The appeal was not a traditional form. Speech etiquette

The English language has long had its own speech etiquette. As you probably already know, there is no difference between the pronouns “you” and “you”, therefore, when referring to an interlocutor, it is important to choose not only intonation, but also the correct form; use appropriate words and constructions correctly.

In a conversation, it is necessary to take into account the style of communication - for example, the official language requires exact adherence to all greeting and address formulas, and a neutral style of communication (for example, with strangers, work colleagues, neighbors, etc.) can be simpler in expressions.

With friends and relatives, you can also allow a familiar style of communication, in which the forms of addressing the interlocutor will be completely different. Let's look at each style in more detail. Shall we?

How to contact an interlocutor

Let's start with the safest option - ask how the recipient prefers to be addressed.

What should I call you?- What should I call you?
What should I call your sister / mother / the manager?- What should I call your sister / mother / manager?
Can I call you?- May I call you [name]?
Is it okay if I call you?- Is it okay if I call you [friendly name]?
What's your name?- What is your name?

If you heard one of these questions addressed to you, then you can answer as follows:

Please call me. Please call me [name].
You can call me.- You can call me [nickname or short name].

To grab the recipient's attention, use expressions:

Excuse me Sir/Madam.- Excuse me, sir/madam.
"Pardon me, Sir/Madame."- I'm sorry, sir/madam.

We figured out the general points, now let's look at other forms of address.

To a woman

• madam A polite way of addressing a woman to a man. Women usually do not address each other in this way, unless, of course, you are a maid or a servant and wish to address the mistress of the house. In that case, this appeal would be appropriate.
• Mrs(an abbreviation for the word "Missus") - a form of polite address to a woman. After the word "Mrs" it is required to give the name of the woman's husband. It should be remembered that the words "Mr" and "Mrs" are not used without surnames in colloquial English, as this will sound vulgar.
• Miss- a form of address to an unmarried woman, a girl. Be sure to include your first or last name after the word. "Miss" - without a name, surname - a form of address to the teacher, and it has also become a common form of address to the attendants.

To the man

• Sir- this form of address does not require the name or surname of the interlocutor after himself. So they turn to strangers, to men equal or older in age, social status or position.
• Mr(an abbreviation of the word Mister) - after this word, you need to give the name or surname of the interlocutor.
• Son! Sonny! Boy!- a form of addressing older people to unfamiliar young people.
• Young man, youth- this is how older people address young men.

To a group of people

When verbally addressing several addressees, the most appropriate form of address would be “ Ladies and gentlemen n!" - "Ladies and Gentlemen!". In a less formal atmosphere, you can hear such an expression as " Dear friends!" - "Dear friends!" or " Dear colleagues!" - "Dear Colleagues!", " Esteemed colleagues!" - "Dear colleagues!"

If you suddenly had the honor of meeting someone from the royal family or a high-ranking person, then you definitely need to know the correct form of address.

• Your Majesty- a form of address to the king or queen.
• Your Highness to a prince or duke.
• Your Lordship— to a Lord or a Justice of the Supreme Court.
• Your Honor to a lower court judge.
• general/colonel/captain etc. - to a military rank: with or without a surname.
• Officer, constable, inspector- to the policeman.
• Professor- with or without a surname, in the UK they refer to a person who has the title of professor. But in the United States, the address "Professor" is appropriate for any university teacher.

Speaking of informal communication, let's look at how you can contact friends and family members.

To friends

Of course, everyone knows the appeal “My dear friend!” - "My dear friend!" or "My friend" - "My friend!", But not everyone knows that there are many synonyms for the word "friend". For example:

In British English :

• Chap: "Dear old chap, I've missed you!" - "Old man, I missed you!"
• Mate(also Australia, New Zealand): "Hey, mate, do you want to hit the pub?" - “Buddy, do you want to visit the pub?”
• Pal(also popular in the US): "My most useful acting tip came from my pal John Wayne. Talk low, talk slow, and don't say too much." (c) Michael Caine - "The most useful acting advice was given to me by my friend John Wayne. Speak in a low voice, speak slowly and speak little. (c) Michael Caine."
• Crony: "I"m going to the pub with me cronies." - "I went to the pub with my buddies."
• Mucker(Ireland): "What about ye, mucker? Are you in or out?" - "Well, buddy? Are you in business?"

In American English:

• homie: "Time to go, homie." "It's time to leave, buddy."
• home slice: "You're coming with us tonight, home slice? - Sure thing! - "Are you coming with us tonight, homie? - The stump is clear!
• Amigo: "Hey, amigo, long time no see!" - "Hey, amigo, how many years, how many winters!"
• Buddy: "I"m going to have some beers with my buddy tonight." - "My friend and I are going to have a couple of foam tonight."
• bestie: "You and I - we are the besties for life!" “You and I are best friends for life!”
• Dawg: "Waddup, dawg? "Nothing, jus' chillin." "What's up, friend? - Nothing, I'm resting.
• Fella: "Good to see you fella!" - "Glad to see you, boy!" Most often used in the meaning of "guy, person (male)": "Who are these fellas?" - Who are these guys?
• Dude: "Dude, where's my car?" - "Where's my car, dude?"
• Girlfriend: "Hey girl!" - "Hi, slut!" This is how old close friends often turn to each other.

To family members and loved one

Affectionate appeals to close people are also very diverse. In most cases, they are used regardless of gender. Here are some of them:

• sweetheart- beloved, beloved.
• Dear/dearest- expensive, expensive / most expensive, dear.
• Darling- Dear beloved; dear, beloved.
• Honey(abbreviated " hon"") - dove; dove / cute; Darling.
• muffin- cupcake / bun / pie / favorite / dear.
• sugar(also sugarplum, sugar pie, sugar cake etc.) - sweet.
• Love- beloved / beloved / my love.
• Buttercup- buttercup.
• Sunshine- sun.
• Baby (babe, bae) - baby, baby.

To the guy

• handsome- handsome.
• sweetie-pie- dear, dear, lovely, sweet, sun.
• Tiger- tiger (a person in whom it is easy to kindle passion).
• hot stuff- sex bomb, hot stuff.
• Cuddle Cat- sweetheart. (cuddles - hugs in a prone position)
• Prince Charming- a prince on a white horse, a handsome prince.
• Mr. Perfect (Mr. Amazing etc.) - Mr. Perfect.
• honey bear(teddy bear) is a teddy bear.
• Captain- captain, commander.
• lady killer- Don Juan, womanizer, heartthrob.
• Marshmallow- marshmallow.
• Superman- superman.

To the girl

• sweetie- expensive.
• baby doll (baby girl) - baby, doll.
• Gorgeous- beauty, beauty.
• Honey bun- a bun.
• biscuit- a cookie.
• cherry- cherry.
• cup cake- beauty, honey.
• kitten- kitty.
• Precious- dear, lovely.
• Peanut- baby, baby.
• Pumpkin- my good, charm, cutie.
• sugar plum (sweet cheeks) - my sweet (the second phrase is said to emphasize the beauty of the girl's figure, or rather her fifth point).
• Dumpling- shorty (to an attractive girl of short stature and a seductive figure).

Rules for punctuation when addressing

In English, just like in Russian, appeals are separated by commas. This is taught in schools in both countries. But, in fact, all the British without exception ignore the comma in circulation if the name is at the end of the phrase. And they honestly observe it if the phrase begins with an appeal. For example:

Alice, I think you've had enough!

I think you "ve had enough Alice!

Conclusion

Now you have in your arsenal a whole set for referring to English-speaking comrades. Incidentally, the word comrade” (comrade) you will only find in communist / socialist parties, as well as in Soviet textbooks in English. In other cases, "Comrade Ivanov" is not used. Be well-mannered and friendly in communication, and the right forms of address will serve you well. Absorb English and be polite!

Big and friendly family EnglishDom

Citizens' appeals are one of the most important forms of their participation in local self-government, the implementation of "feedback" with the population on the decisions made by municipal authorities on the territory of the municipality.

This form acts as an integral element of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Article 51 of the Constitution states: “Citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to send personal and collective appeals to state bodies and officials who, within their competence, are obliged to consider these appeals, take decisions on them and give a reasoned response within the time period established by law.” As A.I. Radchenko “in the appeals of citizens they express personal and social needs and interests. They act as a means of exercising the rights granted to citizens by the Constitution, a signal of the violation of these rights.

The legal basis for organizing work with citizens' appeals in municipalities is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated May 02, 2006 No. 59-FZ, the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that regulates the procedure for considering citizens' appeals to local governments, charters of municipalities and municipal legal acts regulating the work with citizens' appeals.

The federal law "On the Procedure for Appeals of Citizens of the Russian Federation" defines the general procedure for filing citizens' appeals to state bodies, local governments, and officials; the procedure for considering citizens' appeals and making the necessary decisions on them; organization of personal reception of citizens; control over the observance of the procedure for the appeal of citizens.

The law contains an exhaustive list of appeals that are not subject to consideration, which include: anonymous appeals, with the exception of those that report crimes or a threat to state or public security; appeals containing issues on which court decisions have been made; appeals containing slander, insults and threats against state bodies, local governments and their officials or other citizens; repeated (multiple) appeals, if they do not contain new arguments or circumstances, and written answers were given to previous appeals.

The law establishes four main deadlines for working with citizens' appeals at various stages:

3 days - during which the appeal must be registered after it is received by the state body or local government (part 2 of article 8);

7 days after registration - during which the appeal must be forwarded according to competence (part 3 of article 8);

30 days from the date of registration - during which the appeal must be considered and the citizen is given an answer (part 1 of article 12);

Up to 30 days - the maximum period for which, in exceptional cases, consideration of the appeal can be extended with notification of the author of the appeal (part 2 of article 12).

For the first time in domestic practice, the Federal Law establishes the legal status for applications that citizens send through public information systems.

Such appeals are subject to consideration in the general manner established by law. The response to the appeal received through public information systems is sent to the postal address indicated in the appeal.

The constituent entities of the Russian Federation adopt their own legislative acts regulating the work with citizens' appeals.

In the Chelyabinsk region, work with citizens' appeals is regulated by the Law of the Chelyabinsk region "On the procedure and terms for citizens to apply to state bodies of the Chelyabinsk region and local governments" dated November 24, 2005. No. 426-ZO.

The law specifies the procedure for consideration of oral appeals of citizens by officials of state bodies and local governments, introduces additional types of appeals from citizens, such as collective appeals and written appeals accepted at public events, and the procedure for sending responses, and also obliges state and municipal authorities to accept own legal acts establishing the procedure for citizens to apply.

At the level of municipalities, the issues of realizing the right of citizens to apply to local self-government bodies are enshrined in the Charters of municipalities. For example, in the Charter of the city of Chelyabinsk, the functions of city governments in the implementation of citizens' rights include work with citizens' appeals, which are subject to consideration in the manner and within the time limits established by law. Citizens' appeals are a form of direct participation of the city's population in the management of city affairs:

1. Each citizen or group of citizens has the right to apply to the city self-government bodies and their officials.

2. Appeals are considered in the manner prescribed by law, legal acts of the City Duma within a period of not more than one month. Citizens' appeals are given a clear answer on the merits of the issue.

Local self-government bodies adopt their own administrative documents regarding the work with citizens' appeals, which should not contradict federal and regional legislation. In the city of Chelyabinsk, the Decree of the Head of the city dated March 31, 2000 No. 390-p “On the procedure for considering citizens' appeals in the administration of Chelyabinsk” is in force. This resolution determines the procedure for working with citizens' appeals in the administration of Chelyabinsk.

In accordance with the current legislation, citizens' appeals are understood as proposals, statements, complaints, petitions, set out in writing or orally, including collective appeals and petitions of citizens sent to a state body, local government body or official.

Citizens' appeals have various forms depending on the number of applicants, on the content of the appeal, on the method of filing the appeal (Fig. 14.1).

Fig. 14.1 Forms of citizens' appeals to deputies, officials and local governments

The proposal is an appeal of a specific nature, aimed at improving laws and other regulatory legal acts, the activities of state bodies and local governments, the development of public relations, the improvement of socio-economic and other spheres of activity of the state and society.

Application - a citizen's request for assistance in the implementation of his constitutional rights and freedoms or the constitutional rights and freedoms of other persons, or for violation of laws and other regulatory legal acts, shortcomings in the work of state bodies, local governments and officials, or criticism of the activities of these bodies and officials.

A complaint is a citizen's request for the restoration or protection of his violated rights, freedoms or legitimate interests, or the rights, freedoms or legitimate interests of other persons.

In accordance with the law of the Russian Federation of April 27, 1993 "On Appeal to the Court of Actions and Decisions Violating the Rights and Freedoms of Citizens", the right of citizens to apply to the court against decisions of state bodies, local self-government bodies or their officials is secured.

The legislation establishes that actions (decisions) of state and local authorities as a result of which:

Violated the rights and freedoms of citizens;

Obstacles have been created for the citizen to exercise his rights and freedoms;

Illegally, a citizen is entrusted with some duty or he is illegally brought to any responsibility.

This law also establishes an alternative appeal procedure, according to which a citizen, at his own discretion, can file a complaint with a higher authority or official in the order of subordination, or directly with the judicial authorities.

The features inherent in a person in his speech and writing to other people largely characterize the general culture of a given person. They are in close connection with the image that he creates in the eyes of others, and therefore affect their attitude towards him. Therefore, one of the most important issues is the ability to correctly use the pronouns "you" and "you" in a conversation with various interlocutors and in the preparation of letters and other documents.

The first "registry" of polite words and expressions

It is known that in Russia for the first time polite forms of address were set out in a kind of textbook that appeared in 1717. This book, which was compiled with the personal participation of Peter I, was called "Youth's honest mirror, or Indications for everyday behavior" and was intended mainly for young Russians.

Around the same period, the sovereign, who planted a European form of behavior in the country, put into use the appeal to “you”, which he borrowed from a number of foreign languages. In the old days, people were referred to in the plural only if they wanted to give the words a special meaning. Saying "you" seemed to imply that this person alone is worth many. Such treatment contained a special courtesy.

In 1722, Peter I had a "Table of Ranks" ─ a document that determines the correspondence between military and civilian and divided them into 14 classes. It, among other things, indicated how to address the head of a particular rank. The forms varied depending on his position in the ranks, but in all cases a plural form was required, such as "Your Excellency" or "Your Grace".

"Distorted Politeness"

It is curious to note that the appeal to “you”, so familiar to us today, took root in the Russian language, overcoming the resistance that sometimes came from representatives of the most progressive circles of the domestic intelligentsia. To be convinced of this, it is enough to open the explanatory dictionary of V. I. Dahl, compiled in the middle of the 19th century. In it, an outstanding Russian writer and lexicographer characterizes the appeal to "you" as a distorted form of politeness.

Moreover, in one of his articles, he criticizes those teachers who consider it appropriate and even necessary to say “you” to their students instead of forcing them to refer to themselves as “you”. Now such a position can only cause a smile, but a century and a half ago it found numerous supporters.

Politics invading the everyday lexicon

Soon after the February Revolution, estates and ranks were abolished by the Decree of the Provisional Government. Gone are the previously established forms of addressing their representatives. Along with them, the former words “sir” and “madame” fell out of use, which after the October revolution gave way to the generally accepted in Soviet times “citizen”, “citizen” or genderless ─ “comrade”, addressed to both men and women. However, the appeal to "you" has been preserved, becoming one of the basic rules of modern speech etiquette.

In what cases is it customary to say "you" when addressing an interlocutor?

According to generally accepted norms of behavior, this is done primarily in official situations: at work, in various institutions and public places. At the same time, it is appropriate to say "you" in the following situations:

1. When the dialogue is conducted with an unfamiliar or generally unfamiliar person.
2. If the interlocutors are familiar, but are in official relations, for example, work colleagues, students and teachers, subordinates and their bosses.
3. In cases where you have to contact a person older in age or in a leadership position.
4. And, finally, to officials, as well as to the attendants of shops, restaurants, hotels and other institutions of this kind.

At the same time, you should always remember that addressing a stranger to “you” is a norm established by elementary rules of behavior.

In what cases is it acceptable to address "you"?

In certain, mostly informal situations, the rules of speech etiquette allow the appeal to "you". It can be appropriate both at work when communicating with colleagues outside the sphere of official activity, and at home or on vacation. This form of address can serve as an expression of friendly relations between the interlocutors, and emphasize the informal nature of this conversation. However, in order not to get into an awkward position, it should be borne in mind that saying "you" is only permissible:

1. Closely familiar person with whom you had to communicate earlier, and with whom you can neglect the more stringent official requirements in handling.
2. Adults in conversation with children or adolescents.
3. In an informal setting, to a junior or equal in official position.
4. In conversations between children and parents, modern tradition allows the use of "you" by both sides.
5. In the youth and children's environment between peers, even if they do not know each other.

According to the generally accepted rules of speech etiquette, it is absolutely unacceptable to address the “you” of a younger person (both by age and by social or official position) to an older one. In addition, a sign of bad manners and bad taste is the manner of saying “you” to employees from among the service personnel of institutions.

The nuances of communication between managers and their employees

An important component of the rules of conduct in society is the regulation of the use of "you" and "you" in the appeal of the boss to the subordinate. Without going beyond the bounds of decency, the leader can only say “you” to his employee if he has the opportunity to answer him in a similar way. This usually happens when they are established between them. Otherwise, addressing a subordinate to “you” will be a gross violation of speech etiquette.

Establishing an informal form of address

The generally accepted norms of decency, meanwhile, provide for the transition of partners from “you” to “you”. However, it is possible only in those cases when an appropriate type of relationship is established between them, which makes it possible to replace a formal address in a conversation with a warmer and more friendly one. As a rule, this indicates that the previously neutral-restrained attitude towards each other has given way to a certain rapprochement.

It should be noted that the generally accepted norms of behavior provide for a certain period of time necessary for the appeal to “you” established at the time of acquaintance to give way to a more open and friendly “you”. Its duration depends entirely on the personal qualities of the interlocutors and external circumstances.

It is important to subtly capture the moment at which it is possible to offer a partner to switch to “you” in a conversation, since in the event of a mistake and his refusal, an awkward situation will inevitably arise. Therefore, in order to change the form of address, it is necessary to feel the desire of your interlocutor. A unilateral transition to “you” in a conversation is absolutely unacceptable, since it will inevitably be regarded as disrespect for a partner and neglect shown towards him.

When the informal "you" gives way to a more strict "you"

The speech etiquette of the Russian language also provides for the transition from a friendly “you” to a more official “you”, although this is not often found in everyday life. Nevertheless, it is possible in cases where relations between the interlocutors have deteriorated and have taken on a purely official character. This can happen as a result of a quarrel or any serious disagreement.

Sometimes the appeal to “you” may be the result of the fact that the conversation is official and takes place in the presence of strangers, in which the interlocutors, who usually say “you” to each other, are forced to observe common etiquette. In this case, the “you” addressed to each other do not indicate a change in interpersonal relations, but only about the features of a particular situation. For example, teachers in the presence of students, as a rule, communicate with each other on "you", although, left alone, under the right conditions, they can easily afford an informal "you".

The rule of writing

All of the above rules of etiquette must be observed in cases where communication takes place not verbally, but in writing. At the same time, the pronouns yours and you with a capital letter are a form of polite appeal to only one specific addressee. If a letter or other document is addressed to several persons, then the plural pronoun should be written with a lowercase (small) letter. Capitalizing "you" when referring to multiple people is a mistake.

One of the topical issues of the culture of Russian speech has long been the choice of addressing an unfamiliar or unfamiliar interlocutor. This issue is covered in detail in the book by N.I. Formanovskaya Speech etiquette and culture of communication (Formanovskaya - p.83–102). To date, thirteen years have passed since the publication of the book, during which the functions of such appeals as citizen and comrade.

Two years ago, speech etiquette began to be taught as part of the course of the Russian language and culture of speech in universities. In some new textbooks on the Russian language and culture of speech, addressed to a wide range of non-philological students, addresses are not given sufficient attention (Golub - 430s., Maksimov - 411s.) In others, the idea is expressed that there is no generally accepted, that is, "correct, standard" address in Russian (Graudina p. 90-91), which, according to some authors, is “a sore point of Russian speech etiquette” (Vvedenskaya - p153).

Although, at first glance, such a statement is indisputable, neither the formulation of the problem nor the conclusions drawn can be accepted. The opinion that a standard address to a person, a standard name for any interlocutor is necessary is unfair: not everyone will like a single faceless label. There is no reason to talk about the difficulties caused by the lack of a single address: if the absence of a single address greatly hindered communication, it would have been invented or borrowed. A language, as you know, is a system in which the missing components are replenished in a natural way, for example, by developing new functions for existing components. So, for example, the words people and people first in the youth jargon, and then in the vernacular of the intelligentsia, they acquired the function of addressing many, bearing a familiar coloring. Note that two alternative addresses have developed at once, and not one standard one, which reflects the need for speakers to have a number of addresses to choose from. All attempts to impose a single address are contrary to this natural tendency, and it is they who can lead to a national tragedy, a striking example of which is the failed attempt to introduce the word comrade.

And yet, one cannot abandon the search for norms of addressing the interlocutor and be satisfied with the abundance of colloquial forms. Normalization should not be based on a textbook directive. This basis can only be a detailed and careful study of all forms of address in modern Russian speech and the subsequent selection for use in the literary language of frequently used, ethically appropriate addresses.

The existing descriptions of the system of Russian addresses are either made long ago and do not reflect the current situation, or are unconvincing. To solve the problem of appeal, it is necessary to describe and systematize modern appeals: both traditional and new, both neutral and emotionally colored, both normative and colloquial. Moreover, it is necessary to pay attention not so much to the history of words and the characteristics of the users, as was done earlier, but to the tasks that the speaker is trying to solve by choosing one or another address.

There has never been a single address in Russian. It is also impossible to assume that the variants of address in the literary Russian language of the XIX - early. XX century were exhausted by words mister – mistress and sir – madam. The priest was called father, father, lord (Chekhov A.P. Bishop), the merchant - your degree, the landowner - the master. It should be noted that all of them simultaneously determine the status of a person and express an emotional attitude towards him. Wrong opinion that words master and lady they named all persons of the privileged stratum of society, and even the middle class (Vvedenskaya - 155). The opinion that only persons of the privileged classes were called master and mistress is also incorrect. In the speech of Oblomov's servant, Zakhara, the word master bears the imprint of significance, while the word mister even sounds disrespectful.

Yes! Zakhar said. - Thank God for me! barin pillar; friends are generals, counts and princes. (…)

What are these, my brother, writers? (...) Are the officials like that?

No, these are gentlemen who themselves invent what they need, - Zakhar explained.

Only the peasants called any person dressed in a European dress a master.

Officially used addresses your majesty, your highness, your excellency, your excellency, your excellency, your honor, your grace; Your Eminence. From all appeals with the first word yours, only an appeal to the judge has survived to this day Your Honor.

Modern appeals are diverse, their approximate classification may look as follows.

Appeal - a word or combination of words that names the person to whom the speech is addressed. First of all, the names of people, the name of persons according to the degree of kinship, position in society, profession, occupation, position, rank, nationality or age, relationships of people serve as appeals. It is difficult to imagine communication without it. It is used primarily to attract the attention of the person to whom the speaker is addressing.

The structure and meaning of appeals differ depending on the form and degree of speech. In colloquial speech, uncommon appeals are more common, calling a person by name, by name and patronymic, by last name. There are common references in written speech. In them, the name of the person is often accompanied by definitions that express the attitude of the speaker to the named person. Extremely diverse in structure and meaning are appeals in the language of works of art, especially in poetic speech. They draw the reader's attention to the addressee. Forming appeals, writers use various types of definitions: consistent and inconsistent, applications, use a series of homogeneous appeals. I believe that the consideration of English forms of address in various aspects of life is quite important. Our study is devoted to the consideration of various forms of treatment, which we have grouped into the following groups:

1. forms of address related to family relations;

2. affectionate and friendly forms of address;

3. polite forms of address;

4. unfriendly, offensive forms of treatment.

In the practical part, we tried to analyze the features of the use of various forms of address in the United States of America.

Statement of the problem, goals and objectives

Problem: in the complexity of applying the forms of address necessary in communicating with foreigners, in educational activities, in self-development, in achieving deep knowledge in the English language.

Purpose: to expand knowledge about the forms of address in English.

Based on this goal, I have identified the following tasks:

1. to identify, on practical material, on examples from works of English fiction, the specifics of the speech behavior of native speakers of the English language;

2. analyze and give a comparative description of the language and speech means of expressing the forms of address in English etiquette;

3. study the types of appeals;

4. conduct a sociological study among students and teachers who constantly listen to the radio, the media on the topic "Forms of address in English" to obtain information on this issue;

5. learn to apply this knowledge in the process of practical work.

6. trace how forms of address are used in the media, fiction and popular science literature in English in the USA.

7. develop a cycle of exercises to develop the ability to correctly use forms of address and to prepare for the exam.

8. replenish the school methodological piggy bank with material on the topic: “Forms of address in English”

Relevance and novelty of the study. The skillful use of addresses is an important element of any national culture. In the language, in speech behavior, in stable formulas of communication, rich folk experience, the uniqueness of customs, lifestyle, and living conditions of each people were deposited, since each language has its own worldview. As part of the evolutionary path of mankind, the language develops depending on changes in the spiritual and material life of society and, therefore, reflects the historical, cognitive experience of the people, their moral ideals and moral norms, perception and assessment of the surrounding reality.

English is a rich and ancient language. As in any language, it has accumulated a large number of various forms of address. About 20% of the world's population speaks English. Doctors and scientists are trying to answer the same questions all over the world. It is easy for them to exchange their ideas in English. English has become a means of communication in those countries where different groups of the population speak different languages. English is the only solution to their communication problems. English is called the language of the sky and the sea. Every pilot and captain of the ship must speak English in order to communicate with each other. A huge part of the vocabulary in the world computer system is in English.

English is the language of politicians. In English, along with French and German, delegates communicate at the summits. Most international journalists should know English. 75% of all international business letters are written in English. Almost 50% of different companies communicate with each other in English.

Therefore, I decided to choose the topic of my work “Forms of address in English”.

The degree of study of the topic. Forms of address find their expression in fixed rules and norms of speech behavior. In recent years, this has been the object of serious research in the field of linguistics, in particular, the study of national mentality. However, very little attention has been paid to the study of forms of address. Therefore, our study is dictated by the need to subject this topic to a detailed analysis.

Forms of address in English

Forms of address are a linguistic means of expressing mutual relations between people in a certain social community, since the choice of a polite or impolite form conveys not only the tastes of individuals, but also the language skills of certain classes of society or society as a whole. Of particular interest is the use of forms of address between people common in English society. This group includes standard polite forms of address, applicable in a conversation with almost any partner.

The main function of the address is very often combined with an expressive assessment, which is expressed in different ways: intonation, repetition of the address, accompanying interjections or particles.

Addresses are characterized by the so-called vocative intonation, which is their important expressive feature. The main thing in them must be recognized as the place of appeal in the proposal. Appeals are possible at the beginning (prepositive), in the middle (interpositive) and at the end of a sentence (postpositive). The emotional coloring of prepositive appeals can receive a special design: repetition and grouping of appeals into composing rows are used, which enhances the vocative intonation.

1 Forms of address associated with family relations.

The address father (to the father) continues to remain either in this form, or in such colloquial forms as dad, daddy, pa, papa, and so on. Mother also has many colloquial variants: ma, mam, mum, mamma, non, mummy, and so on. The address son (to the son) is more typical for fathers, while the address daughter (to the daughter) is rarely used by parents at the present time. Twins are often referred to as twins. Individually, children are addressed by personal names, household nicknames, or affectionate words are used for this purpose.

Children traditionally address older family members (grandparents) with the words grandpa, granddad, grandma, granny, and so on. The latter use personal names to address grandchildren instead of words like grandson or granddaughter. Appeals to other close relatives include the words uncle (uncle), aunt (aunt), auntie (aunt), sometimes combined with the personal names Uncle Jack, Aunt Margaret. Appeals between husband and wife are personal names, affectionate nicknames, or affectionate words. The references brother and sister are now rare. The personal names of brother and sister are usually used. Note that outside of family relations, brother and sister are used more often.

2. 2 Affectionate and friendly forms of address

Numerous forms of address are very popular in modern English, which express a positive attitude of the speaker towards the addressee. Among them, we can mention baby, boy, dear, angel, dearest, dear boy, dear girl, friend, honey (the last addresses mean “dear, sweet”) kid, love, lovely, sweet, sweatheart, sweets. This also includes various forms of friendly address with my or my dear: my precious, my dear son, my dear doughter, my dear sweet, swest heart and so on. The formula with old is very characteristic of friendly treatment: old boy, old chap, old man (old man).

2. 3 Polite forms of address

The most commonly used form of polite address is the combination Mr. , Mrs. , or Miss (for a young girl or unmarried woman) + the surname of the one (the one) who is being addressed: “Mr. Jones «, I'd like to tell you. “Miss can be used by schoolchildren if their teacher is a young woman: Good morning, miss. The polite form of address for a woman is Madam. For example, a store clerk addresses a customer: Can I help you, madam? “The appropriate form of address for a man (especially one who is higher in position) Sir. So schoolchildren turn to a teacher - men, military personnel in the army to seniors in rank, sellers in a store to a buyer, a policeman to passers-by, and so on. The address Sir is used without a first and last name. In a group address, it is replaced by the word gentlemen, and the word Madam is replaced by the word ladies: ladies and gentlemen!

Let us also consider other polite appeals to people holding certain posts or owning a particular profession. Polite address to people involved in medicine usually involves the use of their professional titles. So, the address to the doctor is doctor. In the armed forces, addressing military personnel usually includes their rank (with or without a surname): Admiral (Smith), General, Colonel, Major, Captain, Lieutenant, Sergeant, Corporal. The address in the form "title + surname" is more official. The policeman is also addressed by his rank: Sergeant (building "police sergeant"), Inspector (building "police inspector"). Spoken word for a police officer. In the scientific world, on official occasions, it is customary to address by rank: Professor, Senior, Tutor, Dean, and so on. Note that some of the appeals directly related to the names of professions can hardly be considered polite. They are neutral and are used quite often. For example, to get the attention of a waiter in a restaurant, you call him: “Waiter!”, call a porter at the station: “Porter!”, Say to a taxi driver: “Stop here, driver.” Many forms of address in the plural sound neutral. Thus, in words and expressions, everybody, both of you, all of you, etc., the emphasis is more on the expression of plurality itself, rather than on politeness or friendship. Calls become much more aggressive if they are preceded by you: "You two", "You lot" and the like.

2 Unfriendly, offensive forms of address

It is generally accepted to interpret most of the calls like you + adjective + noun as negative (unfriendly, offensive). Typical implementations of this model are: You bloody fool, you bloody swine, you dirty bastard, you old cow, and so on. Often the defining adjective is omitted: you bastard, you fool, and so on. Among the negative references there are many words related to the animal world (zoonyms): ass, cat, cow, goat, hog, jackass, louse, pig, shrew, skunk, swine, turkey, vermin and so on.

There is also a strong tendency in English to form negative invocations of the component - head blockhead, blunder head, bonehead, fathead, muttonhead, pinhead, pudding head, steep head, and so on.

In Russian there are such forms of address, each of which has a one-word equivalent in English. At the same time, the English word (phrase), acting as an address, has a pronounced emotional component of connotative meaning, which is absent in the Russian language: boy - a boy, girl - a girl, Young man - a young man, acting as an address, they often acquire , a well-defined (usually negative) value. The emotional component includes expressiveness, which is most clearly manifested in such words as bee - a bee, a hardworking person; fledgling - only a fledgling youngster, an inexperienced youngster; fashion-plate - a fashionable picture, a trendy dressed woman. Those words that express a positive or negative judgment about what they name have an evaluative component. This group contains lexemes with a negative meaning: grimalkin - an angry, grouchy old woman; old hag; driveller - slobber; moron; blockhead - blockhead; cabbage-head is stupid.

3. Practical part: features of the use of various forms of address in the USA

Forms of address are a linguistic means of expressing mutual relations between people in a certain social community, since “the choice of a polite or impolite form conveys not only the tastes of individuals, but also the language skills of individual classes of society or society as a whole.” Of particular interest is the practice of using forms of address between people common in English society. This group includes standard polite address formulas that are applicable in a conversation with almost any partner. These include the appeals Mr, Miss, Mrs, Ms, Sir, Madam and some others.

The most acceptable form of polite address is the combination of Mr, Mrs or Miss + the surname of the person being addressed.

The form Miss + surname is the standard polite address for an unmarried woman, if she is not supposed to be addressed in any other way (Lady, Doctor, etc.) Nowadays, Miss, like Mrs, is often replaced by a neutral Ms, which blurs the distinction between married and unmarried woman. The form Mrs + surname refers to a married woman, where the second element is the husband's surname.

Women who have successful professional careers often keep their maiden name after marriage, using the form Mrs + husband's surname only in formal settings. In most cases, this applies to actresses, writers, often teachers. As a rule, the communicative-pragmatic meaning of Mrs + surname lies, first of all, in the emphatically respectful, somewhat official-neutral attitude of the speaker to the addressee.

The most common address Mister, which is not followed by a surname, can be considered the address of children to strangers. In the fall, while raising money for a "Guy Fawkes stuffed animal", children attack passers-by with the request "Penny for the guy, Mister!" The practice of addressing Mister without a name is changing. Such treatment can be openly aggressive. The coach of a professional American football team addresses the player: "It" s not up to you to judge what "s good and bad here, mister"

In the above example, the context itself emphasizes the meaning of Mister. However, if the addressee used his own name or surname after this appeal, the essence would be somewhat different. The statement would become more neutral.

In a greeting, if Mister speaks with an interrogative intonation, it acts as a demand or request for a name: “Good morning, Mister?”.

Mister can also be seen as a necessary, polite prefix for some professional titles: Mr President, Mr Chairman, Mr Secretary, Mr Speaker, etc.

Miss is a traditionally polite form of address for a young woman or girl. In certain situations, the address Miss can also be used in relation to an older woman, but already in the function of a professional title. To a waitress in a restaurant, to a saleswoman in a store, Miss can be used: “Two cups of coffee, Miss. » Miss can be used by schoolchildren if their teacher is a young woman: “Good morning, Miss.”

If earlier (in the 19th century) Miss was used only as an appeal to an interlocutor who was higher in social status, then at present, as you can see, the range of use of such an appeal has expanded significantly.

The address Madam is used without a first and last name. In group address, it is replaced by the word ladies.

In the middle of the XX century. The address of Madam was considered an indicator of great respect for a woman of high social position. The address is borrowed from French, and "my lady" is considered its equivalent. The address madam has become widespread in the middle class. This appeal was mainly extended to married women and was used by those who were below the latter in social status, in status. Currently, the address madam can also be used in relation to a young girl who behaves in an authoritarian manner. As a semi-professional prefix title, madam is used in addresses such as Madam Chairman, Madam Mayor, being an indicator of the gender of the holder of a particular post previously occupied only by men.

Appeal to female customers in stores, hairdressers, restaurants, etc. such as “Good morning, Madam”, “Can I help you, madam?” can be considered as a kind of verbal equivalent of the phrase "I work here and it" s my job to serve you. " Such an appeal, as it were, "replaces" the uniform of the service personnel.

However, there are cases when the addresser avoids using the address madam, since the very fact of its use confirms the insignificance of the addressee himself, the fact that he is lower in social status than the addressee. In this case, the appeal characterizes not the one addressed to - the addressee, but to a greater extent - the addressee himself:

Sometimes, the address "madam" is used to characterize the addresser, in order to highlight his special features, usually his bossy behavior.

Sir. Traditionally, the form of address Sir was considered as an indicator of respect for the addressee. Using this form, the addresser recognizes and emphasizes the fact that the addressee is superior to him socially or professionally. The address "sir" is used without a first and last name. In group address, it is replaced by the word gentlemen.

The reaction to Sir's appeal depends on the conditions of communication, on the "sphere of communication" (where? - when?). For example, in the American Midwest, an agricultural region known for its established conservatism, patriarchy, in the so-called American "outback", many fathers take the Sir address for granted to this day. So, according to a young girl who lived there back in 1988, she turned to her father “sir”, and to her mother “ta” at, which was in the order of things, perhaps because, as she explained, her family could be “several old-fashioned", as they live in the Midwest of the United States. In military organizations, no form of address is chosen, and the address "sir" is necessary to comply with the army hierarchy. When friendships arise between colleagues, formalities may be dispensed with, and a senior officer may allow certain indulgences. However, in most cases one can meet a disapproving attitude towards such treatment due to possible age implications. We see that people perceive the appeal "Sir" in different ways: some people are flattered, others, on the contrary, express dissatisfaction. Rejection of the treatment " sir" occurs for various reasons: some are offended by the allusion to old age, others are embarrassed by the respect implied in this address, and still others see it as a mockery. Naturally, all these the examples refer to situations that go beyond the normal, conventional uses of "sir" mentioned above (a clerk in a shop to a customer, a steward on a ship to a passenger, etc.).

Squire. There is no definite opinion about this use of the address. Some researchers consider him friendly, others see him as somewhat contemptuous. It is often used in relation to people belonging to the middle class.

Possibly the most popular working-class respectful term ubiquitous in Britain is governor. The pronunciation of governor can vary depending on who uses it, and is often shortened to guv. Often the function of this appeal comes down to flattering the interlocutor, from whom the speaker expects some kind of service (especially material). So, for example, London taxi drivers prefer to use governor when addressing their customers, avoiding the more traditional Sir.

I was interested to know how the students and teachers of our school know the forms of address in English. Undoubtedly, the study of the practice of using various forms of address in the communication of people of the English-speaking community helps to identify both the specifics of interpersonal communication and the specifics of the culture of communication in general.

To complete the study, we conducted a sociological survey to determine the level of proficiency in forms of address in English.

3.2 Sociological survey

During the social survey, 126 respondents of different ages were interviewed.

Analyzing the results of my research, I made the following conclusions:

1. Respondents do not know enough about the forms of address in English;

2. are interested in questions of varieties of such forms;

3. have a positive attitude towards the use of abbreviated names in English speech.

The respondents completed the exercise in different ways. Most got the job done. If necessary, they used an appeal, or they wrote a word next to this sentence. I noticed that not all participants know how to use the titles in English and what they mean. Some of the questions were misleading or required clarification on my part.

I believe that the level of knowledge in the field of understanding and using forms of address is different and requires further development. To do this, I plan to spend: hours of communication with peers, a round table, interactive games and conversations on the topic: “Forms of address in English”.

In order to practice the use of forms of address and prepare for the exam, we have developed a series of exercises on this topic.

Conclusion

Research result.

In this paper, we investigated the use of various forms of address in the English language of the English-speaking community. This helps to identify both the specifics of interpersonal communication and the specifics of the culture of communication in general.

1. We found out on practical material, on examples from works of English fiction, the specifics of the speech behavior of native English speakers;

2. analyzed and gave a comparative description of the language and speech means of expressing forms of address in English etiquette;

3. studied the types of appeals;

4. conducted a sociological study among students and teachers who constantly listen to the radio, the media on the topic "Forms of address in the English language" in order to obtain information on this issue;

6. We traced how forms of address are used in the media, fiction and popular science literature in English in the USA.

7. We developed a cycle of exercises to develop the ability to correctly use forms of address and to prepare for the exam.

Research prospects.

1. In the future, it is planned to study the forms of address in English on the material of fiction and the media.

We saw that there are still difficulties in using and understanding some forms of address, therefore, in the future, we will continue to work on creating a practical guide for practicing the correct use of forms of address in speech and preparing for the exam.