - 1991. Archbishop of Bucaramanga from 16 December 1992 to June 15, 1996. Acting prefect from June 15, 1996 to February 23, 1998. Cardinal Deacon with the diaconate of Ss. Nominis Mariae ad forum Traiani. Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy since February 23, 1998. President of the Pontifical Commission since April 13, 2000.

Early life
Castrillon Hoyos was born on July 4, 1929, in Medellin, Colombia. He was educated at two seminaries, Antiaquia and Santa Rosa de Osos. And also at the Pontifical Gregorian University, where he received a doctorate in canon law, and at the Faculty of Sociology of the University of Louvain, in Belgium.
On October 26, 1952, he was ordained a priest in Rome. The ordination was performed by Alfonso Carinci, titular archbishop of Seleuci di Isauria, secretary of the Sacred Congregation of Rites.
After his studies at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, Castrillon Hoyos returned to Colombia. In Colombia, he was curate of two rural parishes, in Segovia de Yarumal. Director of the National Pastoral Program; official of the Diocesan Curia of Santa Rosa de Osos; director of radiophonic schools; church assistant for Catholic working youth; diocesan director of catechesis. He taught Canon Law at the Free Civic University and was General Secretary of the Colombian Bishops' Conference.

Bishop
On June 2, 1971, he was elected titular bishop of Villa del Re and appointed coadjutor, with the right of succession to the diocese of Pereira. Consecrated a bishop on July 18, 1971, by Angelo Palmas, titular archbishop of Vibiana, nuncio in Colombia.
Succeeded the diocese of Pereira, July 1, 1976. From 1983 - 1987, he was general secretary of the Latin American Episcopal Council and was chairman of the council from 1987 - 1991. On December 16, 1992, Castrillon Hoyos was appointed Archbishop of Bucaramanga by Pope John Paul II. He left the metropolis on June 15, 1996.

Cardinal at work
June 15, 1996 Castrillon Hoyos was appointed and. about. Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy; in this post, he was responsible for the celebrations of the 50th anniversary of John Paul II's ordination to the priesthood.
He was elevated to the cardinal-deacons at the consistory of February 21, 1998 by Pope John Paul II, with the deaconship of Ss. Nominis Mariae ad forum Traiani. Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy since February 23, 1998. President of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei since April 13, 2000.
Castrillon Hoyos was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI. Castrillon Hoyos was also considered as papabile.
Under the new pope, he retained his posts in the Roman Curia.

His Eminence Cardinal Ivan Dias (born Ivan Dias; born April 14, 1936, Bombay [now Mumbai], India) is an Indian cardinal, prefect since May 20, 2006, Archbishop of Bombay since November 8, 1996. Cardinal since February 21, 2001.

Education
He graduated from the seminary in Bombay, the Pontifical Church Academy (one of the oldest diplomatic educational institutions in Europe and the world) in Rome, and received a doctorate in canon law from the Pontifical Lateran University. Fluent in Hindi, English, Italian, Spanish and French.

At diplomatic work
December 8, 1958 in Bombay, the archbishop of this city, Cardinal Valerian Gracias, was ordained a priest. In 1958-1961 he served as a pastor in the parishes of the Bombay Archdiocese. From 1961 to 1964 he continued his studies in Rome, after which he entered the service of the State Secretariat of the Roman Curia. Participated, in particular, in the preparation of the visit of Pope Paul VI to Bombay in 1964.
From 1965 to 1973 - Secretary of the nunciatures in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Finland, Indonesia, Madagascar, Comoros, Reunion Islands and Mauritius. In 1973-1982, Diaz again works in Rome, at the State Secretariat, heads the department for relations with the USSR, the Baltic republics, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, Bulgaria, China, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, South Africa, Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Zambia, Kenya and Tanzania.

Bishop
On May 8, 1982, he was appointed pro-nuncio in Ghana, Togo and Benin (concurrently) and at the same time titular bishop of Ruzibizir. Ordained on June 19, 1982 in the Patriarchal Vatican Basilica by Cardinal Agostino Casaroli, Secretary of State of the Vatican. The ordination was assisted by the secretary of the Council of Public Affairs of the Church, the titular archbishop of Novalitiana and future cardinal Achille Silvestrini and the secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, the emeritus archbishop of Bangalore and also the future cardinal Duraisami Simon Lourdusami.
On June 20, 1987, he became Apostolic Nuncio in Korea, and on January 16, 1991, Nuncio in Albania, while from 1992 he held the position of Apostolic Administrator of Southern Albania. Working in Albania, Diaz played an important role in the revival of the Catholic Church in that country after the collapse of the communist regime. November 8, 1996 appointed Archbishop of Bombay.

Cardinal
He was elevated to the rank of cardinal at the consistory on February 21, 2001. Cardinal-priest of the Church of the Holy Spirit in Ferratella (Italian: Spirito Santo alla Ferratella). Since March 10, 2001 Member of the Council of Cardinals for the Study of Organizational and Economic Problems.
Participated in the 2005 Conclave, was considered by experts as a papabile, one of the likely contenders for the vacant papal throne.
According to some reports, he is closely associated with the Catholic secular organization Opus Dei, which, however, was strongly refuted by representatives of the Vatican.
May 20, 2006 Pope Benedict XVI appointed Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.

His Eminence Cardinal (eng. Francis Arinze; born November 1, 1932, Eziovelle, Anambra State, Nigeria) - prefect from October 1, 2002 to December 9, 2008, cardinal-bishop of the suburban diocese of Velletri-Segni from April 25, 2005, chairman of the Pontifical Council on interreligious dialogue from May 27, 1985 to October 1, 2002. Cardinal from May 25, 1985.

Arinze was one of the closest advisers to the late Pope John Paul II and was considered during the 2005 Conclave as a papabile - one of the main contenders for the vacant papacy.

Fluent in English, Italian and Spanish.

Carier start
The third child of seven children in a family that adhered to local pagan beliefs. The future Cardinal Arinze was baptized only at the age of 9 on November 1, 1941 by Father Cyprian Michael Tansi, who in 1998 was beatified by the Catholic Church.

At the age of 15 he entered the Seminary of All Saints in the Nigerian town of Nuevi, which he graduated 3 years later in 1950, after which he remained a teacher there. In 1953 he entered the seminary of another Nigerian city of Enugu, where he studied philosophy, and in 1955 he left for Rome, where he was taught theology at the Pontifical Urban University. There, in Rome, on November 23, 1958, in the university chapel, Arinze was consecrated to the priesthood by Cardinal Gregoire-Pierre Aghajanian, pro-prefect of the Congregation for the Propaganda of the Faith.

After graduating from the university in 1961, he returned to his homeland, where for the next two years he taught liturgy, logic and the foundations of philosophy at the Enugu Seminary, which he graduated from at the time. In 1962 he was appointed regional secretary for Catholic education in Western Nigeria, and in 1963 he left for London, where he studied at the Institute of Pedagogy until 1964.

The youngest bishop in the world
On July 6, 1965, at the age of 32, he became the youngest bishop in the world, having been appointed coadjutor of Archbishop Onitsha and titular bishop of Fissiana. Ordained August 29, 1965 by Archbishop Charles Hiry of Onitsha. And just less than two years after Hiri's death, on June 26, 1967, he himself took the archbishop's chair in Onitsha.

In 1979, Arinze's promotion continued: he was elected chairman of the Bishops' Conference of Nigeria, a position he held until 1984. In 1982, he also became Africa's vice president of the United Bible Society.

At work in the Vatican

On April 8, 1984, Pope John Paul II decides to transfer the African archbishop to work in the Vatican and appoints him acting. Chairman of the Secretariat for Non-Christian Affairs. Arinze left the archiepiscopal see on March 9, 1985, and since that time his entire career has been connected with the Roman Curia.

On May 25, 1985, at the age of 52, Francis Arinze was elevated to the rank of cardinal deacon with the title of the church of San Giovanni della Pigna, and two days later, on May 27, he was appointed chairman of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue, the successor structure of the Secretariat for non-Christians. Cardinal Arinze oversees the relations of the Roman Catholic Church with other religions for more than 17 years, until October 1, 2002, when John Paul II transfers him to another important post in the Curia, appointing him prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments.

January 29, 1996 Arinze becomes a cardinal priest with the preservation of the title of the church of San Giovanni della Pigna.

Cardinal Bishop

Participated in the 2005 conclave that chose the successor to John Paul II, where he was one of the main contenders for the papacy. On April 21, 2005, the new pope Benedict XVI confirms the appointment of Arinze as prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, and in addition, on April 25 of the same year, he raises him to the rank of cardinal-bishop, the highest among cardinals, with an appointment to the suburban diocese of Velletri Segni, which was previously headed by Benedict himself XVI, while still Cardinal Ratzinger.

Ever since he served on the Council for Interreligious Dialogue, Cardinal Arinze has been one of the most prominent Vatican cardinals.

On May 8, 1994, he presided over a special assembly of the Synod of Bishops for African Affairs, held in St. Peter's Cathedral. And on October 24, 1999, Arinze received a gold medal from the International Council of Christians and Jews for his outstanding contribution to interreligious relations. Cardinal Arinze travels extensively, becoming in particular an extremely popular figure among US Catholics. He also served on the Year 2000 Commemoration Committee, working closely with many bishops and priests around the world in preparation for the Church's celebration of this rare date.

At present, Francis Arinze is one of the most influential cardinals in the Vatican and belongs to the group of cardinals who support the current pontiff. Known for his conservative views on many moral issues.

On December 9, 2008, Pope Benedict XVI accepted the resignation of Cardinal Arinze from the post of prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments, due to the achievement of the age limit.

According to some reports, Cardinal Arinze will return to Nigeria.

On November 1, 2012, Cardinal Arinza turned eighty and lost his right to participate in the Conclave.

His Eminence Cardinal Mar Ignatius Moussa I Daoud (b. September 18, 1930, Meskaneh, Syria). Syrian cardinal. Syrian Bishop of Cairo from July 2, 1977 to July 1, 1994. Archbishop of Homs from July 1, 1994 to October 13, 1998. Patriarch of Antioch of the Syrian Catholic Church from October 13, 1998 to January 8, 2001. Prefect and Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical Oriental Institute from November 25, 2001. Cardinal - Patriarch since February 21, 2001.

Start of ministry

Moussa Daoud was born on September 18, 1930 in Meskaneh, Archdiocese of Homs, Hama and Nabq, Syria. Educated at the Syrian Seminary of St. Benedict and St. Ephraim in Jerusalem; at the Sharfet Seminary in Lebanon (Philosophy and Theology), and at the Pontifical Lateran University, Rome, (Lic. in Canon Law). Speaks Arabic, French and Italian.

Daoud was ordained a priest on October 17, 1954. From 1960 to 1964 he studied canon law at the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome. In 1965 - 1970 Secretary of the Syrian Patriarch, in Beirut. Defender of the matrimonial obligations of the patriarchal tribunal, in Beirut.

Patriarch, Cardinal, Prefect of the Congregation

On July 2, 1977, he was elected Syrian Bishop of Cairo by the Patriarchal Synod. Consecrated as a bishop, September 18, 1977, at Sharfet, Daroun, Lebanon, in the church of the convent of Notre-Dame de la Delvarance, by Ignatius Anthony II Hayek, Patriarch of Antioch of Syria, assisted by Flavien Zechariah Melki, titular archbishop of Amida dei Siri, and Joseph Jacob Abiad, Syrian Archbishop of Homs, Hama and Nabq. His name in his dedication became Basil Moussa Daoud.

Daoud was appointed Syrian Archbishop of Homs on July 1, 1994. Elected Patriarch of Antioch Syrian Catholic Church on October 13, 1998, in Lebanon, by the Syrian Catholic Patriarchal Synod. He took the name Ignatius Mussa I.

On November 25, 2000, Dowd was appointed Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches. He was elevated to the cardinals by Pope John Paul II at the consistory, February 21, 2001.

He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI.

His Eminence Cardinal William Joseph Levada (eng. William Joseph Levada; born June 15, 1936, Long Beach, California, USA) - prefect since May 13, 2005. Chairman of the International Theological Commission and the Pontifical Biblical Commission since May 13, 2005. Cardinal since 24 March 2006 (at the first consistory of Benedict XVI). In 1986-1995 - Archbishop of Portland (Oregon, USA), in 1995-2005 - Archbishop of San Francisco (California, USA). Chief Editor of the Catechism of the Catholic Church.

Education Levada was born into a family of Portuguese and Irish descendants who immigrated to the San Francisco area in the 1860s. He grew up in Long Beach and Houston, studied at one of the seminaries of the Los Angeles Archdiocese and the Pontifical North American College in Rome. He received his theological education at the Pontifical Gregorian University. He was ordained to the priesthood on December 20, 1961.

Carier start
From 1961 to 1966, Levada worked in a number of parishes in the Los Angeles Archdiocese and taught in high schools. Then he returned to Rome to continue his studies at the North American College. In 1971 he received a doctorate in theology, after which he returned to the United States, where he taught theology at the theological faculty of the Seminary of St. John in Camarillo, California. From 1976 to 1982, Levada worked already in the Vatican, in the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, under the leadership of first Cardinal Franjo Seper, and then Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, the future Pope Benedict XVI. In 1982, the Archbishop of Los Angeles, Cardinal Timothy Manning, appointed Levada executive director of the Conference of Catholic Bishops of California, the organization responsible for the public policy of the church in California.

Bishop
Levada was ordained nominal Bishop of Capri on May 12, 1983, and appointed Auxiliary Bishop of the Los Angeles Archdiocese. In 1984, he was appointed Vicar General of Santa Barbara County. Under the leadership of the new Archbishop of Los Angeles, Roger Mahoney, Levada worked to reorganize the internal structure of the diocese. September 21, 1986 appointed Archbishop of Portland (Oregon, USA). In 1987, Cardinal Ratzinger appointed Levada and six other bishops as editors of the forthcoming Catechism of the Catholic Church. Levada is actively involved in the preparation of the publication and in its translation into English language. On August 17, 1995, Levada first becomes coadjutor archbishop, and on December 27 of the same year succeeds John Raphael Quinn as archbishop of San Francisco. In November 2000, he was appointed a member of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, returning to work under Cardinal Ratzinger, but at the same time remaining head of the San Francisco Diocese. From November 2003 to 2005, Levada also chaired the US Conference of Catholic Bishops' Committee on the Doctrine of the Faith.

Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
On May 13, 2005, Pope Benedict XVI, former Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, chooses William Levada as his successor as prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Among the reasons that prompted the pontiff to make such a choice was, of course, the previous experience of working together in this structure of the Roman Curia and the role of Levada as the editor-in-chief of the Catechism of the Catholic Church. On August 17, 2005, Levada officially stepped down as Archbishop of San Francisco. March 24, 2006 Levada was named among the 15 cardinals of the first consistory of Benedict XVI. This appointment was expected, given the importance of the post he occupies.