Seeing a person for the first time, people involuntarily pay attention to his appearance.

“Clothes make up ninety percent of what people see in front of them when they look at you,” emphasizes Debra Guy Cox, Image Consultant. Clothing affects others, because, regardless of the consciousness of a person, it is instantly fixed by his senses. Therefore, it is not in vain that they say that a person is first judged by his appearance, then by his conversation, and then by the interior of his office.

Appearance, as a rule, reflects the inner, moral content of a person. “People judge us—that is, who we are, where we live, and where we've been—just by looking at our clothes,” says Cox.

The culture of a person is emphasized by his clothes. It is, in a way, a visiting card of a person. Clothing carries information to partners in communication about a person, his tastes, belonging to a particular social or professional stratum.

Tastefully selected clothes, accessories, a neat appearance make him confident, collected, energetic. No wonder Rockefeller started his business by buying himself an expensive suit with his last money and becoming a member of a golf club.

“The ability to dress is more important than the ability to enter a room or the ability to bow. Nothing is more conspicuous than the clothes of a person, ”they instructed in the old days.

Looking at an entrepreneur for the first time, they immediately form an impression of him and his well-being.

The color of the clothes matters a lot. Exposure to color is a powerful psychological irritant: it can calm down, set up partners in a “businesslike way”, in a certain situation it can cause hostility or, on the contrary, positive emotions. Color signals are perceived by partners at a subconscious level. This explains the "secret" power of their influence.

According to M. Luscher, the creator of the color test, widely known in modern psychodiagnostics, each color has its own psychological meaning. This is confirmed by domestic psychologists.

Clothing should correspond to the place, time, nature of the event. It must be worn correctly. The lighter the suit, the better quality it should be.

Clothing for men

Clothing forms the appearance of a business person. It attracts the attention of people concerned with interpersonal relationships. In the words of Alison Lurie, author of The Language of Clothes, “…sociologists tell us that fashion…is a sign language, a non-verbal communication system.”

The main thing in men's clothing is a suit. The most common styles of men's suits are:

English;

European;

modified European;

American "bag".

The generally accepted colors of the suits are: blue - from dark blue to blue of medium saturation; gray - from medium saturation to the color of dark gravel; brown are allowed - from medium saturation - to beige, in a small cell. A minimum of dominance is demonstrated by light colors. For formal occasions, black is preferred.

Patch pockets on the jacket enhance the hips.

Jackets that fasten below the waist lengthen the torso and, accordingly, visually shorten the legs.

Men with short legs do not wear long jackets.

In a formal setting, a man's jacket should be buttoned up. In a buttoned jacket, they enter the office for a meeting, sit on the presidium or make a presentation, and also enter a reception in the auditorium of the theater. But at the same time, the bottom button is never fastened, of course, if it is not one. This emphasizes the waist.

You can unbutton your jacket while sitting in an armchair or at a table, during breakfast, lunch, dinner.

In winter, modern business men prefer sweaters instead of shirts. In this case, during work, the jacket can not always be fastened, it is not forbidden to keep your hands in your pockets. At the same time, the man feels more relaxed and at the same time businesslike.

A business man for various events must have at least three suits and 12 cotton shirts of various colors, mostly pastel. They should match the suits in tone. Be sure to have white shirts, but ice-cold white. A thin stripe or cage is allowed. The sleeve is long.

The shirt collar is classic. However, the choice of collar is important for

men with a non-standard neck and face shape. In slender men with long, thin necks, tapered collars (with close angles) or long and pointed collars emphasize those features that need to be muted. They look better with wide collars. They seem to expand the neck. Men with a full face and a short neck look more spectacular in shirts with narrow collars. Collars with an eyelet and a high neck are good for men with a medium neck.

On a shirt, as well as on a jacket, elements of a sports or military style are also not allowed - shoulder straps, patch pockets with folds or yokes. Let's say one patch pocket. Usually on the pocket there is a logo (verbal trademark) of the manufacturer.

John T. Molloy writes in Dressing for Success: “If you have the intention of taking everything I have written in this book seriously…then you will never, in your entire life, wear a short-sleeved shirt to a business meeting, regardless on whether you have recently worked as a simple courier or you are the president of the company. The short sleeve is a symbol of the lower social stratum of the middle class and therefore cannot evoke feelings of respect and power purely psychologically.

Elegant shirts should be without pockets, but if they are, then it is not customary to put anything in them.

The corners of the collar with a tied tie should not lag behind, as in cheap shirts.

The cuffs of shirts are simple, fastened with a button, and double (French), fastened with cufflinks. Double - give the image a gloss. Due to the width and details of such cuffs, the arms do not seem long.

Cufflinks should be gold, silver, mother-of-pearl, possibly with natural stones of a delicate color such as "Onyx". Artificial materials are not acceptable.

A part of men's daywear is a tie. It reflects individuality.

A tie is the only item in a man's wardrobe that is purely for decoration.

The width and length of the tie, the shape and size of its knot are subject to fashion. Color, pattern depend on the costume, place and time of day. In winter, ties are tied in deep and dark tones, in summer - light and bright. Each season dictates its style of color.

Ties convey important information about men to other people.

The color and pattern speak of the mood in which its owner is. Ties look sophisticated when they are not conspicuous.

Molloy calls the tie "the heraldic shield of 20th-century America."

Ideal is a rep tie with diagonal stripes. It is followed by a tie with dots (small: the smaller, the more sophistication and sophistication), then - fular (with small geometric shapes); "club" - with a repeating pattern of animals, emblems and badges. Ties with a pattern of animals and people are appropriate on vacation.

Not only a tie, but also shoes indicate the social status and luck of a man. The suit is elegantly complemented by light laced low shoes made of genuine leather (top, bottom, insoles). Shoes are worn with outerwear.

Moccasins are possible if they are made of first-class genuine leather and are simple in style. Do not wear shoes with high heels, as well as patent leather.

A business man does not wear velor leather shoes. They are not allowed in business. Patent shoes match only the tailcoat and tuxedo.

Shoes should always be immaculately clean both inside and out. During the day, the leg releases 200 ml of sweat.

Business man wears thin woolen socks. By absorbing sweat, these socks stay dry to the touch.

Socks should be long. In this case, putting one foot on the other, the naked body (erogenous zones) is not visible from under the trousers.

Patterned socks are not recommended.

The color of the socks creates a transition from the color of the suit to the color of the shoes, combined with them. Dark solid colored socks are preferred. White socks are not allowed. They are worn mainly by athletes. We read about this in one of the commandments on how to dress a novice businessman at a business school in Frankfurt am Main: “A gentleman does not wear white socks! A businessman, if he is a gentleman, - too.

Men wear a felt hat with a solid coat. The cap matches the suit.

A hat made of leather or fabric is worn with a raincoat, with a sports jacket. Knitted caps are designed for sportswear.

A beret as a headdress in business attire is unacceptable.

Men's gloves should be black or dark and must be matched with a coat or raincoat.

Outerwear should match the suit in color and texture of the fabric so that at the moment when a business person takes off his raincoat or coat, there is no disharmony in clothes. Color for outerwear is preferred gray, black, blue.

Men's umbrella - black.

Clothes for women

The desire of a woman to be noticeable is her deepest need. The color of the costume can increase or decrease the aura of power and charm of a woman.

The requirements for the clothes of a business woman, in principle, are not much different from the requirements for the clothes of a business man. However, business etiquette allows a woman to deviate from rigid male standards.

A women's business suit can be of traditional colors (red, yellow, brown, green, blue, white, black). almost any color, except for bright shades and sharp contrasting combinations.

The best colors for a business dress are navy blue, tan, beige, dark brown, gray, medium blue, light blue, etc.

The black business suit has recently been supplanted. It is suitable for conferences, council meetings, and other events that are more solemn than ordinary work.

The clothes of a woman should correspond to the place, time, nature of the event. It must be worn correctly. For example, it is not customary to receive guests or visit guests in evening dresses during the daytime. For this occasion, an elegant dress or dress-suit is suitable, but not a jacket and a skirt.

Good taste requires the ability to combine existing clothes. The set can be supplemented with a new skirt, jumper, scarf, scarf.

The skirt is worn with a leather belt, matching the color of the suit. If a woman has a high waist, then the color of the belt is selected to match the color of the blouse, if it is low, the color of the skirt.

A business woman should not wear a cheap or ill-fitting jacket. Dropped, shapeless shoulders at work look sluggish and helpless. Therefore, small hangers are used. But at the same time remember that the shoulders narrow the sides.

A buttoned jacket should be comfortable and true to size. Its optimal length is not lower than the hips. For women with a high waist, long jackets are recommended, for women with a low waist, short ones. Do not forget about the direction of fashion.

Blouses should be simple, elegant and look expensive. The complex design of a blouse does not harmonize with a business jacket. Ruffles, lace give femininity. Transparent or tight-fitting blouses are suitable only for a jacket.

Summer clothes should be made from natural materials or with a small amount of synthetic or acetate fibers.

Ladies with bare shoulders, a large neckline at work look unprofessional, defenseless. They say about the neckline of the dress: "The more you open, the less authority you will gain."

Tight clothing, a tight skirt are undesirable in a working environment.

Knitted jumpers, vests, etc. are excluded from business attire.

A full person looks even fuller in a suit or dress made of a cross-striped fabric, with a large pattern, very light. Complete any figure of the skirt in the shape of the letter "A". In wide puffy skirts, tall women do not produce a business look. It is better to wear a long skirt cut along the oblique line.

For women, shoes are an essential part of the toilet. The most elegant are boats with closed toe and heel. In business, white shoes are unacceptable. They look cheap and are not a symbol of success. Shoes of ivory color, beige, beige-gray, etc. are desirable. Dark shoes are suitable for dark dresses.

Shoes with colored details, metallic colors, or decorations are unacceptable in the business sphere. Shoes with flared heels, as well as closed shoes, are worn only with trousers.

Patent leather shoes are preferred in the evening.

In the summer, sandals with an open heel, but with a closed toe, are acceptable.

As a rule, stockings and tights are combined with the color of shoes. They don't have to be patterned.

Dark-colored shoes and stockings visually reduce the feet.

A woman's headdress serves as a means of self-expression. The style of the hat should match the outfit, the place where this outfit will be shown. According to M. Dietrich: “Hats can bring a lot of joy and put a woman in a good mood. Anyone who chuckles ironically has no idea of ​​the importance of this little thing. FROM

do not wear a hat in evening dress.

It is not customary for a hostess to wear a hat either for daytime or evening receptions.

From outerwear, coats, raincoats, fur coats are preferred. The scarf must be only factory-made, not hand-knitted. Jackets are excluded as a type of sportswear.

Accessories

A business person always has high quality accessories that he can only afford.

A woman's handbag or case should be made of the best grades of genuine leather, as well as a briefcase, folder, purse (wallet) - for a man.

A portfolio is essential for every successful person.

Folders are used only for internal use (meetings, meetings, etc.).

In the business sphere, a woman must definitely wear a watch, otherwise she makes it clear to others that she does not value time. She prefers watches with a clear dial, classic design. They are selected according to the fullness of the wrist. Small watches are small, large ones are heavy and uncomfortable. Electronic clocks, as well as those with a pointer, are inelegant.

Watches are the most important, expensive and prestigious accessory of a business man. In a classic business style, preference is given to elegant mechanical watches with hands. Quartz ones are more practical and easy to use, but mechanical ones are more prestigious.

The image of a man is distorted by watches made of plastic, rubber, with various decorations, emitting ringing, squeaking, with an indistinct dial. Convenient watches, in which the glass is on the same level with the case. The convex glass is exposed to the greatest friction, the dial is darkened. The strap is recommended from calfskin, or imitated crocodile, as well as a metal bracelet. A pocket watch is worn with a tailcoat.

In the business world, it is customary to wear jewelry in gold, silver, pearl, or a combination of both. Jewelry with precious stones is worn only in the evening.

Rings should be in harmony with the toilet and the appearance of the owner. They are usually worn on the ring finger. It is undesirable to wear small rings, as they cut into the finger, leaving a deep mark that remains for a long time, even if such rings are no longer worn.

A ring worn on the little finger shortens and widens the hand. Significantly emphasize the width of the hand, small elegant rings.

The ring on the index finger is a sign of bad taste.

The grace of the hand emphasizes a small stone in a thin frame, a large one always emphasizes only its own beauty.

Any rings look good on a narrow hand with long fingers. On such a hand, a ring with a stone in a convex setting looks beautiful even on the middle finger.

Rings with stones of saturated colors are suitable for all hands, and soft, transparent ones are for dark-skinned ones.

Jewelry on men has a deterrent effect on customers. It is allowed to wear two rings: a wedding ring and a signet. Preference is given to jewelry made from the most "masculine" precious metal - platinum. It is desirable that cufflinks are combined with a tie clip.

The frame of glasses should not exactly copy the shape of the face, but only preserve its line. The upper part of the frame should be in line with the eyebrows, and the eyes should be located in the middle of the glasses.

The frame should not be wider than the face and below the middle of the cheeks, that is, below the level of the nostrils, so as not to distort the shape of the face.

It is good when the frame of glasses is in harmony with the color of hair, eyebrows, clothes. To dark hair, dark eyebrows choose a dark frame. But remember that a heavy dark frame enlarges the nose.

A metal or softly tinted plastic frame is suitable for blond hair.

The handle of a business man, as well as women, pay attention no less than to other accessories. Along with a Swiss watch and elegant glasses, a good pen is one of the things that can reveal the true social status of its owner. Among the prestigious firms that produce expensive fountain pens, the most popular in Russia are Parker, Sheatter, Mont Blanc and Cross.

The “Draw a Non-Existent Animal” test is in great demand by psychologists when working with schoolchildren. Using this method of diagnosis, you can understand a lot about the mental state of the child. To do this, you need to know how to conduct testing and correctly decipher its result.

The essence of the drawing projective test "Draw a non-existent animal"

The purpose of diagnostics is to determine the degree of anxiety of the subject, his self-esteem and other important features of the growing personality. Testing is directly related to the inner world of the subject: all parts of the body of the animal that the child is asked to depict reflect the processes taking place at the mental level. Their drawing is not controlled by consciousness, since the time period allotted for the test does not allow this mechanism to be launched.

This method of psychological examination is one of the most informative of all pictorial diagnostic methods. As a rule, it is used in parallel with other psychological tests - this allows you to get a complete picture of the child's condition.

The procedure for conducting psychological diagnostics

To pass the test, the subject will need to give a sheet of paper and writing aids - medium soft pencils (plain or colored). Pens, felt-tip pens and paints are excluded, as the lines made by them make it difficult to decipher the drawing. The task is limited to three minutes.

To make the study as complete as possible, the child should be clearly instructed:

After the subject completes the task, you need to ask him to tell him about his animal (how it lives). If the narrative does not contain enough information for analysis, then the child is asked specific questions (the testing person must record the answers in detail):

• Where does the creature live?
• What does it eat?
• What does he usually do?
• What does he like to do the most?
• What does he not like to do?
• Does he have friends, who are they?
• Who lives with him?
• Who are his enemies, if any?
• What is he most afraid of?

Processing and interpretation of results

Analysis of the manner of drawing

By pressure, you can judge the condition of the person being tested. Weak speaks of passivity, asthenia, the prerequisites for depression; strong means emotional tension, impulsiveness and rigidity. The hardness of pressing a pencil with such force, from which the paper even breaks, symbolizes aggression, increased activity and conflict.

The quality of the lines also gives a certain characteristic of the state of the child:

The ideal location of the picture is in the center of a vertically lying sheet, this indicates the normal state of the human psyche. The displacement of the depicted animal in one direction or another illustrates some of the psychological aspects associated with self-esteem: the slope from the center up means overestimated, down - underestimated. If the creature is shifted to the right, then this means that the subject seeks to control his actions and thoughts, "transition" to the left side means inactivity and low social activity, shyness. A drawing in the corner may indicate depression.

The animal "ran away" from the sheet and did not fit on it completely - this is a signal of acute anxiety and impulsiveness.

With a pronounced increase in the size of the picture, you can be sure that the child is in an anxious and stressful state. If the drawn creature is very small, then the subject is likely to be depressed or have low self-esteem.

An unusual character, located strictly in the center, indicates that the psyche of its author is normal

Consideration of the depicted creature

Animal type

The task is considered to be completed incorrectly if the subject drew a real animal and described its natural way of life (for example, dogs or cats). This may be normal for a five or six year old, but when an older child shows this result, it indicates a low level of imagination.

What types of animals are most often depicted in testing?

Body parts

Certain information can also be gleaned from the analysis of animal body parts. Each element speaks about a particular state of the person being tested at the time of the diagnosis and about his mental health in general.

Part of the body	Characteristics of the upper body (as evidenced by such an image)
	Position	Absence	Size and Quantity	The form	Additional moments
Head	Turned to the right - a man of action; to the left - the subject often worries and reflects, is not sure of himself; directly - a sign of egocentrism	Impulsivity or mental illness	Two or more - intrapersonal conflict, inconsistency	Distorted - organic brain damage, psycho-disease; more body - a symbol of the subject's intellectual abilities	Drawn feathers - the desire to embellish reality; horns - aggressive attitude, protection; mane - emphasizing one's gender or increased sensuality
Eyes		Asthenia		Wrong - neurosis	With a black iris - fears; empty, without pupils - asthenia; with blood vessels - hypochondria, neurosis; with eyelashes - high conceit, mannerisms of behavior
Ears		Closedness, unwillingness to hear others, to make contact	Large and many - interest in obtaining information, suspicion, suspiciousness, dependence on someone else's opinion
Mouth			Disproportionately large - erudition, developed intelligence, rationalism	Round - anxiety, fear of something	Ajar and with tongue - a sign of talkativeness; with lips - sensuality; without tongue and lips - fear, distrust; with teeth - a symbol of aggression

The figure of the animal is an equally important detail that you need to pay attention to when testing. If it is replete with many details, then this indicates the powerful energy of the subject, there are very few components - such a picture speaks of asthenia. A creature drawn with a large number of sharp corners is a sign of a person's aggressive mood; the predominance of rounded shapes indicates the isolation of the child and closeness from the outside world.

If the animal has a tail, its position must also be analyzed. Turned to the right symbolizes the student's attitude to his behavior and actions, to the left - to thoughts and decisions (up - positive, down - negative). The excessive beauty of the tail (for example, like that of a peacock) is evidence of demonstrativeness.

The ineptitude of building relationships in the social sphere can be determined by the absence or insufficient number of paws. If, on the contrary, there are too many limbs, a person needs help, support. Drawn thick or large paws also speak of this. Small legs indicate impulsiveness, frivolity, a superficial attitude to many things. The wider the limbs, the more likely it is that the student is balanced and able not only to make responsible decisions, but also to be responsible for them. Paws of the same size and shape characterize a person who is not prone to dissent and creativity.

The more detailed the animal is depicted, the more it can tell about its author.

When analyzing the test, additional elements are very indicative, which may indicate:

• the desire to defend themselves (scales, shell);
• aggression (needles, various spikes, painted weapons);
• sexual significance (an abundance of body hair, genitals, breasts, udders);
• demonstrativeness (patterns and drawings on the body);
• neurosis, hypochondria (the presence of scars and wounds, the image of blood vessels, internal organs);
• romanticism and dreaminess of nature (the presence of wings);
• difficulties in communication (parts of the mechanisms in the body).

Even the nature of the connection of the limbs with the body has a certain meaning: if there is a clear drawing of them, a person is inclined to follow his reasoning and take a responsible approach to making decisions. Carelessness in the depiction of the places where the paws are attached to the body or the complete absence of this is an indicator of insufficient self-control.

Creature name

• "Flying crocodile", "waterfowl lamb" and similar names of animals speak of a clear understanding of the goals that a person strives for.
• Science-like terms with a “flavor” of Latin - “zveroletius”, “ustrasonis” and others are evidence of the child’s erudition and his desire to show it.
• The onomatopoeic names of little animals (“mamzyaka”, “karyaka”) are a sign of an easy attitude to life, some carelessness.
• If humor can be traced in the name of the animal, then this is an indicator of an optimistic attitude towards reality. Examples of such names are “bubble”, “clumsy”, “non-sapiens hamster”.
• When the name is very complex and long, it means that the person who invented it is a great inventor and dreamer.

Interpretation of answers to questions

At the end of the child's work on the task, it is necessary to discuss with the subject the lifestyle of the creature drawn by him

If a child comes up with a life for his drawn character that fully corresponds to the image, then this is normal and logically justified. A violation of the logic of thinking can be concluded if the drawing and the story about the existence of the animal are in no way connected with each other.

Fantasy in order to compensate for any negative moments in the life of the subject can be traced when idealizing or embellishing his character.

When a child claims that a fictional and drawn animal lives on an island, abroad, in the subtropics, this indicates demonstrativeness; an isolated area (space, another planet, a cave, a well, a forest, and so on) is named as the place of residence of the animal - the test subject is lonely and is acutely experiencing this. Aggression, fear of the subject, his desire to find protection is characterized by such answers: “in the taiga”, “in impenetrable swamps”, “in the forest thicket”. Neurosis can betray the "settlement" of the animal in unpleasant conditions - mud, dirt, puddle, garbage.

"Tell me what you eat, and I'll tell you who you are" - this expression can be fully applied to a person's answers to the question of what the drawn animal eats. Here is what the student’s remarks on this matter can mean:

• nothing, air, energy - the introvertedness of the person being tested;
• everything that comes across - impulsiveness;
• inedible things (nails, stones, sticks) - violations of communicative relations;
• unpleasant elements (mucus, dust, bedbugs, cockroaches) - neurosis;
• internal organs of animals, blood - neurosis bordering on aggression;
• people - denial, negativism, aggression.

In the child's stories, the animal may:

• sleep a lot, which indicates asthenia, chronic fatigue of the subject;
• crush, break - this is a sign of aggressiveness, a negative attitude towards others;
• to have fun and walk - such a definition of the creature's lifestyle symbolizes the desires of the student;
• look for food - this characteristic gives a signal about any problems and life difficulties of the person being tested.

If the drawn creature loves extraordinary activities (like walking on its head or upside down), then the child who invented such actions for the animal is not alien to the desire to go beyond the ordinary and violate the standards of behavior.

Impulsiveness is present in the character of people who endow their drawn characters with the inability to sit idle.

When the description of an animal is associated with frequent mention of its enemies, then we can conclude that the fear of aggression; excessive emphasis on problems with food is a symbol of trouble in the life of the subject, attachment to the material. The creature, according to the test subject, is lonely, he has no friends - most likely, in the life of a child the same state of affairs. The story about a large number of like-minded people speaks of the importance of communication for the subject.

"Glamorous Wingcat" - this name was given to the creature by the author of the drawing

• The completely shaded iris of the eye is evidence of fear concentrated inside the author of the drawing.
• The subject is fixated on himself, this is evidenced by the direct position of the animal's head and its open look.
• Alarm signals - shading of the tail and the location of the character on the edge of the sheet.
• Also, multiple lines in the image of some parts of the body (lower part of the head, wings, hind legs) speak of anxiety.
• Wingcat's not too small ears are an indicator of dependence on other people's opinions, a desire to follow generally accepted norms.
• The energy potential of the author is very high, this can be judged by the large number of details of the animal's figure.
• Big wings signal romantic aspirations and dreaminess of nature. Perhaps the author wants to change his life, but does not have the opportunity to do so.
• The test-taker is prone to pragmatism and rationalism, because all parts of the body are clearly drawn, and their connections are not blurry.

Taking the “Draw a non-existent animal” test is a great way to get an idea of ​​the inner world, the character of the child, and even the conditions of his life. The results of the diagnostics will help to identify existing problems and adjust the work to eliminate them.

The method of personality research using the projective test "Non-existent animal" is based on the theory of psychomotor communication. To register the state of the psyche, the study of motor skills is used (in particular, the motor skills of the drawing dominant right hand, fixed in the form of a graphic trace of movement, drawing) According to I. M. Sechenov, any idea that occurs in the psyche, any tendency associated with this idea, ends with a movement (literally, “Every thought ends in movement”).

If the real movement, intention for some reason is not carried out, then in the corresponding muscle groups a certain tension of energy is summed up, which is necessary for the implementation of the response movement (for the idea - a thought). For example, images and thoughts-representations that cause fear stimulate tension in the leg muscles and in the muscles of the arms, which would be necessary in the event of a response to fear by flight or protection with the help of hands - to hit, to shield. The movement trend has a direction in space:

removal,

Approximation,

straightening,

The fall.

When drawing a drawing, a sheet of paper (or the canvas of a picture) is a model of space and, in addition to the state of the muscles, fixes the relationship to space, i.e. emerging trend. Space, in turn, is associated with the emotional coloring of the experience and the time period: present, past, future. It is also connected with the effectiveness or the ideal mental plan of the work of the psyche. The space located behind and to the left of the subject is associated with the past period and inactivity (lack of active connection between thought-imagination, planning and its implementation). The right side, the space in front and above are associated with the future period and effectiveness. On the sheet (space model), the left side and bottom are associated with negatively colored and depressive emotions, with uncertainty and passivity. The right side (corresponding to the dominant right hand) - with positively colored emotions, energy, activity, concreteness of action.

In addition to the general laws of psychomotor communication and attitude to space, the theoretical norms of operating with symbols and symbolic geometric elements and figures are used in interpreting the test material.

By its nature, the “Non-existent animal” test is one of the projective ones. For statistical verification or standardization, the analysis result can be presented in descriptive forms. In terms of composition, this test is indicative and, as the only research method, is usually not used and requires combination with other methods as a battery research tool.

Instruction

Invent and draw a NON-EXISTENT animal and call it a NON-EXISTENT name.

Indicators and interpretation

The position of the picture on the sheet

Normally, the pattern is located along the midline of a vertically set sheet. It is best to take a sheet of paper white or slightly creamy, non-glossy. Use a pencil of medium softness; You can't draw with a pen or marker.

The location of the picture closer to the top edge of the sheet (the closer, the more pronounced) is interpreted as high self-esteem, as dissatisfaction with one's position in society, lack of recognition from others, as a claim for promotion and recognition, a tendency to self-affirmation.

The position of the picture in the lower part is the opposite trend: self-doubt, low self-esteem, depression, indecision, disinterest in one's position in society, in recognition, lack of a tendency to self-affirmation.

The central semantic part of the figure (the head or its replacement part).

The head is turned to the right - a steady tendency towards activity, effectiveness: almost everything that is thought about, planned, is carried out or, at least, begins to be carried out (if not even brought to an end). The subject actively proceeds to the implementation of his plans, inclinations.

The head is turned to the left - a tendency to reflection, to reflection. This is not a man of action: only an insignificant part of the plans is realized or at least begins to be realized. Often also fear of active action and indecision. (Option: no tendency to act or fear of activity - should be decided additionally.)

Full face position, i.e. the head is directed at the drawing (at oneself), is interpreted as egocentrism.

On the head are details corresponding to the sense organs - ears, mouth, eyes. The meaning of the detail “ears” is direct: interest in information, the significance of the opinions of others about oneself. Additionally, according to other indicators and their combination, it is determined whether the subject is doing something to win a positive assessment or only produces appropriate emotional reactions (joy, pride, resentment, chagrin) to the assessments of others without changing his behavior. A slightly open mouth in combination with the tongue in the absence of lips is interpreted as a great speech activity (talkiness), in combination with lips drawing - as sensuality; sometimes both together. An open mouth without drawing the tongue and lips, especially a drawn one, is interpreted as the ease of fears and fears, mistrust.

Mouth with teeth - verbal aggression, in most cases - protective (snarls, bullies, is rude in response to a negative appeal to him, condemnation, censure). For children and adolescents, a pattern of a drawn round mouth is characteristic (fearfulness, anxiety).

The eyes are of particular importance. This is a symbol of the experience of fear inherent in a person: it is emphasized by the sharp drawing of the iris. Pay attention to the presence or absence of eyelashes. Eyelashes - hysteroid-demonstrative behavior; for men: feminine character traits rarely coincide with the drawing of the pupil and iris. Eyelashes - also an interest in the admiration of others by the external beauty and manner of dressing, attaching great importance to this.

The enlarged (in accordance with the figure as a whole) head size indicates that the subject appreciates the rational principle (perhaps erudition) in herself and those around her.

Additional details are also located on the head: for example, horns - protection, aggression. Determine by combination with other signs - claws, bristles, needles - the nature of this aggression: spontaneous or defensive-response. Feathers - a tendency to self-decoration and self-justification, to demonstrativeness. Mane, hair, a kind of hairstyle - sensuality, emphasizing one's gender and, sometimes, orientation to one's sexual role.

Bearing, supporting part of the figure (legs, paws, sometimes - a pedestal)

The solidity of this part is considered in relation to the size of the whole figure and in shape:

a) thoroughness, deliberation, rationality of decision-making, ways to conclusions, formation-judgments, reliance on significant provisions and significant information;

b) superficiality of judgments, frivolity in conclusions and unfounded judgments, sometimes impulsive decision-making (especially in the absence or almost absence of legs).

Pay attention to the nature of the connection of the legs with the body: the connection is accurate, carefully or carelessly, weakly connected or not connected at all - this is the nature of control over one's reasoning, conclusions, decisions. Uniformity and unidirectional shape of the legs, paws, any elements of the supporting part - the conformity of judgments and attitudes in decision-making, their standardity, banality. Variety in the form and position of these details - the originality of attitudes and judgments, independence and non-banality; sometimes even creativity (according to the unusual form) or dissent (closer to pathology).

Parts rising above the level of the figure

Can be functional or decorative:

Wings, extra legs, tentacles, carapace details, feathers, bows like curls, flower-functional details - the energy of embracing different areas of human activity, self-confidence, “self-propagation” with indelicate and indiscriminate oppression of others, or curiosity, the desire to participate as it is possible in a greater number of affairs of others, gaining a place in the sun for oneself, dedication to one's activities, courage of enterprises (according to the meaning of the symbol detail - wings or tentacles, etc.). Decorating details - demonstrativeness, a tendency to attract the attention of others, mannerisms (for example, a horse or its non-existent likeness in a peacock feather sultan).

Tails

They express their attitude to their own actions, decisions, conclusions, to their verbal products - judging by whether these tails are turned to the right (on the sheet) or to the left. Tails turned to the right - attitude towards their actions and behavior. To the left - attitude to one's thoughts, decisions; to missed opportunities, to their own indecision. The positive or negative coloring of this attitude is expressed by the direction of the tails upwards (confidently, positively, cheerfully) or a falling downward movement (dissatisfaction with oneself, doubts about one's own rightness, regret about what has been done, said, remorse, etc.). Pay attention to the tails, consisting of several, sometimes repeating, links, to especially magnificent tails, especially long and sometimes branched.

Contours of the figure

They are analyzed by the presence or absence of protrusions (such as shields, shells, needles), drawing and darkening of the contour line. This is protection from others, aggressive - if it is made in sharp corners; with fear and anxiety - if there is a darkening, "staining" of the contour line; with apprehension, suspicion - if shields, “barriers” are placed, the line is doubled. The direction of such protection is in accordance with the spatial arrangement: the upper contour of the figure is against the superiors, against persons who have the opportunity to impose a ban, restriction, to exercise coercion, i.e. against elders, parents, teachers, bosses, leaders; lower contour - protection against ridicule, non-recognition, lack of authority among subordinate subordinates, juniors, fear of condemnation; lateral contours - undifferentiated apprehension and readiness for self-defense of any order and in different situations; the same - elements of "protection" located not along the contour, but inside the contour, on the body of the animal itself. On the right - more in the process of activity (real), on the left - more protection of one's opinions, beliefs, tastes.

Total energy

The number of depicted details is estimated - is it only the necessary amount to give an idea of ​​a fictional non-existent animal (body, head, limbs or body, tail, wings, etc.): with a filled outline, without shading and additional lines and parts, just primitive contour, - or there is a generous image of not only necessary, but "complicating the design of additional details. Accordingly, the more components and elements (in addition to the most necessary), the higher the energy. In the opposite case - energy saving, asthenia of the body, chronic somatic disease. (The same is confirmed by the nature of the line - a weak cobweb-like line, "carries a pencil on paper" without pressing it.) The reverse character of the lines - bold with pressure - is not polar: it is not energy, but anxiety. You should pay attention to sharply pressed lines, visible even on the reverse side of the sheet (convulsive, high muscle tone of the drawing hand) - a sharp anxiety. Pay attention also to what detail, what symbol, is made in this way (that is, what the alarm is attached to).

Line Character Estimation

Here you should pay attention to dubbing of the line, negligence, inaccurate connections, “islands” of overlapping lines, blackening of parts of the picture, “staining”, deviation from the vertical axis, line stereotypes, etc.). The evaluation is carried out in the same way as in the analysis of the pictogram. The same - fragmentary lines and forms, incompleteness, brokenness of the picture.

Animal character

Thematically, animals are divided into threatened, threatening, neutral (likeness of a lion, hippopotamus, wolf or bird, snail, ant, or squirrel, dog, cat). This is an attitude to one's own person and to one's “I”, an idea of ​​one's position in the world, as if identifying oneself by significance (with a hare, an insect, an elephant, a dog, etc.). In this case, the animal being drawn is a representative of the painter himself. Likening the animal being drawn to a person, starting with placing the animal in an upright position on two legs, instead of four or more, and ending with dressing the animal in human clothing (pants, skirts, bows, belts, dresses ), including the similarity of the muzzle to the face, legs and paws to the hands, - indicates infantilism, emotional immaturity, according to the degree of severity of the "humanization" of the animal. The mechanism is similar (and parallel) to the allegorical meaning of animals and their characters in fairy tales, parables, etc.

Miscellaneous

The degree of aggressiveness is expressed by the number, location and nature of the angles in the drawing, regardless of their connection with one or another detail of the image. Particularly weighty in this regard are direct symbols of aggression - claws, teeth, beaks .. You should also pay attention to the emphasis on sexual signs - udders, nipples, breasts with a humanoid figure, etc. This is an attitude to sex, up to fixation on the problem of sex.

The figure of a circle (especially an empty one) symbolizes and expresses a tendency to secrecy, isolation, closeness of one's inner world, unwillingness to give information about oneself to others, and finally, unwillingness to be tested. Such figures usually provide a very limited amount of data for analysis.

Pay attention to the cases of mounting mechanical parts in the body of the “animal” - placing the animal on a pedestal, tractor or tank tracks, a tripod; attachment to the head of the propeller, screw; mounting in the eye of an electric lamp, in the body and limbs of the animal - handles, keys and antennas. This is observed more often in patients with schizophrenia and deep schizoids.

Creative possibilities are usually expressed by the number of elements combined in the figure: banality, lack of creativity take the form of a “ready-made”, existing animal (people, horses, dogs, pigs, fish), to which only a “ready-made” existing detail is attached so that the drawn animal becomes non-existent - a cat with wings, a fish with feathers, a dog with flippers, etc. Originality is expressed in the form of constructing a figure from elements, and not whole blanks.

TEST "NON-EXISTENT ANIMAL"

From the experience of a practical psychologist

Igor ZHUKOVSKY,
psychologist of the institution of justice,
Kaluga

These practical recommendations for a psychologist are based on a comparison of data obtained from examining representative groups using a set of psychodiagnostic techniques, including the method of objective observation. The test "Non-existent animal" was not the basis of diagnosis - the study was carried out using the test of M. Luscher, the test of Szondi's eight drives and its modification, and other tests.
The experimental group included students of a vocational school, conscripts, clients of private psychological practice.
The survey was mainly carried out in the daytime, in the afternoon, under normal lighting.
Each subject was tested individually and monitored.
The test results are confirmed by the behavior of the client in society.
Material for testing: sheet of A4 paper (you can use a notebook double sheet, close in size to the A4 paper format); a simple pencil (colored pencils) or a ballpoint (capillary) pen.

You can offer the subject to arrange a sheet of paper as he likes - vertically or horizontally. It is best not to mention it at all, but to purposefully observe the test execution.

It must be remembered that this test is more effective to use individually.

Instruction

You are invited to come up with and draw a non-existent animal, that is, one that has never existed and does not exist anywhere before (you can’t use characters from fairy tales and cartoons). And also call it a non-existent name.

You can offer to determine the sex of the animal at the end of testing: “Write what gender your animal is - male, female or middle?”

Stages of interpretation

General impression.

semantic interpretation.

Graphological features.

OVERALL IMPRESSION

Depicting a non-existent animal, the subject expresses himself, his image. Accordingly, a characterization of a person is given. Usually the drawing leaves one of three impressions: either the person is the aggressor, or he is offended and threatened, or he is neutral. This is the first impression. Its results are used in the initial introductory survey.

The ratio of the area occupied by the drawing to the total area of ​​the sheet reflects the degree of self-distribution of the individual in society from the point of view of the subject.

The figure of a circle or an animal, consisting of circles filled with almost nothing, symbolizes the tendency to hide, the isolation of the inner world, the unwillingness to give information about oneself to others, and finally, the unwillingness to be tested.

The latter may have several reasons. First, the unwillingness of the subject to communicate with you: he sees you as a representative of the administration. The way out of the situation is very simple - to explain who psychologists are and what they do. Secondly, in many cases this may be due to some stereotypes (associations with a teacher, etc.). If this is so, then you should think about who made the subject think so. Thirdly, some serious problems of the client, up to the presence of mental abnormalities. Then a consultation with a psychiatrist or a second examination using a different, non-verbal technique (for example, the Szondi eight drive test) is necessary.

In the case when the client wants to avoid the examination, but after a little clarification, he still performs the test, the result is not very convincing. Figures 1A and 1B are examples of such a case.

In Figure 1A, the client was given a specific characteristic. It was confirmed during further examination.
A brief description of the client is as follows. He fears that he may be prevented from achieving his goals. These fears lead him to a fussy, illusory and meaningless activity. Had three major misconduct at school. It is assumed that he is prone to the use of narcotic substances. Sources of stress: psychological trauma resulting from the divorce of parents.
Figure 1B is also an example of a client leaving the survey. The initial psychological characteristic was confirmed. Has several violations, requires constant monitoring, prone to inappropriate behavior.
Representatives of this type (especially men) are often well versed in politics, they know and can talk about the shortcomings and merits of any political system known to them. They remember how the orders changed throughout their lives, they can imagine how they will change in the future. The subject is no less confident in his ability to make a career than in the ability to make inferences, because a career is nothing more than a change in one's position in the hierarchy, which is so clear to him. Impeccable consistency, clear logic lead to methodicalness, perseverance in achieving goals, firmness and the ability to manage the situation.

SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION

It analyzes the position of the drawing on the sheet, its orientation, and general dynamics.
Normally, the drawing is located in the center of the sheet or slightly to the left and above. However, it must be remembered that the norm is a relative concept.
If the drawing is located at the top of the sheet, then the person is characterized by high self-esteem, dissatisfaction with his position in society, considers himself unrecognized by others, tends to self-affirmation, claims for recognition, promotion, is prone to conflict behavior, aggression (violence, hooliganism, harassment, etc.). .P.).
If the drawing is located at the bottom of the sheet, then the characteristic has the opposite indicators: dissatisfaction with oneself, low self-esteem, depression, indecision, disinterest in one's social status, recognition, lack of a tendency to self-affirmation, a tendency to fixate on problems; often these are “outcasts”, “outcasts”.
On right- extroversion, focus on the future, emphasizing masculine character traits, striving for control over the situation, orientation towards others, aggressive sexuality.
far right- a tendency to disobedience, unpredictability, excessive conflict, in extreme situations - self-aggressiveness.
As a result of the survey, it was revealed that people in whom such signs predominate are prone to leadership of a negative nature, as well as conflict in society (see Fig. 2).

If the drawing is located on the left side of the sheet, then the subject is characterized by introversion, emphasis on the past, a pronounced sense of guilt, and shyness.
Subjects who showed this characteristic almost always avoided conflict situations.
Small drawing in the upper left corner - high anxiety; often found in individuals prone to suicide (Fig. 3).

The client is a highly alcoholic person. During the initial examination, a psychological diagnosis of suicidal tendencies was made. Upon further examination, the fact of committing a suicidal act in a family setting was confirmed. Preventive and corrective work has been carried out. The main reason for suicidal behavior is the subconscious fixation of the stereotype about the aggressiveness of the father towards the mother and both parents towards him.

GRAPHOLOGICAL SIGNS

Ideomotor aspect

The discontinuity of the lines and the degree of pressure are interpreted. Weak pressure (spider lines) - asthenia. Strong (bold lines) - anxiety, impulsiveness.
It is also necessary to pay attention to which detail, which symbol is more drawn, to which anxiety is attached.
The presence of shading is a sign of anxiety (Fig. 4)

.

Client: age 18. Came in with increased anxiety. During the reception, it turned out that anxiety is situational in nature. The cause of situational anxiety is an aggressive situation in the family. After carrying out psychological corrective measures, situational anxiety ceased to bother the girl.
This characteristic can only be used in psychological work.

Spatial-symbolic aspect

The contour of the figure is interpreted as the boundaries of the "I"-image in relation to the general space of the sheet. The direction of the lines is considered. From top to bottom - weak energy, depression, asthenization.
When carrying out educational work, the nature of depressive behavior and its causes are clarified. If there are no subjective reasons, then transfer to another society is recommended. You can work to change the living conditions of the subject (Fig. 5).

It is also necessary to evaluate the amount of detail depicted: is it depicted only what is necessary to give an idea of ​​​​the animal (body, head, limbs, etc.), with contours filled without hatching and additional lines, or is there a generous depiction of not only necessary, but also complicating the design of additional parts. Accordingly, the higher the energy of the subject, the more details, and, conversely, the absence of those - energy savings, asthenia, organic matter: a chronic somatic disease (Fig. 6).

The head (or parts that replace it) is the central semantic part of the figure. The head size, increased in relation to the figure as a whole, indicates that the client appreciates a rational beginning, and possibly erudition in himself and those around him.
In practice, there are often drawings depicting only one head or, more precisely, a skull with an illustration of the attributes of a musical subculture.
Pay attention to the image in Fig. 7.

Characteristics of the client: has been registered in the children's room since 1995 (he was born in 1981), has criminal experience. Aggressive, engaged in homosexual relationships, had a head injury in 1989 (falling from a height of three meters on bricks). Psychological diagnosis: is in a state of post-traumatic stress due to a physical head injury against the background of conflicts in the family.

Head direction interpretation

Right: a steady tendency to activity - almost everything that is conceived or planned is carried out or at least begins to be carried out, if not even brought to an end (a person actively implements his plans).
Left: tendency to reflection, reflection. The subject is "not a man of action". Only a small part of the plans is being implemented or is beginning to be implemented. Indecision, fear, fear of active action are frequent. There are no dominant character traits. Additional information is provided by a conversation with the client after the test, in which you can find out the motives of behavior, as well as phobic manifestations (Fig. 8).

The client is a girl, born in 1983, weak-willed, indecisive, afraid of everything new and unusual; the result is a low degree of adaptability. Psychological diagnosis: stress caused by psychological trauma resulting from fixation on the death of her parents, which occurred when the girl was still a small child (Fig. 9).

The position of the face (the head is directed at the drawing) is egocentrism. Directness, uncompromisingness is possible as a reaction to the internal insecurity of the individual, resentment, a tendency to violate the rules (predisposition to criminal behavior).
As a rule, such subjects are prone to aggressive behavior, to leadership in a negative direction (Fig. 10).
Figure 10 has all of the features listed above. The client belongs to a group of so-called outcasts, outcasts.

Interpretation of details

Eyes- a symbol of human fear. Its presence is especially emphasized by the sharp painting of the iris. Eyelashes - an indicator of hysteroid-demonstrative manners; interest in the admiration of others by external beauty and manner of dressing, attaching great importance to this. The drawing of eyelashes in male subjects indicates the presence of female features in them (Fig. 11).

Most of the subjects who show these signs have such a characteristic feature - excessive talkativeness. Sociability and a high level of intelligence create many difficulties for the client in adapting to society. Often this group of clients is characterized by a playful form of behavior (clown, playful).

Ears- interest in information, the importance of the opinions of others about themselves. Additionally, according to other indicators, according to their combination, it is determined whether the subject is doing anything to positively assess himself by others (Fig. 12).

Clients with this characteristic tend to be a positive influence on the group. They reasonably evaluate the information they receive and easily gain confidence in the interlocutor.

Mouth- parted mouth in combination with the tongue (without teeth) - talkativeness; in combination with lip painting - sensuality, possibly the presence of sexual problems. An open mouth without painting lips and tongue, especially blackened (shaded) - the ease of fear and apprehension, distrust. Mouth with teeth - verbal aggression, in most cases defensive: snaps, defends, is rude in response to condemnation or censure (Fig. 13).

Brief psychological characteristics of the client of this group. Wants to make a good impression. He wants to be seen as an extraordinary person, so he is always on the alert, he needs to see how he succeeds in this and how others react to him. This gives him a sense of self-control. To achieve influence and recognition, resorts to various techniques. Receptive to the aesthetic or original. Sensitive and responsive, but there is some tension in it. Needs peace, which can only be found in the company of a loved one. Able to get satisfaction from sexual activity. Alert, very emotional. Tears appear easily, which indicates neuropsychic instability. Prone to conflict behavior, aggressive.
Additional details are often located on the head: horns - protection, aggression (determined in combination with other signs of aggression - claws, bristles, needles). The nature of this aggression is spontaneous or defensive-response (Fig. 14).

Feathers- a tendency to self-decoration, self-justification and demonstrativeness, the predominance of female traits, a tendency to homosexual behavior.

This client (Fig. 15) had a traumatic brain injury at the age of ten. During the preventive work, it turned out that he had a seriously impaired sexual orientation. Shows leadership qualities among peers. He is acutely receptive, needs an aesthetic environment and an understanding partner with whom he could have intimate relationships.

mane, wool, similarity of hairstyle - sensuality, emphasizing one's gender, sometimes orientation to one's sexual role (Fig. 16).

Various kinds of accessories (bows, jewelry, bells) speak of demonstrativeness, femininity, the desire to please, mannerisms.
When interpreting the test results, you need to pay attention to the presence or absence of protrusions (such as spikes, shells, needles), drawing or darkening of the contour lines. This is protection from others:

a) sharp spikes (corners, needles) - aggressive defense;
b) shields, double lines - suspicion, incredulity;
c) darkening of the contour line, protrusions - fear, anxiety.

Direction of protection:

a) up - against people who really have the opportunity to impose a ban, that is, against older people, parents, bosses, managers, leaders;
b) down - against ridicule, non-recognition, lack of authority among subordinates, fear of discussion;
c) aside - undifferentiated apprehension, readiness for defense and self-defense of any order in various situations. The same - protection elements located not along the contour, but inside the contour, on the body of the animal itself;
d) to the right - protection in the process of real activity;
e) to the left - protection of one's opinions, beliefs, tastes.

Aggressiveness is also indicated by the presence of instruments of aggression (weapons, horns, spikes, fangs, claws).
The client (born in 1981) has criminal experience, there is stress caused by improper upbringing on the part of his stepfather, as well as a somatic disease. The family is financially secure, the intellectual level of the client is high (Fig. 17).

On fig. 18B shows an animal with two heads. In the process of working with the subjects, clients were identified who portrayed an animal with such a sign.
This may mean that people of this type are at a crossroads between two problems that they cannot solve on their own.
On fig. 18A This situation is exacerbated by the client's self-centeredness and the fact that he does not recognize the existence of a problem at all.

General characteristics of this type. Insists that his hopes and plans are real, but needs encouragement and encouragement, self-centered and therefore touchy. He believes that in any situation you need to cooperate with others. But the lack of understanding and recognition makes the subject think that no real union with other people is possible. Dissatisfaction makes him hypersensitive. He wants to feel free and confident. He wants to free himself from what now seems to be a burden to him, and restore his individuality anew.
He believes that he can assert himself as a person only through constant self-control, that only this will allow him, despite real difficulties, to maintain his position.
The reason for this psychological state may be poor family relationships, namely the relationship with the father and half-brother. Afraid of active actions, there is a distinct feeling of fear, there is a tendency to self-decoration. The decisions made are thoughtful. There are creative abilities, a high level of anxiety, rationality. Prone to auto-aggressive behavior in cases of improper educational influence. Easily inspired, easily influenced by other people.
The supporting part (legs, paws, pedestals) - a sense of stability or instability. The solidity of this part of the figure in relation to the size of the whole figure and to the shape is considered.
A solid support is thoroughness, satisfaction with the situation, thoughtfulness of decisions and the rationality of their adoption, reliance on significant and significant information.
Otherwise - superficiality of judgments, frivolity of conclusions, dissatisfaction with the situation. In the absence or almost absence of legs - sometimes impulsive decision-making.
Uniformity, one-pointedness, repetition of legs ("centipede") - conformity of judgments and attitudes, standardity and banality in decision-making.
Various forms and positions of the legs - the originality of attitudes and judgments, independence, nonconformism, creativity is normal or dissent (closer to pathology).
Pay attention to the nature of the connection of the legs under the body: they are connected exactly, carefully or carelessly, weakly, or not connected at all. This is the nature of control over one's reasoning, conclusions, decisions.
Clients who create such drawings (Fig. 19) usually have somatic diseases (head injuries, mental retardation, etc.).
Figure 19 belongs to a boy whose father is raising him alone, his mother does not live with them. Such children are prone to inappropriate behavior, have mental disabilities, can become the object of violence, are easily suggestible and can be influenced by other people.

Arms- communicative sphere of personality. If they are drawn, the person is characterized as an extrovert. If the hands are not drawn, then there are problems in the field of communication. Arms can be replaced by wings.

Wings- self-proliferation of a person with possible infringement of the interests of other people. High energy potential, interest in various areas of human activity, self-confidence, curiosity, "participation" in as many events as possible, winning a "place in the sun", dedication to one's activities, courage of events.
The client (Fig. 20) is deprived of contacts with peers, lacks initiative, and is alone. He likes monotonous work that requires accuracy and thoroughness.

tentacles can have a functional meaning of the symbol of legs and arms (it turns out in a conversation), then an appropriate interpretation is given.

Tail- expresses the client's attitude to actions, deeds, decisions, verbal products (that is, to internal and external forms of activity). If the tail is directed to the right, this is an attitude towards external manifestations (actions, deeds); to the left - to internal (thoughts, decisions). If the tail is pointing up, the ratio is positive; down is negative.
Particular attention should be paid to the tails, consisting of several, sometimes repeating links, especially the lush, long, branched ones (Fig. 21).

Subjects of this type are characterized by activity, endurance, the ability to inspire confidence, sociability, resourcefulness in non-standard and stressful situations, readiness to take responsibility. Often explode with anger, their aggressiveness is directed outward, at surrounding people or things; their protest is always effective (they act, they don't speak). Escape from home, illegal behavior in a group, alcoholism - all this the subject does in a company where he prefers to be a leader.
If the subject draws an animal, likening it to a person (putting the animal in the upright position, presenting it in human clothes, similarity of the muzzle to the face, legs and paws to the hands), then this indicates his infantilism, emotional immaturity (Fig. 22).

General characteristics of this type of subjects: in case of failures, they blame everyone, but not themselves; willingly promise, but never keep their word. Their protest is unconscious, they just do like everyone else (meaning members of the company). They know how not to overwork and get strong and vivid impressions from life every day. Trustworthy, committed to society.
Mounting mechanical parts in living tissue (placing an animal on a pedestal, tractor or tank caterpillars, a tripod, a screw attached to the head, electric lamps mounted in the eyes, handles, keys, antennas in the body and limbs) is observed in schizoid personalities (Fig. 23).

In this case, the psychologist's actions consist in an expert assessment of the state (in school conditions). The rest of the activities are carried out by a psychiatrist.
Usually depicted a non-existent animal of the same sex as the subject. At least that's what it means. If this is not the case, the client may have problems in the sexual sphere. To clarify the sex of an animal, you can ask how this animal reproduces or where its genitals are located. The drawing of the reproductive organs (genital organs, udder, nipples, breasts) indicates sexual problems (Fig. 24).

During the training, the client repeatedly violated discipline, but these violations cannot be considered as a manifestation of his desires, since all violations occurred under the pressure of other students. He is listed as suicidal. During a detailed examination, it was found that the client is predisposed to auto-aggression. Frequent mood swings, disruption of the logical course of mental processes, excessive gaiety.

INTERPRETATION OF THE ESSENCE OF THE PICTURED

Pets. The choice of pets for self-representation indicates a tendency to "tame" one's life energy.
Dog- tendency to dependency, submission. Often identified on a worldly level with loyalty and service.
Cat- the need for tactile contact, self-isolation, preference for non-verbal interaction over verbal.
Birds in cages and fish in aquariums(or animals similar to them) - a tendency to suppress the signals of one's body, self-suppression, the desire to subjugate one's life manifestations to oneself, narcissism is often present.
Cow and other useful animals that serve as a source of food - identifying oneself with the "breadwinner" or "nurse", the desire to give more than receive, leaving others in the role of debtors (often unconsciously).
Beast of burden- negative attitude towards the character ("everyone rides me"). A tendency to blame others, masking an inability to take responsibility for one's life, allowing others to decide for themselves, and then making claims. With a positive attitude towards the character - the perception of one's life and bodily manifestations as a source of energy and strength.
Wild animals. Their images may be chosen for various reasons.
Choosing a conformal image, for example, a dove - a "symbol of peace", the subject wants to express that he is a very kind person. It can be assumed that this indicates his refusal to study problems related to his own life manifestations.
Choice of despised, underground and nocturnal animals(mice, rats, worms, spiders, etc.) - the idea of ​​life manifestations as the focus of everything negative and denied in oneself.
dangerous animals(scorpions, wolves, etc.) symbolize a threat to human life, the perception of their life manifestations as unpredictable, threatening. Tendency to self-suppression.
Animals symbolizing strength, power and special abilities(elephants, lions, eagles, etc.), - the perception of one's life manifestations as a source of positive energy, special resources and strength.
Animals - fairy tale characters(clients sometimes ignore the instructions) are interpreted in accordance with the role of a particular character.
Stylized and fantastic animals - book and cartoon characters(Winnie the Pooh, Cheburashka, Mickey Mouse, etc.) - refusal to analyze their problems.
Images of specific animals belonging to man. They are interpreted in accordance with the needs of a person that he satisfies in contact with this animal. It should be remembered that a person who gets a pet satisfies in communication with him those needs that he cannot, from his point of view, satisfy in contact with people around him.

INTERPRETATION OF THE NAME OF THE ANIMAL

Cheburashka - real - concreteness of thinking, orientation to real problems.
Flying cat - functional - pragmatism, realism.
Homo sapienslon - Latin (book-scientific) elements - demonstrativeness (of reason, erudition), emphasis on details.
Imp - ironic-joking, diminutive - caressing - the corresponding attitude to the environment.
Potato - banally repetitive - infantilism.
Bulky spider - long - abstract thinking, a tendency to fantasize.
Bozol - superficial sound - frivolity.

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CONCLUSION

A careful study of the Non-Existent Animal test convinces us that it is easy to master, that its interpretation is original and not replete with psychoanalytic concepts. However, this test reveals the personality problems of a teenager.

The study touches on the deepest problems of the personality that are not amenable to conscious control. Some interpretations may hurt the client's ego. Therefore, the psychologist should conduct a post-test conversation in such a way as not to harm the subject, not to cause a negative reaction in him.

The use of this test in combination with other psychodiagnostic methods in the context of the information available about the subject and in his specific situation provides additional opportunities for revealing the unique human individuality.

To pass this test and find out everything about yourself, you do not need to add, subtract and painfully remember something. It is enough to take a pen of paper and a piece of pencil and start drawing.

Boleslav Huppka

You haven't been self-digging for a long time. Therefore, we have found for you a psychological test that is easy to perform, but very effective in terms of the results obtained. Pass it - and such secrets of your "I" will open before you that you will want to destroy all our servers out of harm's way.

So, first of all, you must run up and with all your foolishness hit your head against the wall (preferably about the corner). Now let's count the points. Stop! We got a little confused. This is a completely different test.

For today's test, you will need a pencil and an A4 paper.

Got it?

Now draw an animal that definitely does not exist anywhere in the world, even in Australia and Pripyat.

The main condition: avoid ready-made templates, your beast must be absolutely unprecedented. You can’t draw either incredible characters already invented by someone else (Cheburashka), or those creatures that you love to draw since school (five-armed sparrow). Depict a completely new animal for our world.

And don't forget to call her the same new name for this dimension.

Draw in silence, without witnesses.

Draw now! What are you waiting for? For the purity of the experiment, you should not know any more details about this test. To make it easier for you to stop reading and start drawing, we will fill the next couple of lines with some nonsense. Pew pew pew! Brym-dy-smoke! Woah-woah! Zhzhzhzhzhzhzh. Bloop-bloop-bloop! Let's draw already! zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzbebebebearbearing. Plop plop plop!

Projection spotlight

It's time to explain what you just did.

The psychodiagnostic test “Drawing of a non-existent animal” belongs to a very large group of projective techniques (“Rorschach Spots”, for example, from the same opera). Perhaps you will be overcome with some pride if you find out that the author of the "animal" test was not some Viennese psychoanalyst, but the psychologist Maya Dukarevich, who developed this technique in the last century in the wilds of the Institute of Forensic Psychiatry. Serbian.

“The projective technique assumes that the features of your personality are, as it were, projected onto everything that you do, say, or, as in this case, draw,” explains Tatyana Sviridova, a consultant psychologist, a specialist in self-relationship, a candidate of psychological sciences.

When you draw without drawing from ready-made templates (that's what you did, right?), your personality characteristics begin to crawl out of you onto paper and leave traces in every squiggle.

The brain follows the path of least resistance, and it is easiest for it to project itself onto the sheet.

That is (very, very briefly) the theory.

Now, when we begin to analyze the drawing point by point, looking for your conscious and unconscious ideas about yourself in it, you will either agree (“Yes, I am exactly like that!”), Or go into deep unconsciousness (“Bullshit!”). Both are indicators that the test is working. In the second case, rejection is the result of the work of protective mechanisms, since by drawing, you tried to hide a lot from yourself. (Alas, but nothing can be done: you are just a platypus raised by a human family.) This, of course, does not mean the infallibility of the methodology. “Many factors can affect the result, ranging from fatigue to the length and sharpness of the pencil.” Be that as it may, possible deviations are not critical, and in general, the test gives a rather heapy hit on your personality traits.

Let's get started!

Position of the picture on the page

In an ideal world, an ideal person who accepts himself as he is would draw his unknown animal in the center along the middle line of the sheet.

Congratulate yourself if you are just such a perfect individual.

“The closer the animal is to the upper edge, the higher your self-esteem,” our consultant is in a hurry to please you. Maybe you really are that good, but besides, it shows dissatisfaction with your current position. In addition, you lack the recognition of others, and, having climbed higher, you betrayed your desire to please everyone (for this you strive with all your might to comply with the norms accepted in your circle).

If your drawing is located at the bottom, you are not too confident and indecisive. It looks like you've already resigned yourself to your fate. However, perhaps it's all about the usual fatigue or the handcuffs that you are fastened to the radiator in this dark basement.

Having dealt with the top and bottom, let's move on to other coordinates. According to Carl Jung and the collective unconscious, then:

the left side of the sheet means the past; right - the future; and the middle is real.

Left? You are prone to introspection and reflection. You tend to scroll through a long-standing conversation in your head for a long time and come up with new witty remarks for yourself, which you didn’t think of right away (“How did I not guess to tell the hooligans that you shouldn’t beat me ?!”). You are not a man of deeds, but of intentions.

Is your amoeba's head pointing to the right? Good sign! You not only plan something, but you always start to fulfill your plan.

The animal that you depicted full face, not taking your eyes off you, speaks of egocentrism. This can also be interpreted in such a way that you are a contact person who easily makes acquaintances.

“You should also pay attention to which direction the whole figure is more shifted,” says Tatyana.

In the drawing of a cheerful, healthy, successful person (such people usually live in bank advertisements), the animal should be evenly located in all three times and go from the past to the future.

If the pattern is pressed against the left side- perhaps this is due to the negative experience received in childhood, which still comes back to haunt (the divorce of your parents or the meatball that the singing teacher threw you in the second grade by the collar). Or maybe recent events have again reminded you of an old experience and moved the beast to the left.

A strong move to the right can be interpreted as a defensive reaction. You are running from the present (or the same past) into the future. Live in hope for tomorrow. However, if tomorrow is Saturday, you can understand.

General impression

Non-existent animals, like those that exist on the Animal Planet channel, are divided into those who:

threatens others(for example, something toothy); who is being threatened(something hare-like); who has not yet decided(saber-toothed hippo hare).

Whoever you choose as your totem is a reflection of how you see yourself in this world. You are a bug or an elephant - draw your own conclusion.

If your individual wears human clothes or is too anthropomorphic(at the same time, it is not necessary for her to resemble a humanoid, it is enough just to be upright), then you, baby, are emotionally immature and infantile.

Our expert is almost one hundred percent sure that you, being a normal person, cannot draw the genitals of your beast(“This is only characteristic of young children who are not yet sufficiently aware of the norms”). Otherwise, you are not completely healthy, the control functions are weakened. Even the banal udder (the image of a female breast) in your owl betrays your unhealthy fixation on sex.

Dimensions and proportions

Medium sized drawing, harmoniously looking on the page (it may be clumsy, but organically fit into the sheet), indicates a positive attitude towards the world and oneself.

Animal too big- narcissism. As an option: a hefty creature may appear as a defense mechanism of the individual. “Very large animals are most often drawn by preschoolers. Children invest their inflated self-esteem in drawings of animals of huge sizes, ”explains Tatyana. Also, your megalomania may be caused by a reaction to recent stress.

Small creature at the bottom of the page- a sign of mental problems. It is unlikely that this applies to you, but keep in mind: nanoanimals are usually drawn by schizophrenics and other people with an interesting brain structure. So that tiny winged booger *, somehow painted by Carlson, alas, makes us look at his actions in a new light.

* Note Phacochoerus "a Funtik: « A Very Lonely Rooster”, watercolor, 1955. Exhibited at the Stockholm Museum of Modern Art »

“In addition, the mentally ill tend to be sketchy and sophisticated in interpreting a drawing,” our consultant added. When we asked how a drawing could be schematic and sophisticated at the same time, Tatyana gave an example: “A man draws a stick with legs and says that this is Emperor Paul.” Hm, but a stick with legs really looks like Pavel!

Needles, horns, shell - in general, everything that serves as protection for an animal can be replaced in the drawing simply by a careful outline drawn several times.

Therefore, immediately note for yourself: even if your creation is at first glance defenseless before the world, this is not at all the case if some lines and protrusions are thicker than others.

The most important thing is which side your animal has armor on.

If the shell covers the animal from above, you protect yourself from those in relation to whom you are in a subordinate position. It can be bosses, government agencies or just parents.

If the bottom of the beast is closed, you are afraid of those whom you consider your equals, or those who are completely weaker than you. That is, you fear for your authority.

Armor on the sides shows your readiness for self-defense in any life situation. “At the same time,” Tatyana emphasizes, “drawing the lines on the right indicates that you really value your taste, preferences and beliefs and are ready to fight for them.” (By the way, although we disagree with your beliefs, we are ready to sign somewhere in a collective letter for your right to express them.)

If any of the details are highlighted by the thoroughness of the drawing or by stronger pencil pressure (the lines are visible on the back of the sheet), this signals your anxiety.
Unfortunately, you can only give an explanation why you have drawn something more thoroughly than anything else.
There can be any number of interpretations.
For example, in an animal, anxiety is localized in the legs. If you rely on the interpretation of the images of the collective unconscious, it turns out that you are not confident in yourself. But maybe you just walked a lot today. So we leave you alone to struggle over the interpretation of the riddle, why did you tear through the paper, drawing the hump of a marsupial partridge.

Feet are another window to the soul. Traced legs show self-confidence, thoughtfulness of decisions. If the beast has no legs at all or they are very frail, this emphasizes the impulsive nature of the painter and his frivolity. (NB! A powerful pedestal painted under seemingly weak legs plays the role of missing strong legs. After all, it is this pedestal that serves as a support for the figure.)

It is also important how the legs connect to the body. As this connection is, so is your control over words and decisions. The legs are poorly or not attached to the body at all - you do not follow the accuracy of your words too much, you do not attach much importance to your own speeches. The legs are well attached to the body - your judgments are balanced and at least convincing for you.

Now study the shape of the legs. If both legs are on the same face (lines, size, bend are exactly repeated), you are a conformist, and your creative solutions do not shine with novelty and invention. But if the lower limbs of your animal are different (one leg is raised for a kick, and the second is your cattle scratching the third), you are our man. You are independent in your judgments and generally a creative person. Hand, comrade!

By the way, if we are talking about creativity: people with clichéd thinking use ready-made templates (fish, pig, bird). A cow with wings is not original, it is just a formal combination of two blanks - a cow and a bird. And in general, this is not a non-existent animal, but an ordinary skliss!
The more elements and the more unexpected their combinations, the higher your creativity and vital energy in general.

If you drew a headless pendelpop, skip this paragraph. But if your creation has some kind of muzzle, you will have to analyze it.

Big head shows that the painter attaches special importance to erudition and, in general, to the rational principle, both in himself and in those around him.

prominent ears- a sign that it is important for you to know how others treat you. Plus, this is an indicator of your interest in the world, in the information that you draw from it.

Mouth. Open, and even with a tongue, cries out about your talkativeness. Drawn lips betray sensuality (sorry if this sounds like a quote from an astrology manual). A toothy mouth is drawn by people prone to verbal aggression. Moreover, this aggression is often defensive in nature (you snap, scold everyone and everything). If the mouth in the picture is open, but neither the tongue, nor the teeth, nor the tari bird is visible there, there is an opinion that you are suspicious and always afraid of something.

The nose, although it is a phallic symbol, does not carry much additional information in the drawings of men. But if you analyze the drawing of a girl, in which the animal will have a particularly long or too traced schnobel, feel free to assume that she is not sexually satisfied.

Eyes. The emphasis on the pupil (say, strong shading) indicates that you are currently in anxiety. You are clearly afraid of something. Did you draw eyelashes? Oh no no no! You attach too much importance to your appearance. Drawing eyelashes is not appropriate for men at all.

In the drawings made by girls, eyelashes in many cases mean a hysteroid-demonstrative demeanor.
“This is the manipulation of other people's feelings for their own purposes,” Ms. Sviridova translates the dark term into understandable language. Don't be quick to gloat. Hysteroid-demonstrative behavior is also found in men. We hope this is not your case, but if ... In short, here's a gun for you - you know what to do with it. (A shot muffled by the door is heard, and then the sound of a falling body.)

Well, here we come to the top. Hair (mane, dreadlocks, bald patches) most often simply correspond to the gender of the painter. Although in some cases, a characteristic hairstyle may indicate sexual orientation. Horns and other piercing growths indicate aggression. But whether it serves as protection from others or for attacking them, you yourself will say more precisely. A harmless feather or crest is interpreted as a desire to stand out.

Any non-functional, but purely decorative details that go beyond the drawn figure - like lush feathers, tassels on tails and curls - indicate some unnatural behavior and a desire to attract attention.

Don't be surprised if your car is tattooed on the back with an airbrushed drawing of a tiger being swallowed by a dragon.

The presence of seemingly superfluous, but still practical limbs(tentacles, spare legs, wings, proboscis) - an indicator that you want to cover (or maybe cover) many areas of activity at once. All these offshoots are your many hobbies or just your multi-station at work. Or it means the same thing, but with a minus sign: you often get into your own business, interfere with those around you with your omniscience.

The tail is what trails behind you. Your deeds, your intentions, your words. Here again, the timeline will come in handy (if you go to the left, you will get into the past, etc.). Follow where the tail points. To the right - you have some important plans for the future, to the left - you still remember and analyze past actions. To figure out whether these future or past actions of yours are causing positive or negative feelings, pay attention to whether the tail is looking up or down. Tail upright - you are either proud of something you have done, or you are looking forward to future victories. Fallen tail - fear of the future and regret about the past.

Among other things, the tail, who would doubt it, is a phallic symbol.
Therefore, the direction (up-down) can be just a momentary indicator of your potency. Nothing, nothing, it happens to every man.

In rare cases, an inquisitive eye will discover inanimate details in the body of a beast.(wheels, batteries, propellers, USB inputs). Such additions appear either from a great mind (the draftsman uses all his imagination, trying to invent a non-existent animal), or, conversely, from a damaged mind - in patients with schizophrenia.

Those details that your beast does not have are also important.
No legs - you are not confident in yourself (see the meaning of the lower limbs). There are no arms or tentacles - you do not influence the world, but prefer to passively wait for something to happen.

Name

If you carefully read the task and gave your non-existent animal an unprecedented name, and not just called it, as usual, Vitaly Sergeevich, you will surely find among these options a name that is something similar to yours.

Rational connection of two or more semantic parts: elephant-footed, creeping horse, dog-eater. Shows practicality, rationality of thinking, strict adherence to the task, the desire to comply with the rules.

Pseudo-scientific name: latinoimenius, East European burdock goat. It shows that you are proud of your erudition and erudition. And you don't even think of yourself as a fool.

Nonsensical set of sounds: blew, hivoramira, vlyau. It is characteristic of a frivolous person who does not think about the consequences of his actions. In addition, such a kuluvlyau can emphasize that for the person who invented this name, the aesthetic element is more important than the rational one.

Funny name: chuchuchka, popencia. An indicator of your ironic and condescending attitude towards miserable others.

Repeating sounds: Flu-flu, visa-visa, joom-joom. Infantilism. Sorry, but we didn't invent it.

Title too long: zelofukiropotestoral, colibarnofurucase. Typical for a lover to fantasize and soar in the clouds.

Finishing touch

Now that you have figured out all the ins and outs about yourself and are sitting over a tear-stained drawing, try to recoup your acquaintances. Of course, it takes practice to improve your skill.

“The more you analyze your drawings, the easier it will be to analyze the drawings of others”,- Our expert promised, and then she spoke in the sense that you should beware of unequivocally approaching the interpretation of fictional animals. All of the above is just the basics and cannot explain all of the cheek pouches and tentacles. Trust your intuition. If it seems to you that the Hitlerian mustache on the mountain penguin that your girlfriend drew means her secret desire to have a threesome, then most likely it is.