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environmental factors. Basic living environments

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environmental factors. Basic living environments.

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Distribution of organisms by habitats. Water environment. Ground-air environment. Soil as a living environment. Living organisms as a living environment.

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In the process of a long historical development of living matter and the formation of more and more modern forms of living beings, organisms, mastering new habitats, were distributed on the Earth according to its mineral shells and adapted to existence in strictly defined conditions.

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Water environment.

General characteristics. Hydrosphere - occupies up to 71% of the Earth's area. In terms of volume, water reserves are calculated within 1370 million km3. The main amount of water (98%) is concentrated in the seas and oceans, 1.24% - ice in the polar regions, 0.45% - fresh water.

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About 150,000 animal species (7% of their total number on Earth) and 10,000 plant species (8%) live in the aquatic environment. The most diverse and rich flora and fauna of the seas and oceans of the equatorial and tropical regions.

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A characteristic feature of the aquatic environment is its mobility. The movement of water ensures the supply of aquatic organisms with oxygen and nutrients, leads to the equalization of temperatures throughout the reservoir.

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Abiotic factors of the aquatic environment.

Temperature fluctuations in the World Ocean - from -2C to + 36C. In fresh waters - from -0.9C to + 25C. Exceptions - thermal springs up to + 95С Such thermodynamic features of the aquatic environment as high specific heat capacity, high thermal conductivity and expansion during freezing create especially favorable conditions for life.

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Since the temperature regime of water bodies is characterized by great stability, the organisms living in them are characterized by a relatively constant body temperature and have a narrow range of adaptation to fluctuations in environmental temperature.

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Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. The oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. With decreasing temperature, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases.

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The concentration of hydrogen ions. Freshwater pools: pH 3.7-4.7 - considered acidic; 6.95 - 7.3 - neutral; more than 7.8 - alkaline. Sea water is more alkaline, pH changes less, decreases with depth.

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Plankton are free-floating. - phytoplankton - zooplankton. Nekton - actively moving. Neuston - the inhabitants of the upper film. Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column. Benthos are bottom dwellers.

Ecological groups of hydrobionts.

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Ecological plasticity of organisms.

Aquatic organisms have less ecological plasticity than terrestrial ones, because water is a more stable medium and its abiotic factors undergo slight fluctuations. The breadth of the ecological plasticity of hydrobionts is evaluated in relation not only to the whole complex of factors, but also to one of them. Ecological plasticity serves as a regulator of the dispersal of organisms; it depends on the age and phase of development of the organism.

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Ground-air environment.

General characteristics. Organisms are surrounded by air - a gaseous shell characterized by low humidity and density, but high oxygen content. The light is more intense, the temperature fluctuates greatly, the humidity changes depending on the geographic location, season and time of day.

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environmental factors.

Air - characterized by a constant composition (oxygen - about 21% and carbon dioxide - 0.03%). Insignificant density does not provide significant resistance to organisms when they move in a horizontal direction.

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Air has a direct and indirect meaning.

Direct - has little ecological value. Indirect - carried out through winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, cause a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.)

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Ecoclimate and microclimate.

Ecoclimate - the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Microclimate - the climate of individual small areas.

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geographic zoning.

The ground-air environment is characterized by a clearly defined zonality. In this case, the combination of vegetation cover and animal population corresponds to the morphological divisions of the geographic envelope of the Earth. Along with horizontal zonality, vertical zonality is clearly expressed.

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Soil environment.

General characteristics. It is a loose surface layer of land in contact with the air. Soil is a complex three-phase system in which solid particles are surrounded by air and water.

Lesson for grade 5 according to the program N.A. Sonina Contains tasks in a playful way. It will introduce you to various habitats of organisms, living conditions in the ground-air environment. Students find out the adaptability of organisms to living in a land-air environment

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"presentation "Habitat. Ground-air environment""

tiger, goose, fly agaric, swallow;
catfish, fly, spruce, rose;
birch, grebe, amoeba;
cat, leopard, crucian;
bacterium Escherichia coli, lily, pike, mosquito;

Get to know the different habitats of organisms.
living conditions in ground-air environment.
Find out the adaptability of organisms to living in the ground-air environment.

Habitat - conditions surrounding the body and affecting it.

HABITAT

ground-air

Wednesday

soil environment

Water environment

environmental factors

ground-air

Oxygen

aquatic

Water

the soil

Temperature

Light

environmental factors

ground-air

Oxygen

enough

aquatic

Water

soil

often missing

Temperature

changes significantly

Light

enough

coloring,

fragrance

1) Animals must have either wings or limbs adapted for movement on a hard surface.

2) Outer covers adapt to changes in temperature.

3) In plants and animals of arid habitats, devices for obtaining, storing, and economically using water.

4) The presence of a bright color, aroma for pollination.

In the ground-air environment:

a) too much oxygen

b) lack of oxygen

c) too much water

d) lack of water

In the ground-air environment, you can move on the ground and on ...
There are significant fluctuations in the ground-air environment ...
In the ground-air environment, there is enough oxygen, but often not enough ...

What animal is encrypted in the rebus?
Give him a description of the plan:

unicellular or multicellular;
what kingdom does it belong to?
what habitat does it occupy?
How is it adapted to this environment?

PLAN The distribution of organisms in the environments of life. Distribution of organisms by habitats. Water environment. Water environment. Ground-air environment. Ground-air environment. Soil as a living environment. Soil as a living environment. Living organisms as a living environment. Living organisms as a living environment.

Water environment. General characteristics. General characteristics. Hydrosphere - occupies up to 71% of the Earth's area. In terms of volume, water reserves are calculated within 1370 million km3. The main amount of water (98%) is concentrated in the seas and oceans, 1.24% - ice in the polar regions, 0.45% - fresh water.

About 7% of animal species (7% of the total number on Earth) and plant species (8%) live in the aquatic environment. The most diverse and rich flora and fauna of the seas and oceans of the equatorial and tropical regions.

Abiotic factors of the aquatic environment. Temperature fluctuations in the World Ocean - from -2C to + 36C. In fresh waters - from -0.9C to + 25C. Exceptions - thermal springs up to + 95С Temperature fluctuations in the World Ocean - from -2С to + 36С. In fresh waters - from -0.9C to + 25C. Exceptions - thermal springs up to + 95С Such thermodynamic features of the aquatic environment as high specific heat capacity, high thermal conductivity and expansion during freezing create especially favorable conditions for life.

The density and viscosity of the aquatic environment is 800 times higher than that of the air. On plants, these features affect the fact that they have a poorly developed mechanical tissue, so they are inherent in buoyancy and the ability to be suspended in water. In animals - a streamlined body shape, covered with mucus. The density and viscosity of the aquatic environment is 800 times higher than that of the air. On plants, these features affect the fact that they have a poorly developed mechanical tissue, so they are inherent in buoyancy and the ability to be suspended in water. In animals - a streamlined body shape, covered with mucus.

Light regime and transparency of water. Depends on the season, it is also caused by a regular decrease in light with depth, due to the fact that water absorbs light, while rays with different wavelengths are absorbed differently, red ones are the fastest, and blue-green ones penetrate much deeper. Light regime and transparency of water. Depends on the season, it is also caused by a regular decrease in light with depth, due to the fact that water absorbs light, while rays with different wavelengths are absorbed differently, red ones are the fastest, and blue-green ones penetrate much deeper.

Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. Salinity of water. It is an excellent solvent for many mineral compounds. The oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. With decreasing temperature, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases. The oxygen content is inversely proportional to temperature. With decreasing temperature, the solubility of oxygen and other gases increases.

The concentration of hydrogen ions. Freshwater pools: Concentration of hydrogen ions. Freshwater pools: pH 3.7-4.7 - considered acidic; pH 3.7-4.7 - are considered acidic; 6.95 - 7.3 - neutral; 6.95 - 7.3 - neutral; more than 7.8 - alkaline. more than 7.8 - alkaline. Sea water is more alkaline, pH changes less, decreases with depth.

Plankton are free-floating. - phytoplankton - phytoplankton - zooplankton. - zooplankton. Nekton - actively moving. Nekton - actively moving. Neuston - the inhabitants of the upper film. Neuston - the inhabitants of the upper film. Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column. Pelagos are inhabitants of the water column. Benthos are bottom dwellers. Benthos are bottom dwellers. Ecological groups of hydrobionts.

Ecological plasticity of organisms. Aquatic organisms have less ecological plasticity than terrestrial ones, because water is a more stable medium and its abiotic factors undergo slight fluctuations. The breadth of the ecological plasticity of hydrobionts is evaluated in relation not only to the whole complex of factors, but also to one of them. Ecological plasticity serves as a regulator of the dispersal of organisms; it depends on the age and phase of development of the organism.

Ground-air environment. General characteristics. General characteristics. Organisms are surrounded by air - a gaseous shell characterized by low humidity and density, but high oxygen content. The light is more intense, the temperature fluctuates greatly, the humidity changes depending on the geographic location, season and time of day.

environmental factors. Air - characterized by a constant composition (oxygen - about 21% and carbon dioxide - 0.03%). Insignificant density does not provide significant resistance to organisms when they move in a horizontal direction. Air - characterized by a constant composition (oxygen - about 21% and carbon dioxide - 0.03%). Insignificant density does not provide significant resistance to organisms when they move in a horizontal direction.

Air has a direct and indirect meaning. Direct - has little ecological value. Direct - has little ecological value. Indirect - carried out through winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, causes a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.) Indirect - is carried out through winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, causes a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.) d.)

Precipitation. The amount of precipitation, their distribution during the year, the form in which they fall affect the water regime of the environment. Precipitation changes soil moisture, provides plants with available moisture, and provides drinking water for animals. Precipitation. The amount of precipitation, their distribution during the year, the form in which they fall affect the water regime of the environment. Precipitation changes soil moisture, provides plants with available moisture, and provides drinking water for animals. What matters is the timing of rainfall, their frequency, duration and nature of the rains.

Ecoclimate and microclimate. Ecoclimate - the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Ecoclimate - the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Microclimate - the climate of individual small areas. Microclimate - the climate of individual small areas.

geographic zoning. The ground-air environment is characterized by a clearly defined zonality. In this case, the combination of vegetation cover and animal population corresponds to the morphological divisions of the geographic envelope of the Earth. Along with horizontal zonality, vertical zonality is clearly expressed.

Relatively tight build. Relatively tight build. Permeated with cavities filled with a mixture of gases and aqueous solutions. Permeated with cavities filled with a mixture of gases and aqueous solutions. Temperature fluctuations are smoothed out. Temperature fluctuations are smoothed out. The composition of soil air varies with depth. The composition of soil air varies with depth. Saturated with living organisms. Saturated with living organisms.

Soil dwellers. Microfauna - small soil animals (protozoa, rotifers, tardigrades, nematodes) Microfauna - small soil animals (protozoa, rotifers, tardigrades, nematodes) Mesofauna - larger air-breathing animals (mites, primary wingless insects, etc.) Mesofauna - more large air-breathing animals (mites, primary wingless insects, etc.) Macrofauna - large soil animals (millipedes, earthworms, etc.) Macrofauna - large soil animals (millipedes, earthworms, etc.) Megafauna - large animals, shrews. Megafauna - large animals, shrews.

Living organisms as a habitat. There is practically no single species of multicellular organisms that does not have internal inhabitants. The higher the organization of the hosts, the greater the degree of differentiation of their tissues and organs, the more diverse the conditions they can provide to their cohabitants.

Ecological advantages of parasites: abundant food supply, protection from external adverse factors, no threat of desiccation and temperature fluctuations. Ecological advantages of parasites: abundant food supply, protection from external adverse factors, no threat of desiccation and temperature fluctuations. Environmental difficulties: limited living space, difficulties in oxygen supply, protective reactions of the host organism. Environmental difficulties: limited living space, difficulties in oxygen supply, protective reactions of the host organism.

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PLAN

Distribution of organisms by habitats. Water environment. Ground-air environment. Soil as a living environment. Living organisms as a living environment.

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Water environment.

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Abiotic factors of the aquatic environment.

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Ecological groups of hydrobionts.

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Ecological plasticity of organisms.

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Ground-air environment.

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environmental factors.

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Air has a direct and indirect meaning.

Direct - has little ecological value. Indirect - carried out through winds (change humidity, temperature, have a mechanical effect, cause a change in the intensity of transpiration in plants, etc.)

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Ecoclimate and microclimate.

Ecoclimate - the climate of large areas, the surface layer of air. Microclimate - the climate of individual small areas.

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geographic zoning.

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Soil environment.

General characteristics. It is a loose surface layer of land in contact with the air. Soil is a complex three-phase system in which solid particles are surrounded by air and water. Soil inhabitants.

Microfauna - small soil animals (protozoa, rotifers, tardigrades, nematodes) Mesofauna - larger air-breathing animals (mites, wingless insects, etc.) Macrofauna - large soil animals (millipedes, earthworms, etc.) Megafauna - large animals, shrews.

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Living organisms as a habitat.

There is practically no single species of multicellular organisms that does not have internal inhabitants. The higher the organization of the hosts, the greater the degree of differentiation of their tissues and organs, the more diverse the conditions they can provide to their cohabitants.

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soil

An organism as a habitat for another organism

Living environments

Habitat

ground-air

Aquatic life environment

All aquatic inhabitants, despite differences in lifestyle, must be adapted to the main features of their environment. These features are determined primarily by the physical properties of water: its density, thermal conductivity, and the ability to dissolve salts and gases.

Physical properties of water

density

Thermal conductivity

Ability to dissolve gases and salts

Ground-air environment of life .

This environment has a different set of features. It is generally more complex and diverse than water. It has a lot of oxygen, a lot of light, sharper temperature changes in time and space, much weaker pressure drops, and often there is a moisture deficit.

Soil as a living environment .

The soil is a thin layer of the land surface, processed by the activities of living beings. Solid particles are permeated in the soil with pores and cavities filled partly with water and partly with air, so small aquatic organisms can also inhabit the soil. The volume of small cavities in the soil is a very important characteristic of it. In loose soils, it can be up to 70%, and in dense soils - about 20%.

Living organisms as a living environment.

Examples and additional information

In the aquatic environment, the living conditions of its inhabitants vary greatly in different parts of the reservoir. Eternal darkness reigns in the depths of the oceans. There's a lot of pressure here. In deep depressions, it is a thousand times greater than on the surface of the Earth. At the bottom there is a constant low temperature of about -2 ° C, low oxygen content. Only microorganisms and some animals live here. In the upper layers of the seas and oceans, the water is permeated with light, aerated, its temperature changes throughout the year, algae live in it and photosynthesis takes place.